Physics and Talk:1941 Odessa massacre: Difference between pages

Revision as of 14:54, 21 January 2004

Revision as of 22:37, 18 July 2007

Line 1:

{{WikiProject Russian History}}

'''Physics''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] from φυσικός (''phusikos''): ''natural'', from φύσις (''fysis''): [[Nature]]) is the [[science]] of Nature in the broadest sense. [[Physicist]]s study the behaviour and interactions of [[matter]] and [[radiation]]. [[Theory|Theories]] of physics are generally expressed as [[mathematics|mathematical]] relations. Well-established theories are often referred to as ''physical laws'' or [[law of physics|laws of physics]]; however, like all [[scientific method|scientific theories]], they are ultimately provisional.

==message==

To the original author of this article: It is a sad fact that Wikipedia articles don't quote their sources, especially when they deal with controversial political events. It goes without saying that the Romanians who will read this article will be skeptical about it and will doubt of its truth. (Many people in Romania consider Antonescu as a national hero and are reluctant to admit any Romanian responsibility for the Holocaust). I am ready to admit that they are not guilty for this, they just lack knowledge.

This article says "General Ion Antonescu ordered from Bucharest that for every killed Romanian and German officer, 200 Jews and Communists were to be killed, and for every soldier, 100 were to be executed. All the Communists were to be imprisoned and one person was to be taken hostage from every Jewish family".

Physics is very closely related to the other [[natural science]]s, particularly [[chemistry]], the science of [[molecule]]s and the chemical compounds that they form in bulk. Chemistry draws on many fields of physics, particularly [[quantum mechanics]], [[thermodynamics]] and [[electromagnetism]]. However, chemical phenomena are sufficiently varied and complex that chemistry is usually regarded as a separate discipline.

My question is: if this is a historically undisputable fact, why is not the order issued by Antonescu scanned and put on the internet, so that no one should doubt about the atrocities ordered by Antonescu? I think that there is such an order, written on a piece of paper which was preserved after the fall of Antonescu regime and was probably used at his trial against him. If it could be made available to any person interested, then it would be impossible for any person with a minimal moral conscience to consider Antonescu as a positive hero.

Below is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, followed by a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields. A more comprehensive [[list of physics topics]] is also available.

So:

==Overview of physics==

(1) is there such a document written/signed by Antonescu?

(2) can it be scanned and made available online?

And - obviously - if there is not such a document, what is the evidence for the claim made in the Wikipedia article? laurian {{unsigned|84.109.154.227}}

<blockquote>

===Theories===

''Main article'': [[Physical theory|Theories of Physics]]

<blockquote>

== restoring traditional title ==

==== Central theories ====

[[Classical mechanics]] -- [[Thermodynamics]] -- [[Statistical Mechanics|Statistical mechanics]] -- [[Electromagnetism]] -- [[Special relativity]] -- [[General relativity]] -- [[Quantum mechanics]] -- [[Quantum field theory]] -- [[Standard Model]] -- [[Fluid dynamics]]

Please do not move articles to controversial names without consensus. I did not see a discussion regarding the move to [[Odessa Holocaust]], therefore I am restoring the long-standing name. If there are going to be other articles named [[Odessa massacre]], then we could discuss [[WP:DISAMBIG]]. Perhaps [[Odessa massacre (Holocaust)]] or some such would be appropriate, but I dislike parentheses in titles. ←[[User:Humus sapiens|Humus sapiens]] ^{[[User talk:Humus sapiens|ну]][[Special:Contributions/Humus_sapiens|?]]} 03:27, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

==== Proposed theories ====

[[Theory of everything]] -- [[Grand unification theory]] -- [[M-theory]] -- [[Loop quantum gravity]] -- [[Emergence]]

==Odessa Holocaust==

==== Fringe theories ====

[[Cold fusion]] -- [[Dynamic theory of gravity]] -- [[Luminiferous aether]] -- [[Orgone energy]] -- [[Reciprocal System of Theory]] -- [[Steady state theory]]

Hi! There is nothing too wrong in titling [[Odessa massacre]], but the very name of event historically is reffered to the masssacre that occured in [[Odessa]] in 1905 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#Arrival_in_Odessa]. So, it could be more correct to call the extermination of Jews traditionaly a Holocaust to avoid any misunderstanding of the title. Truly, [[User:Paganel|Paganel]] 18:14, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

</blockquote>

: As in other similar cases in WP, I think it would be proper to reserve the title [[Odessa massacre]] for the most famous/infamous one and have [[WP:REDIRECT]]s and [[WP:DISAMBIGUATION]]s for other tragedies that scholarly sources may refer to as "Odessa massacre". Perhaps the best name for this one would be [[Odessa massacre (Holocaust)]] or [[Odessa massacre (1941)]]. In general, [[The Holocaust]] (Ha-Shoah) is a common name for the [[genocide]] of European Jews, therefore I don't think [[Odessa Holocaust]] is an encyclopedic title. Right now it is a redirect to [[Odessa massacre]]. Thanks. ←[[User:Humus sapiens|Humus sapiens]] ^{[[User talk:Humus sapiens|ну]][[Special:Contributions/Humus_sapiens|?]]} 20:53, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

=== Concepts ===

:: Right You are. But it can be called Holocaust in Odessa, like [[Holocaust in Poland]], [[Holocaust in Romania]], [[Holocaust in Estonia]]. But the word Holocaust must be present, firstly, to avoid double meaning (The Odessa Massacre of 1905). And it really was a Holocaust and not an abstract massacre! So, the "Odessa massacre (Holocaust)", proposed by You, or "Odessa Holocaust Massacre" or, as it was, "Odessa Holocaust" or "Holocaust in Odessa" would be a nice title for the redirection, because this word must be present. What is your opinion? Very often I pass along the mass graves of it, and I know that a massacre is something caotic, but in Odessa it was not like this, it was a very well organized process of extermination. Truly, [[User:Paganel|Paganel]] 22:14, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

[[Matter]] -- [[Antimatter]] -- [[Elementary particle]] -- [[Boson]] -- [[Fermion]]

::: Let's continue the discussion here. I am copying the above from our talk pages over here and requesting more opinions from [[Talk:The Holocaust]]''. ←[[User:Humus sapiens|Humus sapiens]] ^{[[User talk:Humus sapiens|ну]][[Special:Contributions/Humus_sapiens|?]]} 22:37, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

[[Symmetry]] -- [[Motion]] -- [[Conservation law]] -- [[Mass]] -- [[Energy]] -- [[Momentum]] -- [[Angular momentum]] -- [[Spin (physics)|Spin]]

[[Time]] -- [[Space]] -- [[Dimension]] -- [[Spacetime]] -- [[Length]] -- [[Velocity]] -- [[Force (physics)|Force]] -- [[Torque]]

[[Wave]] -- [[Wavefunction]] -- [[Quantum entanglement]] -- [[Harmonic oscillator]] -- [[Magnetism]] -- [[Electricity]] -- [[Electromagnetic radiation]] -- [[Temperature]] -- [[Entropy]] -- [[Physical information]]

[[Phase transitions]] -- [[Critical phenomena]] -- [[Self-organization]] -- [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking]] -- [[Superconductivity]] -- [[Superfluidity]] -- [[Quantum phase transitions]]

=== Fundamental forces ===

[[Gravity|Gravitational]] -- [[Electromagnetism|Electromagnetic]] -- [[Weak interaction|Weak]] -- [[Strong interaction|Strong]]

=== Particles ===

''Main article'': [[Particle physics|Particle]]s

[[Atom]] -- [[Proton]] -- [[Neutron]] -- [[Electron]] -- [[Quark]] -- [[Photon]] -- [[Gluon]] -- [[W boson]] -- [[Z boson]] -- [[Graviton]] -- [[Neutrino]] -- [[Particle radiation]]--[[Phonon]]--[[Roton]]

=== Subfields of physics ===

[[Accelerator physics]] -- [[Acoustics]] -- [[Astrophysics]] -- [[Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics]] -- [[Computational physics]] -- [[Condensed matter physics]] -- [[Cosmology]] -- [[Cryogenics]] -- [[Fluid dynamics]] -- [[Polymer physics]] -- [[Optics]] -- [[Materials physics]] -- [[Nuclear physics]] -- [[Plasma physics]] -- [[Particle physics]] (or High Energy Physics) -- [[Vehicle dynamics]]

=== Methods ===

[[Scientific method]] -- [[Physical quantity]] -- [[Measurement]] -- [[Measuring instruments]] -- [[Dimensional analysis]] -- [[Statistics]]

=== Tables ===

[[List of laws in science|List of physical laws]] -- [[Physical constants]] -- [[SI base unit]]s -- [[SI derived unit]]s -- [[SI prefix]]es -- [[Conversion of units|Unit conversions]]

=== History ===

[[History of Physics]] -- [[Famous Physicists]] -- [[Nobel Prize in physics]]

=== Related Fields ===

[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] -- [[Biophysics]] -- [[Electronics]] -- [[Engineering]] -- [[Geophysics]] -- [[Materials science]] -- [[Mathematical physics]] -- [[Medical physics]] -- [[Physical Chemistry]]

</blockquote>

== A brief history of physics ==

''Note: The following is a cursory overview of the development of physics. For a more detailed history, please refer to the main article on this subject, [[History of physics]].''

Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. Also a mystery was the character of the [[universe]], such as the form of the [[Earth]] and the behavior of celestial objects such as the [[Sun]] and the [[Luna|Moon]]. Several theories were proposed, most of them were wrong. These theories were largely couched in [[philosophy|philosophical]] terms, and never verified by systematic experimental testing. There were exceptions and there are [[anachronism]]s: for example, the [[Hellenic civilization|Greek]] thinker [[Archimedes]] derived many correct quantitative descriptions of mechanics and hydrostatics.

During the late [[16th century]], [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] pioneered the use of experiment to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in the [[scientific method]]. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in [[dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]], in particular the Law of [[Inertia]]. In [[1687]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] published the [[Principia Mathematica]], detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: [[Newton's laws of motion]], from which arise [[classical mechanics]]; and [[gravity|Newton's Law of Gravitation]], which describes the [[fundamental force]] of [[gravity]]. Both theories agreed well with experiment. Classical mechanics would be exhaustively extended by [[Joseph-Louis de Lagrange|Lagrange]], [[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]], and others, who produced new formulations, principles, and results. The Law of Gravitation initiated the field of [[astrophysics]], which describes [[astronomy|astronomical]] phenomena using physical theories.

From the [[18th century]] onwards, [[thermodynamics]] was developed by [[Robert Boyle|Boyle]], [[Thomas Young|Young]], and many others. In [[1733]], [[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli]] used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, initiating the field of [[statistical mechanics]]. In [[1798]], [[Benjamin Thompson|Thompson]] demonstrated the conversion of mechanical work into heat, and in [[1847]] [[James Joule|Joule]] stated the law of conservation of [[energy]], in the form of heat as well as mechanical energy.

The behavior of [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]] was studied by [[Michael Faraday|Faraday]], [[Georg Ohm|Ohm]], and others. In [[1855]], [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]] unified the two phenomena into a single theory of [[electromagnetism]], described by [[Maxwells equations|Maxwell's equations]]. A prediction of this theory was that [[light]] is an [[electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic wave]].

In [[1895]], [[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen|Roentgen]] discovered [[X-ray]]s, which turned out to be high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. [[Radioactivity]] was discovered in [[1896]] by [[Henri Becquerel]], and further studied by [[Pierre Curie]] and [[Marie Curie]] and others. This initiated the field of [[nuclear physics]].

In [[1897]], [[J.J. Thomson|Thomson]] discovered the [[electron]], the elementary particle which carries electrical current in circuits. In [[1904]], he proposed the first model of the [[atom]], known as the [[atom/plum pudding|plum pudding model]]. (The existence of the atom had been proposed in [[1808]] by [[John Dalton|Dalton]].)

In [[1905]], Einstein formulated the theory of [[special relativity]], unifying space and time into a single entity, [[spacetime]]. Relativity prescribes a different transformation between [[inertial frame of reference|reference frames]] than classical mechanics; this necessitated the development of relativistic mechanics as a replacement for classical mechanics. In the regime of low (relative) velocities, the two theories agree. In [[1915]], Einstein extended special relativity to explain gravity with the [[general relativity|general theory of relativity]], which replaces Newton's law of gravitation. In the regime of low masses and energies, the two theories agree.

In [[1911]], [[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford]] deduced from [[rutherford scattering|scattering experiments]] the existence of a compact atomic nucleus, with positively charged constituents dubbed [[proton]]s. [[neutron|Neutrons]], the neutral nuclear constituents, were discovered in [[1932]] by [[James Chadwick|Chadwick]].

Beginning in [[1900]], [[Max Planck|Planck]], [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Niels Bohr|Bohr]], and others developed [[quantum]] theories to explain various anomalous experimental results by introducing discrete energy levels. In [[1925]], [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]] and [[1926]], [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger]] and [[P.A.M. Dirac|Dirac]] formulated [[quantum mechanics]], which explained the preceding quantum theories. In quantum mechanics, the outcomes of physical measurements are inherently [[probability|probabilistic]]; the theory describes the calculation of these probabilities. It successfully describes the behavior of matter at small distance scales.

Quantum mechanics also provided the theoretical tools for [[condensed matter physics]], which studies the physical behavior of solids and liquids, including phenomena such as [[crystal structure]]s, [[semiconductor|semiconductivity]], and [[superconductor|superconductivity]]. The pioneers of condensed matter physics include [[Felix Bloch|Bloch]], who created a quantum mechanical description of the behavior of electrons in crystal structures in [[1928]].

During [[World War II]], research was conducted by each side into [[nuclear physics]], for the purpose of creating a [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]]. The German effort, led by Heisenberg, did not succeed, but the Allied [[Manhattan Project]] reached its goal. In America, a team led by [[Enrico Fermi|Fermi]] achieved the first man-made [[nuclear chain reaction]] in [[1942]], and in [[1945]] the world's first [[nuclear weapon|nuclear explosive]] was detonated at [[Trinity site]], near [[Alamogordo]], [[New Mexico]].

[[Quantum field theory]] was formulated in order to extend quantum mechanics to be consistent with special relativity. It achieved its modern form in the late [[1940s]] with work by [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], [[Julian Schwinger|Schwinger]], [[Tomonaga]], and [[Freeman Dyson|Dyson]]. They formulated the theory of [[quantum electrodynamics]], which describes the electromagnetic interaction.

Quantum field theory provided the framework for modern [[particle physics]], which studies [[fundamental force]]s and elementary particles. In [[1954]], [[Yang Chen Ning|Yang]] and [[Robert Mills|Mills]] developed a class of [[gauge theory|gauge theories]], which provided the framework for the [[Standard Model]]. The Standard Model, which was completed in the [[1970s]], successfully describes almost all elementary particles observed to date.

== Future directions ==

As of [[As of 2003|2003]], research is progressing on a large number of fields of physics.

In [[condensed matter physics]], the biggest unsolved theoretical problem is the explanation for [[high-temperature superconductivity]]. Strong efforts, largely experimental, are being put into making workable [[spintronics]] and [[quantum computer]]s.

In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the [[Standard Model]] have begun to appear. Foremost amongst this are indications that [[neutrino]]s have non-zero [[mass]]. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing [[solar neutrino problem]] in solar physics. The physics of massive neutrinos is currently an area of active theoretical and experimental research. In the next several years, [[particle accelerator]]s will begin probing energy scales in the [[TeV]] range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the [[higgs boson]] and [[supersymmetry|supersymmetric particles]].

Theoretical attempts to unify [[quantum mechanics]] and [[general relativity]] into a single theory of [[quantum gravity]], a program ongoing for over half a century, has yet to bear fruit. The current leading candidates are [[M-theory]] and [[loop quantum gravity]].

Many [[astronomy|astronomical]] phenomena have yet to be explained, including the existence of [[GZK paradox|ultra-high energy cosmic rays]] and the [[galaxy rotation problem|anomalous rotation rates of galaxies]]. Theories that have been proposed to resolve these problems include [[doubly-special relativity]], [[modified Newtonian dynamics]], and the existence of [[dark matter]]. In addition, the cosmological predictions of the last several decades have been contradicted by recent evidence that the [[Accelerating universe|expansion of the universe is accelerating]].

See [[unsolved problems in physics]] for a fuller treatment of this subject.

==Suggested reading and external links==

*''[http://textbook.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics A Study Guide to the Science of Physics]'' ~ at ''Wikibooks''

* [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], ''The Character of Physical Law'', Random House (Modern Library), 1994, hardcover, 192 pages, ISBN 0679601279

* [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], Leighton, Sands, ''The Feynman Lectures on Physics'', Addison-Wesley 1970, 3 volumes, paperback, ISBN 0201021153, hardcover Commemorative edition, 1989, ISBN 0201500647

* [[Brian Greene]], ''The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory'', 464 pages, paperback, Vintage Books, 2000, ISBN 0375708111, hardcover, W.W. Norton & Company, 2003, ISBN 0393058581

* Eric Weisstein, Weisstein and Wolfram Research, Inc., and et al, ''[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ World of Physics]''. Online Physics encyclopedic dictionary.

* Optics.net, ''[http://www.optics.net/ Optics on the Net]''. Online Optics, optoelectronics technical, forums and buyer's guide.

* Electronics-ee, ''[http://www.electronics-ee.com/ Electronics for engineers]''. Online Electronics, electrical resources and forums.

* Optics2001, ''[http://www.optics2001.com/ The Optics Odyssey]''. Optics community and library.

* Carl R. Nave, ''[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]'', . Online crosslinked physics concept maps.

[[af:Fisika]]

[[ar:&#1601;&#1610;&#1586;&#1610;&#1575;&#1569;&#1615;]]

[[bs:Fizika]]

[[ca:Física]]

[[cs:Fyzika]]

[[da:Fysik]]

[[de:Physik]]

[[el:&#934;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#954;&#942;]]

[[es:Física]]

[[eo:Fiziko]]

[[et:Füüsika]]

[[fr:Physique]]

[[gl:Física]]

[[he:%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94]]

[[hr:Fizika]]

[[ia:Physica]]

[[id:Fisika]]

[[it:Fisica]]

[[la:Physica]]

[[nds:Physik]]

[[no:Fysikk]]

[[nl:Natuurkunde]]

[[ja:&#29289;&#29702;&#23398;]]

[[ko:&#47932;&#47532;&#54617;]]

[[pl:Fizyka]]

[[pt:Física]]

[[ro:Fizic&#259;]]

[[ru:&#1060;&#1080;&#1079;&#1080;&#1082;&#1072;]]

[[sk:fyzika]]

[[sl:fizika]]

[[sr:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0]]

[[sv:Fysik]]

[[zh:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6]]