Rebecca Cole: differenze tra le versioni

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{{Bio

|Titolo =

|Nome = Rebecca J.

|Cognome = Cole

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|PostCognome =

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|Soprannome =

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|Pseudonimo =

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|Sesso = F

|LuogoNascita = Filadelfia

|LuogoNascitaLink =

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|GiornoMeseNascita = 16 marzo

|AnnoNascita = 1846

|NoteNascita =

|LuogoMorte = Filadelfia

|LuogoMorteLink =

|LuogoMorteAlt =

|GiornoMeseMorte = 14 agosto

|AnnoMorte = 1922

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|Epoca = 1800

|Epoca2 = 1900

|PreAttività =

|Attività = medico

|Attività2 =

|Attività3 =

|AttivitàAltre =

|Nazionalità = statunitense

|PostNazionalità = , fondatrice di organizzazioni e [[riformismo|riformatrice sociale]]. Nel 1867 divenne la seconda donna [[afroamericani|afroamericana]] a diventare medico negli Stati Uniti, dopo Rebecca Lee Crumpler tre anni prima. Per tutta la vita ha affrontato barriere razziali e di genere nella sua formazione medica, formandosi in istituti interamente femminili, gestiti dalla prima generazione di medici donna laureati<ref>{{cita libro|nome=Darryl|cognome=Lyman|titolo=Great African-American Women|url=https://archive.org/details/greatafricanamer0000lyma_w4o4|città=Middle Village, NY|editore=J David|anno=2005|isbn=978-0-82460-459-2|p=[https://archive.org/details/greatafricanamer0000lyma_w4o4/page/n292 279]|lingua=en}}</ref>

|NazionalitàNaturalizzato =

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|Immagine = Rebecca_J_Cole.jpeg

|Didascalia = Rebecca J. Cole

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<!-- Infobox scientist

| name = Dr Rebecca J. Cole

| image = Rebecca_J_Cole.jpeg

| image_size =

| birth_date = {{birth date|1846|03|16}}

| birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.

| death_date = {{death date and age|1922|08|14|1846|03|16}}

| death_place = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

| field = [[Internal medicine]]

| alma_mater = [[Drexel University College of Medicine|Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]]

| doctoral_advisor = {{ubl|[[Ann Preston]]|[[Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor)|Elizabeth Blackwell]]}}

| workplaces = [[New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children]]

| known_for = Second female African American physician -->

== Primi anni di vita e formazione ==

'''Rebecca J. Cole''' (March 16, 1846-August 14, 1922) was an American [[physician]], organization founder and social reformer. In 1867, she became the second [[African-American]] woman to become a doctor in the [[United States]], after [[Rebecca Lee Crumpler]] three years earlier. Throughout her life she faced racial and gender-based barriers to her medical education, training in all-female institutions which were run by the first generation of graduating [[female physicians]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Darryl|last=Lyman|title=Great African-American Women|___location=Middle Village, NY|publisher=J David|year=2005|isbn=978-0-82460-459-2|page=279}}</ref>

La Cole wasnacque borna inFiladelfia [[Philadelphia]]il on16 March 16,marzo 1846, oneuna ofdi fivecinque childrenfigli.<ref>{{Citecita web|datedata=2007-11-17|titletitolo=Rebecca J. Cole (1846-1922) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/cole-rebecca-j-1846-1922/|access-dateaccesso=2022-02-11|languagelingua=en-US}}</ref> HerSuo fatherpadre wasera aun laborer[[operaio]] ande hersua mothermadre wasuna a [[laundress]]lavandaia.<ref name=":0" /> OneUna ofdelle hersue sisterssorelle, Sarah Elizabeth Cole, marriedsposò [[Henry L. Phillips]], aun prominentimportante African Americanpastore [[EpiscopalChiesa Churchepiscopale (UnitedStati StatesUniti d'America)|Episcopalepiscopale]] priest[[afroamericano]], {{nel 1876 circa|1876}}.<ref>{{Citecita web |titletitolo=Archdeacon Henry L. Phillips Ninth Rector (1912-1914) |url=http://www.aecst.org/phillips%209threc.htm |access-datelingua=2023-06-06 en|websiteaccesso=www.aecst.org6 giugno 2023}}</ref>

Frequentò la scuola superiore presso l'Institute for Colored Youth, dove il programma di studi comprendeva latino, greco e matematica, diplomandosi nel 1863.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==

Cole was born in [[Philadelphia]] on March 16, 1846, one of five children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-11-17|title=Rebecca J. Cole (1846-1922) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/cole-rebecca-j-1846-1922/|access-date=2022-02-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Her father was a laborer and her mother was a [[laundress]].<ref name=":0" /> One of her sisters, Sarah Elizabeth Cole, married [[Henry L. Phillips]], a prominent African American [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] priest, {{circa|1876}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archdeacon Henry L. Phillips Ninth Rector (1912-1914) |url=http://www.aecst.org/phillips%209threc.htm |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.aecst.org}}</ref>

Si laureò al [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] nel 1867, sotto la supervisione di [[Ann Preston]], la prima donna preside della scuola.<ref name=":0" /> Il Women's Medical College fu fondato da [[Abolizionismo|abolizionisti]] [[Quaccherismo|quaccheri]] e riformatori della [[temperanza]] nel 1850. Inizialmente chiamato Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, fu la prima scuola a consentire una formazione medica professionale alle donne con il conseguimento di un [[Dottore|M.D]].<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|cognome1=Fee|nome1=Elizabeth|cognome2=Brown|nome2=Theodore M.|data=marzo 2004|titolo="An Eventful Epoch in the History of Your Lives"|rivista=American Journal of Public Health|volume=94|edizione=3|p=367|doi=10.2105/ajph.94.3.367|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1448257|pmid=14998795}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|url=http://wblearning-ejournal.com/currentIssue/E3001%20rtb.pdf|titolo=Doctor of Medicine as Professional Doctorate|editore=Wblearning-ejournal.com|accesso=2015-03-31|dataarchivio=19 ottobre 2013|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122325/http://wblearning-ejournal.com/currentIssue/E3001%20rtb.pdf|urlmorto=no}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|url=http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d01/fig1.asp|titolo=Educational System in the USA|editore=Nces.ed.gov|accesso=2015-03-31|dataarchivio=13 luglio 2018|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713100428/https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d01/fig1.asp|urlmorto=no}}</ref> La [[Laurea|tesi di laurea]] della Cole si intitolava ''L'occhio e le sue appendici''.<ref>{{cita web|titolo=Women Physicians: 1850s - 1970s: The eye and its appendages|url=http://xdl.drexelmed.edu/item.php?object_id=001860&t=womanmd#|editore=Drexel University College of Medicine|accesso=2013-02-23|lingua=en}}</ref> Durante l'ultimo anno visse con le compagne del corso di medicina [[Odelia Blinn]] e Martha E. Hutchings. Quasi trent'anni dopo, la Blinn scrisse un articolo in cui raccontava come l'attraversamento della “[[Razzismo|linea del colore]]” a Filadelfia avesse quasi fatto [[Deragliamento|deragliare]] gli studi della Cole all'università e i suoi piani per una carriera medica.<ref>{{Cita news|titolo=The Color Line in 1867|editore=The Inter Ocean|data=18 maggio 1896|p=12|cognome=Blinn, MD|nome=Odelia|lingua=en}}</ref>

Cole attended high school at the [[Institute for Colored Youth]] where the curriculum that included Latin, Greek, and mathematics, graduating in 1863.<ref name=":0" />

==Carriera==

Cole graduated from the [[Drexel University College of Medicine|Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] in 1867, under the supervision of [[Ann Preston]], the first woman dean of the school.<ref name=":0" /> The Women’s Medical College was founded by [[Quakers|Quaker]] [[Abolitionism|abolitionists]] and [[Temperance movement|temperance]] reformers in 1850. Initially named the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, it was the first school to offer formal medical training to women with the culmination of an [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fee|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Brown|first2=Theodore M.|date=March 2004|title="An Eventful Epoch in the History of Your Lives"|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=94|issue=3|pages=367|doi=10.2105/ajph.94.3.367|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1448257|pmid=14998795}}</ref> Cole's graduate [[thesis]] was titled ''The Eye and Its Appendages''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women Physicians: 1850s - 1970s: The eye and its appendages |url=http://xdl.drexelmed.edu/item.php?object_id=001860&t=womanmd# |publisher=Drexel University College of Medicine |accessdate=2013-02-23}}</ref> In her senior year, Cole lived with fellow medical students [[Odelia Blinn]] and Martha E. Hutchings. Nearly thirty years later, Blinn wrote an article detailing how crossing the '[[Color line (racism)|color line]]' in Philadelphia nearly derailed Cole's studies at the college and her plans for a medical career.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Odelia Blinn, MD|title=The Color Line in 1867|publisher=[[Chicago Inter Ocean|The Inter Ocean]]|date=May 18, 1896|page=12}}</ref>

AfterDopo earningaver herconseguito medicalla degreelaurea in medicina, la Cole internedfece atun [[Elizabethtirocinio Blackwell]]'spresso [[NewYork-Presbyterianla Lower Manhattan Hospital|New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children di [[Elizabeth Blackwell]], wheredove shefu wasincaricata assigneddi toinsegnare teachle cure [[prenatal careGravidanza|prenatali]] ande l'[[hygieneigiene]] toalle womendonne indelle [[tenementEdilizia residenziale pubblica|case popolari]]s.<ref>{{Citecita booklibro|lastcognome=Nimura|firstnome=Janice P.|author-link=Janice P. Nimura |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155067347|titletitolo=The doctors Blackwell : how two pioneering sisters brought medicine to women--and women to medicine|datedata=2021|isbn=978-0-393-63554-6|edition=|___locationcittà=New York, N.Y.|oclc=1155067347}}</ref> La Blackwell describeddescrisse la Cole ascome "anun intelligentgiovane youngmedico coloreddi physiciancolore intelligente [whoche] carriedportava onavanti thisquesto worklavoro withcon tacttatto ande care.attenzione".<ref name=":0" />

In seguito la Cole esercitò brevemente la professione medica nella [[Carolina del Sud]] prima di tornare a Filadelfia.

==Career==

After earning her medical degree, Cole interned at [[Elizabeth Blackwell]]'s [[NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital|New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children]], where she was assigned to teach [[prenatal care]] and [[hygiene]] to women in [[tenement]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nimura|first=Janice P.|author-link=Janice P. Nimura |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155067347|title=The doctors Blackwell : how two pioneering sisters brought medicine to women--and women to medicine|date=2021|isbn=978-0-393-63554-6|edition=|___location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=1155067347}}</ref> Blackwell described Cole as "an intelligent young colored physician [who] carried on this work with tact and care."<ref name=":0" />

InNel 1873 aprì, Coleinsieme openedalla a Women's Directory Center with Dr.dottoressa [[Charlotte Abbey]], whichil providedWomen's medicalDirectory andCenter, legalche servicesforniva toservizi disadvantagedmedici womene andlegali a donne e bambini childrensvantaggiati. InNel Januarygennaio 1899, Colefu wasnominata appointedsovrintendente superintendentdi ofuna acasa homedi runriposo bygestita thedall'Associazione [[Associationper foril thesoccorso Reliefdelle ofdonne Destitutee Coloreddei Womenbambini anddi Children]]colore inindigenti a [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref name="ThreadofHope">{{citecita booklibro|last1cognome1=Clark Hine|first1nome1=Darlene|url=https://archive.org/details/shiningthreadofh00hine|titletitolo=A Shining Thread of Hope|last2cognome2=Thompson|first2nome2=Kathleen|dateanno=1998|publishereditore=Broadway Books|isbn=0-7679-0111-8|editionedizione=First1|___locationcittà=New York, NY|pagep=[https://archive.org/details/shiningthreadofh00hine/page/163 163]|url-access|lingua=registrationen}}</ref> TheNel associationrapporto annuale dell'sassociazione del 1899 annualsi reportlegge statedche thatla Cole possessedpossedeva "alltutte thele qualitiesqualità essentialessenziali toper suchuna atale position-abilityposizione: capacità, energyenergia, experienceesperienza, tact.tatto". AIn subsequentun reportrapporto successivo si notedlegge thatche:<ref>{{Citecita web|titletitolo=Thirty-seventh annual report of the National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children, for the year ending Januarygennaio, 1900 ...|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/91898495/|access-dateaccesso=11 febbraio 2022-02-11|websiterivista=Library of Congress|lingua=en}}</ref>

Cole later briefly practiced medicine in [[South Carolina]] before returning to Philadelphia.

{{citazione|La dottoressa Cole stessa ha più che soddisfatto le aspettative dei suoi amici. Con una visione chiara e approfondita del suo campo d'azione, ha portato avanti i suoi piani con il buon senso e il vigore che fanno parte del suo carattere, mentre il suo allegro ottimismo, la sua determinazione a vedere il meglio in ogni situazione e in ogni individuo, hanno creato intorno a lei un'atmosfera di sole che contribuisce alla felicità e al benessere di ogni membro della grande famiglia.|''Rapporto annuale della National Home for Destitute Colored Women and Children. Associazione nazionale per il soccorso delle donne di colore e dei bambini indigenti''<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/91898495/|titolo=Thirty-seventh annual report of the National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children, for the year ending gennaio, 1900|sito=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|lingua=en|accesso=2024-11-04}}</ref>|}}

In 1873, Cole opened a Women's Directory Center with Dr. [[Charlotte Abbey]], which provided medical and legal services to disadvantaged women and children. In January 1899, Cole was appointed superintendent of a home run by the [[Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="ThreadofHope">{{cite book|last1=Clark Hine|first1=Darlene|url=https://archive.org/details/shiningthreadofh00hine|title=A Shining Thread of Hope|last2=Thompson|first2=Kathleen|date=1998|publisher=Broadway Books|isbn=0-7679-0111-8|edition=First|___location=New York, NY|page=[https://archive.org/details/shiningthreadofh00hine/page/163 163]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The association's 1899 annual report stated that Cole possessed "all the qualities essential to such a position-ability, energy, experience, tact." A subsequent report noted that:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thirty-seventh annual report of the National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children, for the year ending January, 1900 ...|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/91898495/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Library of Congress}}</ref>

La Cole ha esercitato la professione medica per cinquant'anni. Nel 2015, è stata scelta come Innovators Walk of Fame dall'University City Science Center di [[Filadelfia]].<ref>{{cita web|titolo=Science Center: Celebrazione delle donne innovatrici nella classe 2015 della Walk of Fame degli innovatori|url=http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v62/n11/science-center-women-innovators.html|accesso=30 gennaio 2017|editore=University of Pennsylvania Almanac|lingua=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://sciencecenter.org/|titolo=University City Science Center|sito=sciencecenter.org|editore=University City Science Center|lingua=en|accesso=2024-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/volumes/v62/n11/science-center-women-innovators.html|titolo=Science Center: Celebrating Women Innovators in 2015 Class of the Innovators Walk of Fame|sito=almanac.upenn.edu|editore=Almanac - University of Pennsylvania|data=27 ottobre 2015|lingua=en|volume=''62, n. 11''|accesso=2024-11-04}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Dr Cole herself has more than fulfilled the expectations of her friends. With a clear and comprehensive view of her whole field of action, she has carried out her plans with the good sense and vigor which are a part of her character, while her cheerful optimism, her determination to see the best in every situation and in every individual, have created around her an atmosphere of sunshine that adds to the happiness and well being of every member of the large family.|title=Annual report of the [[National Home for Destitute Colored Women and Children|National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children]]|source=https://www.loc.gov/item/91898495/}}

== DeathMorte ==

Cole practiced medicine for fifty years. In 2015, she was chosen as an Innovators Walk of Fame honoree by the [[University City Science Center]], [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Science Center: Celebrating Women Innovators in 2015 Class of the Innovators Walk of Fame|url=http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v62/n11/science-center-women-innovators.html|website=University of Pennsylvania Almanac|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref>

Rebecca J. Cole diedmorì onil August14 14,agosto 1922, atall'età thedi age76 of 76anni. SheÈ issepolta buried atnel [[EdenCimitero Cemeterydi (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)|Eden Cemetery]] ina [[Collingdale]], in [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Citecita web|titletitolo=Library Exhibits :: Rebecca Cole|url=https://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/institute-colored-youth/graduates/rebecca-cole-bio|access-dateaccesso=2022-02-11 febbraio 2022|websitesito=exhibits.library.villanova.edu|lingua=en}}</ref> FewSono recordssopravvissuti orpochi photosdocumenti ofo herfoto havedi survivedlei.<ref name=":0">{{Citecita web|last1=McNeill|first1=Leila|titletitolo=The Woman Who Challenged the Idea that Black Communities Were Destined for Disease|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/woman-challenged-idea-black-communities-destined-disease-180969218/|access-datelingua=en|nome=Leila|cognome=McNeill|accesso=2022-02-11 febbraio 2022|websiterivista=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==

Cole died on August 14, 1922, at the age of 76. She is buried at [[Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)|Eden Cemetery]] in [[Collingdale, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Library Exhibits :: Rebecca Cole|url=https://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/institute-colored-youth/graduates/rebecca-cole-bio|access-date=2022-02-11|website=exhibits.library.villanova.edu}}</ref> Few records or photos of her have survived.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=McNeill|first1=Leila|title=The Woman Who Challenged the Idea that Black Communities Were Destined for Disease|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/woman-challenged-idea-black-communities-destined-disease-180969218/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

==Note==

<references/>

==Altri progetti==

{{interprogetto}}

==Collegamenti esterni==

* {{Collegamenti esterni}}

* {{cita web|url=https://www.aaregistry.org/story/Rebecca-Cole|titolo=Rebecca Cole|sito=African American Registry|lingua=en}}

* {{Cita web|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2001060124.html|titolo=Cole, Rebecca J - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|autore=The Library of Congress|sito=id.loc.gov|lingua=en|accesso=2024-11-04}}

* {{Cita web|url=https://entities.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdT4RJRmcJcDBwq8B3wC.html|titolo=Rebecca Cole|sito=entities.oclc.org|lingua=en|accesso=2024-11-04}}

* {{Cita web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/cole-rebecca-j-1846-1922/|titolo=Rebecca J. Cole (1846-1922)|autore=Coley Veitenhans|data=2007-11-17|lingua=en|accesso=2024-11-04}}

* {{Cita web|url=https://prabook.com/web/rebecca.cole/1938726|titolo=Rebecca J. Cole|sito=prabook.com|editore=World Biographical Encyclopedia|lingua=en|accesso=4 novembre 2024}}

* {{Cita web|url=https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Cole-33164|titolo=Rebecca J Cole (1846-1922) {{!}} WikiTree FREE Family Tree|sito=www.wikitree.com|data=1846-03-16|lingua=en|accesso=2024-11-04}}

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