Talk:GMR (cryptography) and Millennium Dome: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox building|right|

''In contrast to RSA, GMR is secure against adaptive chosen-message attacks''

|building_name=The O₂

|image=Millennium Dome (zakgollop) version.jpg

|building_type=Entertainment District

|architectural_style=Dome

|structural_system=Steel & tensioned fabric

|___location=The O₂<br> Drawdock Road<br> North Greenwich<br> [[London]], SE10 0BB<br> [[England]]

|completion_date=1999

|opening_date=2000

|architect=[[Richard Rogers]]

|structural_engineer=[[Buro Happold]]

|services_engineer=[[Buro Happold]]

|awards=[[Royal Academy of Engineering]]<br /> MacRobert Award

|}}

{{dablink|"The O2" redirects here. For the Berlin, Germany arena, see [[O2 World]]. For the chemical element, see [[oxygen]].}}

{{coor title dms|51|30|10.14|N|0|0|11.22|E|type:landmark_region:EG_scale:5000}}

'''The O₂''' is a large [[dome]]-shaped building on the [[Greenwich peninsula]] in south-east [[London]], [[England]]. It was originally constructed as the '''Millennium Dome''', but the name was officially changed when [[Telefónica O2|O₂ plc]] (now Telefónica O₂ Europe plc) purchased the naming rights from the developers, [[Anschutz Entertainment Group]], during the dome's redevelopment into an entertainment district. In popular usage, the building is often simply called '''The Dome''', reflecting the substantial, and often adverse, publicity given to its building in the late [[20th century]].

The building was constructed to hold a major exhibition celebrating the beginning of the [[third millennium]]. This exhibition opened to the public on [[January 1]], [[2000]] and ran until [[December 31]], [[2000]]; however, the project and exhibition was the subject of considerable political controversy and did not attract the number of visitors anticipated, leading to recurring financial problems.

:AFAICT, this the same as [[existential forgery]]? If so, that should be pointed out. [[User:Arvindn|Arvindn]] 02:40, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Since the closure of the original exhibition, several possible ways of reusing the building have been proposed and then rejected. The renaming of the dome to The O₂ on [[May 31]], [[2005]] gave publicity to its transition into an Entertainment District including an indoor arena, a music club, a cinema, an exhibition space and bars and restaurants. In this role the plan is to host the 2009 [[World Gymnastics Championships]] and the [[artistic gymnastics]] and [[basketball]] events of the [[2012 Summer Olympic Games]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4901982.stm | title=Dome legacy is 'good for future' | date=[[2006-04-12]] | accessdate=2006-05-25 | publisher=BBC News}}</ref> as well as two [[National Hockey League]] games and a National Basketball Association game in 2007. The [[Tennis Masters Cup]], which will be renamed to ATP World Tour Finals, is intended to be held in the O₂ arena from [[2009]] to [[2012]].

:Nope it's not the same. But the link is confusing, as it is encryption specific.

The area is served by [[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich]] [[tube station]], which was opened just before the millennium exhibition, on the [[Jubilee Line]], by the Thamesclipper river boat service, which AEG purchased in order to provide river links between Central London and The O₂, and by bus routes.<ref>http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2007280997,00.html|title=www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2007280997,00.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref>

== Construction ==

[[Image:Millennium Dome.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The O₂, seen from the [[Isle of Dogs]].]]

The building is the largest single-roofed structure in the world. Externally it appears as a large white marquee with 100&nbsp;m-high yellow support towers, one for each month of the year, or each hour of the clock face, representing the role played by [[Greenwich Mean Time]]. In plan view it is circular, 365&nbsp;m in diameter — one metre for each day of the year — with scalloped edges. It has become one of the United Kingdom's most recognisable landmarks. It can easily be seen on aerial photographs of London. Its exterior is reminiscent of the [[Dome of Discovery]] built for the [[Festival of Britain]] in 1951.

The architect was [[Richard Rogers]] and the contractor was [[Sir Robert McAlpine]]. The building structure was engineered by [[Buro Happold]], and the entire roof structure weighs less than the air contained within the building. Although called a [[dome]] it is not strictly one as it is not self-supporting, but is a mast-supported, dome-shaped cable network.<ref> ''ArchitectureWeek.com'' http://www.architectureweek.com/2003/0326/building_1-2.html </ref>

The canopy is made of [[PTFE]] coated [[glass fibre]] [[cloth|fabric]], a durable and weather-resistant plastic, and is 50&nbsp;m high in the middle. Its symmetry is interrupted by a hole through which a ventilation shaft from the [[Blackwall Tunnel]] rises.

Apart from the dome itself, the project included the [[Land reclamation|reclamation]] of the entire Greenwich peninsula. The land was previously derelict and contaminated by toxic sludge from an earlier gasworks that operated from 1889 to 1985. The clean-up operation was seen by the then [[Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Michael Heseltine]] as an investment that would add a large area of useful land to the crowded capital. This was billed as part of a larger plan to regenerate a large, sparsely populated area to the east of London and south of the [[River Thames]], an area initially called the East Thames Corridor but latterly marketed as the "[[Thames Gateway]]".

==Before the reopening as The O₂==

What is now The O₂ was originally opened as the Millennium Dome, also known simply as the Dome, on 1 January 2000. The Dome contained exhibits to celebrate the third millennium and became a subject of controversy due to its bad publicity. ''(For information regading The O₂'s opening as an entertainment complex, see [[Millennium Dome#Reopening as The O2| reopening as The O₂]])''

===Background to the Dome Project===

The Dome project was conceived, originally on a somewhat smaller scale, under [[John Major]]'s [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government, as a [[Festival of Britain]] or World's Fair-type showcase to celebrate the [[3rd millennium AD|third millennium]]. The incoming [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government elected in 1997 under [[Tony Blair]], greatly expanded the size, scope and funding of the project. It also significantly increased expectations of what would be delivered. Just before its opening Blair claimed the Dome would be "a triumph of confidence over cynicism, boldness over blandness, excellence over mediocrity".<ref>{{cite news

| title = Dome woes haunt Blair

| publisher = [[BBC News]]

| date = [[2001-02-15]]

| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1172367.stm

| accessdate = 2007-01-31 }}</ref> In the words of BBC correspondent Robert Orchard, "the Dome was to be highlighted as a glittering New Labour achievement in the next election manifesto".

However before its opening, The Dome was excoriated in [[Iain Sinclair]]'s diatribe, ''Sorry Meniscus - Excursions to the Millennium Dome'' (Profile Books: London 1999, ISBN 1861971796), which accurately forecast the hype, the political posturing and the eventual disillusion. The plan afterwards had been to convert The Dome into a football stadium which would last for 25 years, though this has never been implemented. [[Charlton Athletic]] at one point considered a possible move but instead chose to redevelop their own stadium. [[Fisher Athletic]] were a local team interested in moving to the Dome, however they were considered to have too small a fanbase to make this feasible. The Dome was planned to take over the functions performed by the [[London Arena]], after its closure, along with The [[Croydon Arena]] which is currently being built. This is the function which The O₂ arena took.

===Millennium celebrations===

[[Image:MillenniumDomeAtNight(ChristineMatthews)Sep2000.jpg|right|thumb|234px|The Millennium Dome at night, Sept 2000]]

During the whole of 2000, The Dome was open to the public, and contained a large number of attractions and exhibits.

==== The exhibits ====

The interior space was subdivided into 14 ''zones'' (with the lead designers of the zones):

'''''Who we are:'''''

- '''Body''', ''sponsored by Boots, supported by [[L'Oreal]] and Roche'' (Branson Coates Architecture)

- '''Mind''', ''sponsored by [[BAE Systems]] and Marconi'' (Office of [[Zaha Hadid]])

- '''Faith''' ([[Eva Jiricna]] Architects with Jasper Jacobs Associates)

- '''Self Portrait''', ''sponsored by [[Marks & Spencer]]'' (Caribiner with Lorenzo Apicella at Pentagram), sculpture design by [[Gerald Scarfe]]

'''''What we do:'''''

- '''Work''', ''sponsored by [[Manpower Inc.]]'' (WORK)

- '''Learning''', ''sponsored by [[Tesco]]'' (WORK)

- '''Rest''' ([[Richard Rogers]] Partnership)

- '''Play''' (Land Design Studio)

- '''Talk''', ''sponsored by [[BT Group]]'' ([[Imagination Group]])

- '''Money''', ''sponsored by the City of London'' (Caribiner with Bob Baxter at Amalgam)

- '''Journey''', ''sponsored by [[Ford Motor Company]]'' (Imagination Group)

'''''Where we live:'''''

- '''Shared Ground''', ''sponsored by [[Camelot Group]] plc'' (WORK)

- '''Living Island''' (WORK)

- '''Home Planet''', ''sponsored by [[British Airways]] and [[BAA plc]]'' (Park Avenue Productions)

Some of the Zones were perceived as lacking in content and pandering to political correctness. The Journey Zone, outlining the history and development of transport, was one of the few singled out for praise.

[[Image:Domeshow5.jpg|frame|right|''The Tower that ate People'' arose from the floor during the stage show]]

The central stage show was accompanied by music composed by [[Peter Gabriel]] and an acrobatic cast of 160. The show was performed 999 times over the course of the year. Throughout the year, the specially-commissioned film ''[[Blackadder: Back & Forth]]'' was shown in Skyscape (a separate cinema on the site sponsored by [[Sky Television plc]]). These features escaped a great deal of the criticism that was heaped on the rest of the project, although the lyrics and meaning of the stage show were considered difficult to follow by many, and the Blackadder film was noted for being neither as sharp or funny as the original four series and specials. The music from the stage show was later released on Gabriel's album ''[[OVO]]'' (complete with lyrics). There is apparently no video record of the show, though arguably it would be difficult to capture a show of such large scale on video.

There was also the [[McDonald's]] Our Town Story project in which each Local Education Authority in the UK was invited to perform a show of their devising which characterised their area and its people.

==== Other attractions ====

There were a number of other attractions both in and outside of The Dome. Inside the Dome there was a play area named Timekeepers of the Millennium (featuring the characters Coggsley and Sprinx), The Millennium Coin Minting Press in association with the [[Royal Mint]], the 1951 [[Festival of Britain]] Bus, and the Millennium Jewels. Outside was the Millennium Map (13 metre height), the Childhood Cube, Looking Around (a hidden installation), Greenwich Pavilion, the Hanging Gardens at the front of the Dome, as well as a number of other installations and sculpture.

==== Financial and management problems ====

The project was largely reported by the press to have been a [[failure|flop]]: badly thought-out, badly executed, and leaving the government with the embarrassing question of what to do with it afterwards. During 2000 the organisers repeatedly asked for, and received, more cash from the Lottery body which supported it; the Millennium Commission. Numerous changes at management and Board level, before and during the exhibition, had only limited, if any, results. Press reports suggested that Blair personally placed a high priority on making the Dome a success. But part of the problem was that the financial predictions were based on an unrealistically high forecast of visitor numbers at 12 million. During the 12 months it was open there were approximately 6.5 million visitors — slightly more than the 6 million that attended the [[Festival of Britain]], which only ran from May to September. Unlike the press, visitor feedback was extremely positive. It was the most popular tourist attraction in 2000, second was the [[London Eye]]; third was [[Alton Towers]], which had been first in 1999.

According to the UK [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]],<ref>{{cite press release

| title = Winding-up the New Millennium Experience Company Limited

| publisher = [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]]

| date = [[2002-04-17]]

| url = http://www.nao.org.uk/pn/01-02/0102749.htm

| accessdate = 2007-01-31}}

</ref> the total cost of the dome at the liquidation of the New Millennium Experience Company in 2002 was £789 million, of which £628 million was covered by National Lottery grants and £189 million through sales of tickets etc. A surplus of £25 million over costs meant that the full lottery grant was not required. However, the £603 million of lottery money was still £204 million in excess of the original estimate of £399 million required, due to the shortfall in visitor numbers.<ref>http://www.millennium.gov.uk/lottery/experience.html|title=www.millennium.gov.uk/lottery/experience.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref>

===The aftermath===

The Dome was then closed for 6 years. It was, however, still of interest to the press, the government's difficulties in disposing of the Dome being the subject of much critical comment. The amount spent on maintaining the closed building was also criticised. Some reports indicated The Dome was costing £1 million per month to maintain during 2001, but the government stated that these claims were exaggerations.

Following closure of the Dome, some Zones were dismantled by the sponsoring organisations, but much of the content was auctioned. This included a number of artworks specially commissioned from contemporary British artists. A piece by [[Gavin Turk]] was sold for far below his then auction price though Turk stated that he did not think the piece had worked. A unique record of the memorabilia and paraphernalia of the MEX is held by a private collector<ref>{{cite web|url=http://170.140.186.133|title=The Millennium Dome: A collection|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> in the U.S.A.

In December 2001 it was announced that Meridian Delta Ltd had been chosen by the government to develop the Dome as a sports and entertainment centre, and to develop housing, shops and offices on 150&nbsp;acres (0.6&nbsp;km²) of surrounding land. It is also hoped to relocate some of London's [[tertiary education]] establishments to the site. Meridian Delta is backed by the American billionaire [[Philip Anschutz]], who has interests in oil, railways, and telecommunications, as well as a string of sports-related investments.

====Winter Wonderland 2003====

Despite an ongoing debate about the dome's future use (see [[#Aftermath|aftermath]] above), The Dome opened again during December 2003 for the ''Winter Wonderland 2003'' experience. The event culminated in a [[laser]] and [[firework]] display on New Year's Eve.

====Crisis Open Christmas Shelter 2004====

Over the 2004 Christmas period, part of the main dome was used as a shelter for the homeless and others in need, organised by the charity [[Crisis (charity)|Crisis]] after superseding the [[London Arena]], which had previously hosted the event. The Dome has hosted the event every year since 2004.

===Effects on political careers===

Issues related to the Dome helped to finish [[Peter Mandelson|Peter Mandelson's]] cabinet career.<ref>

{{cite news

| title = Mandelson: Dome alone

| publisher = [[BBC News]]

| date = [[1998-12-23]]

| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/241619.stm

| accessdate = 2007-03-04}}

</ref> It also did great damage to [[John Prescott]]'s.<ref>

{{cite news

| title = A hollow man and an empty tent

| publisher = [[The Guardian]]

| date = [[2006-07-07]]

| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,1814521,00.html

| accessdate = 2007-01-31}}

</ref> The scheme also did little to enhance [[Michael Heseltine|Michael Heseltine's]] reputation, and was an early example of [[Tony Blair|Tony Blair's]] often excessive optimism: "In the Dome we have a creation that, I believe, will truly be a beacon to the world".<ref>

{{cite news

| title = Speech by Blair at Dome launch

| publisher =

| date = [[1998-02-24]]

| url = http://wwp.millennium-dome.com/experience/pm.htm

| accessdate = 2007-03-02}}

</ref>

==Reopening as The O₂==

[[image:canary.wharf.and.dome.london.arp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The O₂, with the [[Canary Wharf]] complex in the background, seen from the River Thames. The [[London 2012]] logo, which has now been removed from the dome, can be seen advertising the fact that it would be an Olympic venue]]

The O₂ was developed, inside the dome structure, by [[Anschutz Entertainment Group]] to a design by [[HOK Sport + Venue + Event|HOK SVE]] and [[Buro Happold]] in a £600 million development and was opened on 24 June 2007 to the public.<ref>http://www.inthenews.co.uk/news/entertainment/music/bon-jovi-open-new-o2-venue-$1103128.htm</ref> The development took place in the form of new buildings being built inside the dome structure to make it appear as an entertainment city within the dome. A wide pathway between North Greewich station and The O₂ was also built as well as the Peninsula Square piazza in front of the dome structure for special events. A glass roof was also built over part of the pathway so that people can walk from the station to the dome structure without getting wet in rain. Further developments, both inside and outside the dome structure, of The O₂ may take place in the future.''(See below for details)'' The contract for the development was awarded to Sir Robert McAlpine. M-E Engineers were the services engineers for the project.<ref>http://www.building.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=29&storycode=3089807</ref> Keller Ground engineering prepared the ground for construction.<ref>http://www.keller-ge.co.uk/engineering/case-studies/case-study-details/O2DomeArenaandLeisureComplex.html?ContentID=49&PHPSESSID=53e0e074f6a26ce587d0fccd63b3a3b2</ref>

[[Meridian Delta]], a subsidiary of Quintain Estates and Lend lease, had signed a 999 year lease for the Dome with English Partnerships, a UK Governmental body. The Dome site was then sub-leased to Anshutz Entertainment Group(AEG) for a minimum of 58 years. English Partnerships and Quintain Estates both own land around The O₂ on the Greenwich Peninsula. They will release land in stages and develop the area in a joint venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/04-05/0405178.pdf|title=www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/04-05/0405178.pdf<!--INSERT TITLE-->|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> Some of the land is already being developed for offices and shops. The [[David Beckham Football Academy]] has already been developed on the Greenwich Peninsula. Some of the land around the dome is being reserved for possible extended developments for The O₂ including a hotel although the building of much of the extended development depends on how much investment can be made by AEG.''(See below information about super casino for details)''

As part of the investment programme, naming rights were sold to [[O2 plc|O₂ plc]]; and 'The O₂' became the official name of the project on 25 May 2007.<ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/05/25/o2_dome/</ref> [[Anschutz Entertainment Group]] have constantly stated that they wish to abolish its name as 'The Dome' due to its bad reputation as a failed project, being tagged as 'The White Elephant.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4903922.stm|title=news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4903922.stm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> Since its opening, there have been signs of the press and public calling it The O₂.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23401804-details/Bon+Jovi+blasts+off+at+the+O2/article.do|title=www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23401804-details/Bon+Jovi+blasts+off+at+the+O2/article.do<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6548973.stm|title=news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6548973.stm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/news/london_070625.html|title=www.nba.com/news/london_070625.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2667051.ece|title=news.independent.co.uk/media/article2667051.ece<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/index_e106f63880f2fda611bb4308ab922f1f.html|title=www.itv.com/news/index_e106f63880f2fda611bb4308ab922f1f.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> It is currently the largest entertainment district in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/2948.html|title=www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/2948.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> AEG recently began a mass advertisign campaign, led by VCCP which was recently aqcuired by chime communications, throughout Europe including traditional advertising and creative adverstising methods such as a ticket hunt competition to promote The O₂.<ref>http://www.chime.plc.uk/news_room/news_room_index.asp?rel=450&TYPES=1</ref>. The O₂ is also partnered with and sponsored by ADT, AOL, NEC, Credit Suisse, InBev UK, BMW, Nestle, Pepsi Max and Vivitar.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/aboutus</ref>

Anschutz planned to build a '[[super casino]]' as one of the attractions inside of The O₂ as this would create a huge investment for the company and would allow for many business opportunities and further developments of the dome area. The association of the British [[Deputy Prime Minister]], [[John Prescott]], with [[Philip Anschutz]], head of the entertainment group, gave rise to serious political controversy in Britain with allegations that Prescott may have used undue influence to support Anschutz's casino licence bid.<ref>{{cite news

| title = Prescott 'broke ministers' rules'

| publisher = [[BBC News]]

| date = [[2006-07-21]]

| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5196152.stm

| accessdate = 2007-01-31 }}</ref> They were further criticised when the structure for the super-casino had already been built.<ref>http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/222/222099_supercasino_talks_get_under_way.html</ref> In January, 2007 the single trial licence for a British super casino was granted to [[Manchester]]. Thus AEG announced that the casino will not be built in the near future, and that there would not be enough investment for a high-rise hotel as well as a theatre, a cable car from Canary Wharf and an extended development that was planned adjacent to the dome structure will not be built. AEG had previously stated that there was no alternative plan if the super casino could not be located in The O₂. However the space reserved for the super casino is now being reserved for possible future developments. AEG are still pushing for a super casino. They are now determined to fill the space with a super casino, or if necessary with an alternative attraction, that would attract enough tourists staying overnight and bring in enough investment to allow for the second part of the development of the dome and its surrounding land to proceed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/06/17/ccdome117.xml|title=www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/06/17/ccdome117.xml<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> The development of the whole Greenwich peninsula area is likely to cost 4 billion pounds.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4903922.stm</ref>

Various buildings are housed within the dome structure including an arena, known as The O₂ arena and an entertainment avenue consisting of various entertainment venues. It also includes an operations room, a media centre with high definition facilities and a number of dressing rooms as well as a VIP entrance/exit for performers. Security is provided by an in house team while event stewarding is provided by Group 4 Securicor who signed a 2 year contract with AEG for the role.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/corporateenquiries/eventsandconferencing</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4s.com/uk/uk-news_and_media/uk-news_and_media-pr.htm?id=40181|title=www.g4s.com/uk/uk-news_and_media/uk-news_and_media-pr.htm?id=40181<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> Tight security was put in place throughout The O₂ including security checks of everyone entering the arena building and random checks for people entering the entertainment complex. Food and drink from outside the arena building are also disposed on entry to the arena building and only food and drink purchased inside the arena building is allowed. Food and drinks purchased in the arena building are allowed in the arena itself and each seat is fitted with drink holders. Filming or photography of any type in the arena without pwermission is also prohibited. The O₂ arena also applies age policies where under 14's must be accompanied by adults and under 16's are banned from the standing areas although different age restrictions may apply for different events.<ref>http://www.ticketmaster.co.uk/venue/148822</ref> All the venues at The O₂ uses the latest lighting, sound and security technology including RFID smart card tagging of all staff and digitally managed sound. There are 4 computer sever rooms at The O₂ to provide for the technology.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/avdb/news/science_nature/video/101000/bb/101570_16x9_bb.asx</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6225452.stm</ref> ADT signed a contract with AEG to provide the security resources and NEC is the technology supplier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adt.co.uk/Default.aspx.LocID-0j7new019.RefLocID-0j700c006.Lang-EN.htm|title=www.adt.co.uk/Default.aspx.LocID-0j7new019.RefLocID-0j700c006.Lang-EN.htm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> The arena is also fitted with nearly 600 toilets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/article-23399728-details/Take+a+seat+inside+the+new+Dome/article.do|title=www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/article-23399728-details/Take+a+seat+inside+the+new+Dome/article.do<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> All parts of The O₂ are fitted for disabled access.

The O₂ is built to be environmentally friendly. Waste food is composted while used cooking oil is recycled for biofuels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2007280997,00.html|title=www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2007280997,00.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> Reducing carbon emmissions were thought out as The O₂ is in London's first low emission zone. The O₂ also banned smoking from the start to comply with the new smoking laws which prohibit smoking in public areas as well as for health and safety reasons as currently all of The O₂, with the exception of Peninsula Square, is in the Dome structure. Animals were also banned along with scooter, cycles and skateboards. Alcohol can only be consumed in the off-license premises.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/venueinfo/termsofentry</ref>

O2 plc started talks with AEG, in 2005, to have the O2 logo and its branding placed on the rood of the dome. As of yet, this has not yet been confirmed.<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article432609.ece</ref>

===Entertainment Avenue===

The Entertainment Avenue, managed by Montagu Estates,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montagu-evans.co.uk/?pid=12&dept=4&type=1|title=www.montagu-evans.co.uk/?pid=12&dept=4&type=1<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> is a modern wide pedestrian avenue within The O₂, with plastic palm trees and other decorations, which is built around the circular arena building which takes up the centre of the dome structure. The entertainment avenue has buildings on either side and resembles a shopping centre. The buildings include a music club known as indigO₂, an exhibition space known as The O₂ bubble, a cinema managed by [[Vue_%28cinema%29|Vue]] and 25 various bars and restauraunts with private hire and leisure facilities, with more opening soon.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/corporateenquiries/eventsandconferencing</ref> An ice rink known as The O₂ ice pad, an indoor beach (for a limited time), piazzas for special events including the London Piazza, main entrance area and Peninsula Square also exist as part of the entertainment avenue. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/whatson|title=www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/whatson<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> An event merchandise stall also exists in the complex for performers to sell their merchandise. Fast Food stores have been banned from the development as the theme is 'aspirational but accessible' trying to avoid it being seen as a shopping mall but more like Covent garden.<ref>{{cite news

| title = The Dome misses out

| publisher = [[The Telegraph]]

| date = [[2007-01-31]]

| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/30/ngamble430.xml

| accessdate = 2007-06-22 }}</ref><ref>http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2667051.ece</ref>

As of June 2007, half of the development is still under construction including the ice rink, the exhibition space, the west entrance and some bars and restauraunts. These are likely to be opened by November 2007.

=====IndigO₂=====

The IndigO₂ is a 2350 capacity live music club for smaller music events. It contains a bar and there is room for people to stand and sit. The venue consists of 2 circles with areas for standing and sitting, a circle with VIP tables and the floor in front of the stage used for standing, although this layout can be changed. It will feature artists such as Jools Holland, Natalie Cola, Aimee Mann and Lucie Silvas in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/whatson/indigO2|title=www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/whatson/indigO2<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> The venue can also be used for conferences and other private events.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/corporateenquiries/eventsandconferencing</ref>

=====The O₂ Bubble=====

The O₂ Bubble is a 2 floor bubble shaped exhibition space which will open in November 2007. It is made from ETFE which is the same material used for the Eden Project. The bubble itself is apparently based on the Eden Project.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/4579529.stm</ref> Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharoahs is the first planned exhibition there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/whatson/exhibitions|title=www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/whatson/exhibitions<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> The managers of the exhibition had previously refused to hold the exhibition here if a super casino had been built. Tight security will be in place at the venue including X-ray scanners at the entrance, sniffer dogs, CCTV monitoring and security personnel.

=====Vue @ The O₂=====

The cinema inludes 11 screens over 2 levels including one 770 capacity auditorium claiming to be the biggest in London, being over 22 metres wide.<ref>http://www.myvue.com/cinemas/facilities_detail.asp?SessionID=19B2D07813904F0CA7F95D4BD06A19A9&cn=1&ci=71&ln=1&did=6536</ref><ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/whatson/cinema</ref> It is England's first digital cinema and this can also allow for live events to be shown. Every screen features a digital screen and projector, which has an optional lens with [[Anamorphic format| anamorphic technology]]. The projector is the NEC 2500 which is the world's brightest projector. The surround sound can go up to 8 channels. Films are played from a computer server. The technology is supplied by NEC.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/avdb/news/science_nature/video/101000/bb/101683_16x9_bb.asx</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6225452.stm</Ref> Unusually, seats in the cinema are not fold up and most screens are built in amphitheatre style and can be hired out for private use.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/corporateenquiries/eventsandconferencing</REF> The cinema is currently competing for premieres and so there is a VIP room and a lisenced bar.<ref>http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2667051.ece</ref><ref>http://wwp.greenwich2000.com/millennium/vue-cinema/index.htm</ref> A free pre release screening of Die Hard 4.0 was initially held in the premiere screen.

=====Special Events=====

Special events or minor events which do not require or cannot be held in the indoor venues are held in the piazzas - The London Piazza, Peninsula Square, the area around the main entrance and possibly on The O₂ Ice Pad in the future. For example an indoor beach will be built on The London Piazza for a limited time.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/whatson/specialevents</ref> Past special events at The O₂ included a training session with Amir Khan.

===The O₂ arena===

{{Infobox Stadium

| stadium_name = The O₂ arena

| nickname =

| image = [[Image:O2_arena.jpg|270px]]

| fullname =

| ___location = The O₂ arena<br> The O₂<br> Drawdock Road<br> North Greenwich<br> London, SE10 0BB<br> England

| coordinates = 51°30′10.14″N, 0°0′11.22″E

| broke_ground =

| built = Between 2003 and 2007

| opened = Sunday, 24 June 2007

| renovated =

| expanded =

| closed =

| demolished =

| owner = English Partnerships (Ultimate Landlord)

| operator = Anschutz Entertainment Group UK

| surface = Versatile

| construction_cost = £600 million to develop all of The O₂

| architect = HOK Sport

| structural engineer = Buro Happold

| services engineer = M-E Engineers

| general_contractor= Sir Robert McAlpine

| project_manager =

| main_contractors =

| former_names = Millennium Dome

| tenants = No Regular Tenants

| seating_capacity = Up to 23,000

| dimensions =

}}

The O₂ arena, located at the centre of The O₂, is the first American style multipurpose arena in London and also the first venue built specifically for music in London since 1871. <ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/aboutus</ref> It is one of the largest indoor arenas in Europe. It has a capacity of up to 23,000 for in the round events in an oblong shaped layout with 360 degrees seating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/entertainment/6548973.stm|title=news.bbc.co.uk/1/entertainment/6548973.stm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref><ref>http://www.greenwichpeninsula.co.uk/what/the_o2/index.php4</ref> However there is only 1 tier at the front of the arena, where the stage is normally located. The rest of the arena consists of 2 standard tiers, and 2 suite tiers which consist of 96 suites containing a bar and plasma screens. There is also seating in the arena tiering for the suite levels.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/corporateenquiries/suiteowners</ref> <ref>http://www.o2.co.uk/abouto2/pressroom/o2andanschutzentertainmentgroupannouncegroundbreakingpartnership</ref> The arena was built to reduce echoing which has previously been a problem in many London music venues.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6225452.stm</ref> The arena roof and the bottom of some seats are covered with material which absorbs sound so that the best acoustic environment is created. Covering all the seats would result in too much sound being absorbed. [[Damping factor| Audio dampening]] has also been used to reduce echoing. The arena has been designed so that sound can reach the whole arena from the stage within 2 seconds. The sound manager for U2, Joe O'Herlihy, worked along with acoustic engineers to create the environment.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/avdb/news/science_nature/video/101000/bb/101606_16x9_bb.asx</ref> Everything in the arena including sound and lighting is digitally managed from one of The O₂'s computer servers. This technology was provided by NEC.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/avdb/news/science_nature/video/101000/bb/101570_16x9_bb.asx</ref>

The arena building, which houses the arena, the arena's facilities for performers including 26 dressing rooms (14 suites style and 4 sports locker rooms as well as other types) and 10 production rooms, and the arena concourse is independent from all other buildings in The O₂. There is also loading facilities and spaces for large vehicles adjacent to the arena building under the dome structure.<ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/corporateenquiries/buyasuite</ref><ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/corporateenquiries/eventsandconferencing</ref> The arena can be accessed from one of 9 entrances to the arena concourse from which there are doors into different blocks in the arena. A food outlet is also included in the concourse which is built around the oblong perimeter of the arena. The arena building, including the concourse, takes up the centre of the dome. It takes up 40% of the whole dome while the other 60% is taken up by the entertainment avenue and empty space where the super casino was planned to be sited.<ref>http://www.o2.co.uk/abouto2/pressroom/o2andanschutzentertainmentgroupannouncegroundbreakingpartnership</ref>

The arena was built to be versatile. The seating arrangement throughout the whole arena can easily be modified, similar to the [[Manchester Evening News Arena]] in Manchester. The floor seating and seats towards the bottom of the lower tier can also easily be changed or removed.<ref>http://www.audiencesystems.net/admin/presscentre/news/news_item.asp?NewsID=15</ref> The ground can also be changed between ice rink, basketball court, exhibition space, conference venue, private hire venue and concert venue within hours.<ref> http://www.o2.co.uk/abouto2/pressroom/o2andanschutzentertainmentgroupannouncegroundbreakingpartnership</ref> <ref>http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/corporateenquiries/eventsandconferencing</ref> This is possible as the bottom layer of the arena ground is an ice rink which is constantly maintained. This can then be covered with insulation material to become a dry surface. A wooden basketball court, a stage or any other material for any event can then be laid out on top of this. This is the same technique as the one used in the [[Staples Center]] in Los Angeles. On rare occassions, for example when holes need to be drilled in the ground, the ice may be removed. However it is time consuming and expensive to remove and rebuild the ice rink. <ref>http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/ice-rink3.htm</ref> <ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/image_galleries/o2_gallery.shtml?4</ref>

''For more information on how ice rinks are made, see [[Ice rink]]''

=====Initial musical events=====

Anschutz opened The O₂ arena on [[23 June]] [[2007]] with a free event for all of O2's employees billed as [http://www.flickr.com/photos/route79/sets/72157600462584870/ The O2 Premiere] featuring [[Peter Kay]], [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]] and [[Basement Jaxx]], with the show hosted by [[Dermot O'Leary]]. This was before the official reopening of The O₂ to the public and preceded a programme of events set to launch the venue over summer. [[Bon Jovi]] played the first open-to-all concert at the arena on Sunday 24 June 2007,<ref>{{cite news

| title = Bon Jovi first to play O₂ Arena

| publisher = [[BBC News]]

| date = [[2006-04-12]]

| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6548973.stm

| accessdate = 2007-04-12 }}</ref> with [[Elton John]] and his Red Piano Show, [[Justin Timberlake]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Scissor Sisters]], [[Take That]], [[Keane (band)|Keane]], [[Barbra Streisand]], [[Snow Patrol]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Disney on Ice]], [[Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds]], [[The White Stripes]] and [[The Spice Girls]] all having concerts booked for 2007.

=====Projected sports events=====

The first sporting event to take place is the Commonwealth Boxing Lightweight Championships featuring [[Amir Khan (boxer)|Amir Khan]] on [[July 14]] [[2007]]. Also, [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] will be returning to the UK in September by hosting [[UFC 75|UFC 75: Champion Vs Champion]] at the O₂ arena. The O₂ arena has been chosen by the [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] to host the [[Tennis Masters Cup]] (to be renamed ATP World Tour Finals) from 2009 until 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2094-2415720,00.html|title=www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2094-2415720,00.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> and will host two [[National Hockey League]] contests to start the 2007-08 season on 29 and [[30 September]], both involving the Anschutz-owned [[Los Angeles Kings]] and their regional rivals from Southern California (and defending [[Stanley Cup]] champions), the [[Anaheim Ducks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/nhl/app?articleid=289859&page=NewsPage&service=page|title=NHL Takes Its' Act on the Road — To England|accessmonthday=March 02 |accessyear=2007}}</ref>

It is also scheduled to host an [[NBA]] exhibition match between the [[Boston Celtics]] and the [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] on October 10, 2007. The game sold out more than three months beforehand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/europelive2007/sold_out_london_070625.html|title=www.nba.com/europelive2007/sold_out_london_070625.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref>

The O₂ arena will host the 2009 [[World Gymnastics Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://main.london2012.com/en/news/archive/2005/may/2005-05-27-14-00.htm|title=main.london2012.com/en/news/archive/2005/may/2005-05-27-14-00.htm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> At the [[2012 Summer Olympic Games]] it will be used for [[artistic gymnastics]], for which it will have a spectator capacity of 20,000, and for basketball finals, for which it will have a cap basketball competition will take place at one of the arenas in the [[Olympic Park, London|Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://main.london2012.com/en/ourvision/venues/venuelist/TheDome.htm|title=main.london2012.com/en/ourvision/venues/venuelist/TheDome.htm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref> A 6,000 seat temporary venue called the [[Greenwich Arena]] will be built near the O₂ and will stage the [[badminton]] and [[rhythmic gymnastics]] events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://main.london2012.com/en/ourvision/sport+and+venue+information/list+of+all+venues/Greenwich+Arena.htm|title=main.london2012.com/en/ourvision/sport+and+venue+information/list+of+all+venues/Greenwich+Arena.htm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref>

The Dome has been mooted as a continued sports venue after the Olympics, and may host [[London Towers]] basketball games, as well as a new London ice-hockey team after the demise of the [[London Knights (UK)|London Knights]], although the owners have publicly stated there are no current plans for a long-term tennant.

''For a full listing of past and scheduled events at The O₂ including events while it was the Millennium Dome, see [[List of events at The O2| List of events at The O₂]]''

== Chronology of the project ==

''This chronology deals with The O₂ project. For listing of future and scheduled events at The O₂ including events which took place while it was the Millennium Dome see [[List of events at The O2| List of events at The O₂]]''

*1994 : Millennium Commission established by [[Prime Minister]] [[John Major]] and handed over to deputy Prime Minister [[Michael Heseltine]].

*January 1996 : Greenwich site selected. [[Birmingham]], [[Derby, England|Derby]] and [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] were also considered.

*December 1996 : Government decides to support the project with public money after being unable to raise private capital.

*1997 : New Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] decides to continue the project, although his cabinet is not unanimous.

*[[20 June]] [[1997]] : [[Peter Mandelson]] MP put in charge of the New Millennium Experience Company (NMEC).

*[[9 November]] [[1997]] : Creative director [[Stephen Bayley]] quits the project

*[[23 December]] [[1998]] : Peter Mandelson resigns from government after a financial scandal.

*[[4 January]] [[1999]] : [[Lord Falconer of Thoroton]] replaces Mandelson.

*May 1999 : The [[Jubilee Line Extension]] opens, putting the Dome on the [[London Underground]]. This too is seen as disorderly, opening 14 months late and with station facilities not yet complete (e.g. lifts for wheelchair access)

*[[22 June]] [[1999]] : structure of Dome completed.

*[[31 December]] [[1999]] & [[January 1]] [[2000]] : opening night is a disaster, as VIP guests are kept waiting outside for hours because of a ticketing problem.

*[[1 January]] [[2000]] : Dome structure opens to public as the Millennium Dome containing an exhibition to celebrate the third millennium.

*[[26 July]] [[2000]] : Culture, Media & Sport Select Committee publishes adverse report on Dome's management.

*[[25 September]] [[2000]] : Michael Heseltine, the Dome's original political supporter, admits that it was a bad idea.

*[[7 November]] [[2000]] : Thieves break in to the diamond exhibit during opening hours but are foiled by waiting police. Four men were jailed for the attempted robbery on [[February 18]] [[2002]]

*[[9 November]] [[2000]] : [[National Audit Office]] publishes report blaming unrealistic attendance targets for the Dome's financial problems.

*[[31 December]] [[2000]] : Dome closed to the public, having attracted just over six million visitors. The initial projected figure was twelve million.

*[[27 February]] [[2001]] - [[March 2]] [[2001]] : One Amazing Auction Sale: 4-day public auction with 17,000 lots of Dome/NMEC items, managed by auctioneer Henry Butcher.

*[[18 December]] [[2001]] : Announcement of sale of site to Meridian Delta Ltd, who plan to turn it into a 20,000-seat sports and entertainment venue. Houses and offices will be built on the surrounding land, subject to the consent of the London Borough of Greenwich.

*[[6 December]] [[2003]]: opening of ''Winter Wonderland 2003''

*[[31 May]], [[2005]], Anschutz Entertainment Group sell the naming rights to the former Millennium Dome to [[O2 plc|O₂]], a British mobile phone company.

*[[30 January]] [[2007]] : The O₂'s bid to house the UK's first [[Regional casino|Regional/Super Casino]] is rejected in favour of Manchester

*[[8 May]] [[2007]] : [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] announces 7 nights at the O₂ Arena as part of his 21 night London tour. The O₂ residency was increased to 15 nights after all 140,000 tickets sell out in 20 minutes. He is now performing all 21 London nights at the O₂.

*[[24 June]] [[2007]] : The O₂ opens to the public. [[Bon Jovi]] was the first band to open the new O₂ arena.

==In popular culture==

*The O₂ was featured in the pre-title sequence of the 1999 [[James Bond]] [[film|movie]] ''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'', and in the [[video game]] [[The World Is Not Enough (video game)|of the same name]], made by [[Electronic Arts]].

* It is also seen briefly in the title sequence of the film ''[[Stormbreaker]]'', along with various other London landmarks.

* The song "Silvertown Blues" from [[Mark Knopfler]]'s album ''[[Sailing to Philadelphia]]'' deals with the construction of The O₂.

* It can be seen in the background of the film ''[[Green Street]]''.

* It is featured in the title sequence of the popular soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]''.

* The O₂ was also the site for a [[The Amazing Race#Roadblock|roadblock]] on ''[[The Amazing Race 7]]'', where the teams had to drive a [[double-decker bus]] around the car park.

* A book about the attempted robbery of the [[De Beers]] diamonds from the Dome was published in 2004. Written by crime journalist and author Kris Hollington, ''Diamond Geezers'' (ISBN 1843171228) also features a history of The O₂.

* The O₂ was featured for a few seconds prominently in the background during a sequence in the 2006 blockbuster [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|The Da Vinci Code]].

* [[b3ta.com]] featured the dome in an image competition where users create images telling their ideas on how the dome should be used.

* During the political controversy surrounding the dome in 1996 [[Wonder Bra]] ran an advertising campaign with the slogan 'Not all domes lack public support'.

* In the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' novel ''[[Made of Steel (Doctor Who)|Made of Steel]]'', the [[Cybermen]] have made the empty dome their base.

* ''Gideon's Daughter'' is a BBC television drama written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff. Starring [[Bill Nighy]], [[Miranda Richardson]] and [[Emily Blunt]], it aired in the UK on [[BBC One]] on February 26, 2006 and in the US on [[BBC America]] a month later. It is set against the backdrop of New Labour's rise to power, the death of [[Princess Diana]], and the ill-advised development of The O₂. Both Nighy and Blunt received Golden Globe Awards for their performances. The show won a Peabody Award in April 2007

==See also==

*[[List of events at the Millennium Dome]]

*[[London Eye]]

*[[List of world records]]

*[[Tensile architecture]]

*[[Tensile structure|Tensile and membrane structures]]

== Notes and references ==

<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

==External links==

{{commons|Millennium Dome}}

*[http://www.millennium.gov.uk/lottery/experience.html Millennium Commission] page on the "Millennium Experience"

*[http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.502973,0.003176&spn=0.001392,0.001923&t=k&hl=en Aerial view of the Millennium Dome] from Google Maps

*[http://www.theo2.co.uk The O₂] Official site of "The O₂" including venue information and scheduled events

*[http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/venueinfo/visitorsinfo/floorplan The O₂ Floor plan]

*[http://www.theo2.co.uk/web/guest/venueinfo/venuetrivia The O₂ Trivia] - Trivia about The O₂

*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/route79/sets/72157600462584870/ Flickr Photo Set of O2 Premiere event] - taken with a cameraphone at the first major event at The O2 held on 23rd June 2007.

*{{Structurae|id=s0000362|title=The Millennium Dome}}

*[http://www.dome2000.com The Millennium Dome: A Collection] One individual's collection of Millennium Dome objects

*[http://www.the-o2.hotel-desk.net O2 Hotels Assistance] Accommodation for concerts, exhibitions and events]

*[http://www.mikbak.com/mikebackhouse/isleofdogs/Millfoto.htm Fans Eye View] Early website devoted to the Millennium Dome with pictures from ground excavation through the build

*[http://mm.gold.ac.uk Greenwich MM - MEX - The Dome - The O₂] On-going site that documents the run up to the MEX and, now, to the O₂

*[http://www.paulspages.co.uk/panoramas/pano-view-frameset.htm?1&The%20Millennium%20Dome,%20London,%20UK&dome300.ivr&700&300&450&300&300&5&-70&none&no&dome-details.htm Panoramic view of the Dome interior during the 2000 exhibition] (requires java-enabled browser)

*[http://www.stagelink.com/photopost Stagelink.com Photo Gallery] - Backstage photos of construction and rehearsals for the Central Show

*[http://www.worldstadiums.com/europe/countries/united_kingdom/england/london.shtml]

[[Category:2012 Summer Olympic venues]]

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