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{{Infobox hurricane season | name={{PAGENAME}}
| first storm formed=[[June 29]], [[1991]]
| last storm dissipated=[[November 2]], [[1991]]
| strongest storm=''Claudette'' - 943 [[mbar]] (27.84 [[inHg]]), 115 knots (135 mph)
| total storms=8
| major storms=2
| total damages=$2.8 billion<br>(1991 [[USD]])
| total fatalities=29
| basin=Atlantic hurricane
| five seasons=[[1989 Atlantic hurricane season|1989]], [[1990 Atlantic hurricane season|1990]], '''1991''', [[1992 Atlantic hurricane season|1992]], [[1993 Atlantic hurricane season|1993]]
}}
The '''[[1991]] Atlantic hurricane season''' was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of [[tropical cyclone]] formation. It officially started [[June 1]], [[1991]], and lasted until [[November 30]], [[1991]].
Only one 1991 storm caused any significant damage, [[Hurricane Bob]]. Bob travelled up the east coast of the [[United States]], making landfall in [[Rhode Island]]. It was responsible for 17 deaths and an estimated $1.5 billion ($2 billion in 2000 dollars) in damage.
An unusual hurricane formed in early November. As a strong extratropical storm moved up the US east coast a tropical cyclone formed within it on [[November 1]]. Because the extratropical storm had caused serious damage ($1.3 billion) and the hurricane was expected to be extremely short-lived, it was not named, and warnings for the storm were issued primarily to marine interests. The hurricane made landfall near [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] the next day. No significant damage was reported as it had weakened greatly before crossing the coast.
==Storms==
===Tropical Storm Ana===
{{storm pics|Ana satellite image and storm track.|Tropical Storm Ana (1991).JPG|Ana 1991 track.png}}
Tropical Storm Ana began life as a non-tropical cyclone which formed off the east coast of [[Florida]] on [[June 25]] and made a leisurely tour of that state over the next few days. It returned to the Atlantic and developed into a Tropical Depression some 100 miles south of [[Charleston, South Carolina]] on [[July 2]].
The system accelerated to the north-east running roughly parallel to the [[East Coast of the United States]] and strengthened into a Tropical Storm late on [[July 3]]. It continued eastwards and lost tropical characteristics over the Atlantic on [[July 5]]. Its storm total rainfall graphic is located [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/ana1991rain.gif here.] There were no damage or casualties related to Ana. {{clear}}
===Hurricane Bob===
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Bob}}
{{storm pics|Bob satellite image and storm track.|Hurricane bob 1991.gif|Bob 1991 track.png}}
An area of disturbed weather developed south of [[Bermuda]] on [[August 12]], drifting southwest and becoming a tropical depression on [[August 16]] while 200 miles west of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] in the [[Bahamas]]. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Bob later the same day. It continued to strengthen as it moved northwest, and reached Hurricane force on [[August 17]], 240 miles east of [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]], [[Florida]], and reaching Category 3 on the [[Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale]] on [[August 19]] while passing [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], [[Virginia]].
The eye of the hurricane brushed the eastern tip of [[Long Island]] before making landfall in [[Rhode Island]] and passing over [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]]. It weakened as it crossed [[Massachusetts]], [[Maine]] and [[New Brunswick]], and the non-tropical remnant crossed the Atlantic and dissipated near Portugal on [[August 29]].
Storm surges up to 6 ft, and up to 8 inches of rainfall, accompanied Bob's passage up the East Coast. 16 fatalities were reported from the [[USA]] and 2 in [[Canada]], and the cost of damage was estimated at $1.5 billion, mostly in Massachusetts. {{clear}}
===Hurricane Claudette===
{{storm pics|Claudette satellite image and storm track.|Hurricane Claudette (1991).JPG|Claudette 1991 track.png}}
A tropical depression formed out of a non-tropical system south-east of [[Bermuda]] on September 4. It strengthened rapidly and was a Category 3 hurricane by [[September 6]], and may have briefly reached Category 4. It curved around the central Atlantic passing 125 miles south-east of Bermuda on [[September 8]], continued eastwards and dissipated near the Azores on [[September 14]]. No damage or casualties were reported. {{clear}}
===Tropical Storm Danny===
{{storm pics|Danny satellite image and storm track.|Tropical Storm Danny (1991).JPG|Danny 1991 track.png}}
Danny formed from a tropical wave 300 miles south-southwest of [[Cape Verde]] on September 7. It headed generally towards the [[Leeward Islands]] but dissipated on [[September 11]] without approaching land. {{clear}}
===Tropical Storm Erika===
{{storm pics|Erika satellite image and storm track.|Tropical Storm Erika (1991).JPG|Erika 1991 track.png}}
Erika formed from a tropical wave in mid-Atlantic, becoming a tropical storm on [[September 9]]. It interacted with Hurricane Claudette and headed north-east towards the Azores, which it passed over on [[September 12]] as an extratropical system. No damage or casualties were reported. {{clear}}
===Tropical Storm Fabian===
{{storm pics|Fabian satellite image and storm track.|Tropical Storm Fabian (1991).JPG|Fabian 1991 track.png}}
Fabian formed in the [[Gulf of Honduras]] from the interaction of a cold front with a tropical wave. It became a tropical storm on [[October 15]] southwest of the [[Isle of Youth]], [[Cuba]] and passed over that island and the west of mainland Cuba before losing its tropical character between [[Florida]] and the [[Bahamas]]. Up to 6 inches of rain fell on Cuba, but no damage or casualties were reported. The [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/fabian1991rain.gif storm total rainfall graphic] shows the rainfall that fell in Florida due to Fabian. The tropical storm reached its peak intensity of 45 mph before becoming [[extratropical]]. {{clear}}
===Hurricane Grace===
{{storm pics|Grace satellite image and storm track.|Hurricane Grace (1991).JPG|Grace 1991 track.png}}
Grace developed from a subtropical system south of [[Bermuda]], becoming a tropical storm on [[October 27]] and a hurricane the next day. After drifting northwards for a while it was forced rapidly to the east by a powerful extratropical cyclone off [[New England]]. It passed 50 miles south of Bermuda on [[October 29]] but winds on the island reached no more than 25 mi/h at that time. Later that day it merged with a frontal system, setting off a series of powerful and unusual meteorological events. This included the formation of another (unnamed) hurricane within a non-tropical system.
No damage or casualties are attributed to Grace. Unusually rough seas and some coastal flooding around the western Atlantic at the time are believed to stem from the extratropical cyclone. {{clear}}
===Unnamed Hurricane===
{{hurricane main|1991 Halloween Nor’easter}}
{{storm pics|Unnamed Hurricane satellite image and storm track.|Unnamed hurricane 1991 11 01.jpg|1991 Atlantic hurricane 8 track.png}}
The extratropical cyclone that forced Hurricane Grace west caused severe coastal damage and flooding in [[New England]], and several fatalities including the crew of the fishing boat ''Andrea Gail''.
After passing its peak as an extratropical storm it drifted southwards over the warm waters of the [[Gulf Stream]], and the center acquired the characteristic convection features of a tropical storm on [[November 1]]. A reconnaissance flight the next day discovered hurricane force winds, but it was decided not to assign a name to avoid confusion and undue public alarm. The hurricane's radius was about 30 miles and it continued to be surrounded by an extratropical gale 10 times this size.
It headed rapidly north-eastwards and weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall near [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. No damage or casualties were attributed to the hurricane phase of the storm.
The genesis of a hurricane within an extratropical cyclone is unusual but not unique - [[1980 Atlantic hurricane season|1980's Hurricane Karl]] had a similar origin.
Officially unnamed, it was dubbed ''The Halloween Storm'' and ''The Perfect Storm''. it was later made the backdrop to a book and film of [[The Perfect Storm|the latter name]]. Had the storm been named, it would have been Hurricane Henri. {{clear}}
==1991 storm names==
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1991. The names not retired from this list were used again in the [[1997 Atlantic hurricane season|1997 season]]. This is the same list used for the [[1985 Atlantic hurricane season|1985 season]] except for Erika and Grace, which replaced [[Hurricane Elena|Elena]] and [[Hurricane Gloria|Gloria]]. Storms were named Erika and Grace for the first time in 1991. Names that were not assigned are marked in <font color="gray">gray</font>.
{| width="80%" clear="both"
|
* Ana
* [[Hurricane Bob|Bob]]
* Claudette
* Danny
* Erika
* Fabian
* Grace
|
* <font color="gray">Henri (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Isabel (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Juan (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Kate (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Larry (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Mindy (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Nicholas (unused)</font>
|
* <font color="gray">Odette (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Peter (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Rose (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Sam (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Teresa (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Victor (unused)</font>
* <font color="gray">Wanda (unused)</font>
|}
=== Retirement ===
The [[World Meteorological Organization]] retired one name in the [[spring (season)|spring]] of [[1992]]: Bob. It was replaced in [[1997]] by Bill.
== See also ==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of notable tropical cyclones]]
*[[List of Atlantic hurricane seasons]]
==External links==
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/1991.pdf Monthly Weather Review]
* [ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/pub/storm_archives/atlantic/prelimat/atl1991/ Detailed information on all storms from 1991]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/1991.html U.S. Rainfall information concerning 1991 tropical cyclones]
{{1991 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
{{Atlantic hurricane season categories|1991}}
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