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{| class="infobox person" style="width: 16em; text-align: center;"
{{Infobox Biography
|-
|subject_name=Dorothy I. Height|120px
! style="font-size: 16px;" | Jemaah Islamiyah "poop face"
|image_name= DorothyHeight_Book_Nordstrom_VA_15feb97.jpg
|-
|image_caption= Dorothy Irene Height
| style="font-size: 11px; padding: 6px; line-height: 12px;" |
|date_of_birth=[[March 24]], [[1912]]
|-
|place_of_birth=[[Richmond, Virginia]] {{USA}}
| style="font-size: 12px;" | '''Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization'''
|date_of_death=
|-
|place_of_death=
| style="font-size: 12px;" | '''Years active'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" | 1969–present
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" | '''Known for'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" | Killed hundreds of civilians in the [[2002 Bali bombings|Bali car bombing]] in [[October 12]], [[2002]]
|-
|}
'''Jemahh Islamiyah
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''' Islamiyah'''<ref>Other [[Romanization of Arabic|transliterations]] and names include Jemaa Islamiyah, Jema'a Islamiyya, Jema'a Islamiyyah, Jema'ah Islamiyah, Jema'ah Islamiyyah, Jemaa Islamiya, Jemaa Islamiyya, Jemaah Islamiyya, Jemaa Islamiyyah, Jemaah Islamiah, Jemaah Islamiyyah, Jemaah Islamiyyah, Jemaah Islamiya, Jamaah Islamiyah, Jamaa Islamiya, Jemaah Islam, Jemahh Islamiyah, Jama'ah Islamiyah, Al-Jama'ah Al Islamiyyah, Islamic Group and Islamic Community.</ref> (JI, Arabic phrase meaning "Islamic Group" or "Islamic Community") is a Southeast Asian [[Militant Islam|militant Islamic]] organization dedicated to the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah<ref name=”pupji”>
{{cite web
|title=From Counter-Society to Counter-State: Jemaah Islamiyah According to PUPJI, p. 11.
|author=Elena Pavlova
|date=2006-11-14
|publisher=The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies
|url=http://www.ntu.edu.sg/rsis/publications/WorkingPapers/WP117.pdf
|format=PDF
}}
'''Dorothy Irene Height''' (born [[March 24]], [[1912]]) is an [[African American]] [[Public administration|administrator]], [[educator]], social [[Activism|activist]], and a recipient of the [[Congressional Gold Medal]].
</ref> (Islamic State) in [[Southeast Asia]] incorporating [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], the southern [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]] and [[Brunei]]<ref name=s_thai_insurgence">JI is also believed to be linked to the insurgent violence in southern Thailand. [http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?search=1&articleid=2369684 "Conspiracy of Silence: Who is Behind the Escalating Insurgency in Southern Thailand?"]</ref>. JI was added to the United Nations 1267 Committee's list of terrorist organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Press Release SC/7548|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/SC7548.doc.htm}}</ref> under [[UN Security Council Resolution 1267]].
 
Height was born in [[Richmond, Virginia]]. At an early age, she moved with her family to [[Rankin, Pennsylvania]]. While in high school, Height was awarded a scholarship to [[Barnard College]] for her oratory skills, but upon arrival was denied entrance. (At the time, Barnard admitted only two African Americans per academic year and Dorothy had arrived after the other two admittees.) Years later, at its [[1980]] commencement ceremonies, the college awarded Height its highest honor, the [[List_of_Barnard_College_people#Recipients_of_the_Medal_of_Distinction|
JI has its roots in [[Darul Islam]] (DI, meaning “House of Islam”), a radical movement in [[Indonesia]] in the 1940s. JI was founded on 1 Jan 1993 by DI leaders [[Abu Bakar Bashir]] and [[Abdullah Sungkar]]<ref name=”ji_dossier”>
Barnard Medal of Distinction]]. She later pursued studies at [[New York University]], where she earned her Master's Degree in psychology.
{{cite web
|title=Jemaah Islamiyah Dossier
|author=Blake Mobley
|date=2006-08-26
|publisher=Center For Policing Terrorism
|url=http://www.cpt-mi.org/pdf_secure.php?pdffilename=Jemaah%20Islamiyah%20Dossierv5
|format=PDF
}}
</ref> while hiding in Malaysia from the persecution<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Genealogies of Islamic Radicalism in post-Suharto Indonesia
|author=Martin van Bruinessen, ISIM and Utrecht University
|url= http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/genealogies_islamic_radicalism.htm
}}
</ref> of the [[Suharto]] Government. After the fall of the [[Suharto]] regime in 1998, both men returned to Indonesia.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Gauging Jemaah Islamiyah's Threat in Southeast Asia
|author=Sharif Shuja
|date=2005-04-21
|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Monitor, Volume 3, Issue 8
|url= http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?issue_id=3307
}}
</ref> where it gained a terrorist edge when one of its founders, the late [[Abdullah Sungkar]], established contact with [[Osama Bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] network. <ref>[http://www.borrull.org/e/noticia.php?id=20024|Severed head clue to Jakarta bomb] BBC 2003-08-09</ref>
 
 
JI’s violent operations began during the communal conflicts in [[Maluku]] and [[Poso]].<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Weakening Indonesia's Mujahidin Networks: Lessons from Maluku and Poso
|date=2005-10-13
|publisher=International Crisis Group, Asia Report N°103
|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3751&l=1
}}
</ref>. It shifted its attention to targeting US and Western interests in Indonesia and the wider Southeast Asian region in response to the US-led [[War on Terrorism|war on terror]]. JI’s terror plans in Southeast Asia were exposed when its [[Singapore embassies attack plot|plot to set off several bombs in Singapore]] were foiled by the local authorities.
 
Recruiting, training, indoctrination, financial and terrorist operational links between the JI and other terrorist groups, such as [[al-Qaeda]], the [[Abu Sayyaf]] Group, the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] (MILF), the Misuari Renegade/Breakaway Group (MRG/MBG) and the Philippine Raja Solaiman Movement (RSM) have existed for many years, and continue to this day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah|url=http://www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/pdf/vol14no5.pdf|author=Zachary Abuza|publisher=The National Bureau of Asian Research|date=December, 2003|accessdate=2007-01-28|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
Jemaah Islamiyah is known to have killed hundreds of [[civilian]]s in the [[2002 Bali terrorist bombing|Bali car bombing]] on [[October 12]], [[2002]]. In the attack, [[Suicide attack|suicide bombers]] killed 202 people, mostly Australian tourists, and wounded many in two blasts. The first, smaller blast by a suicide bomber using a backpack, killed a small number of persons in a [[nightclub]] and drove the survivors into the street, where the vast majority were killed by a massive fertilizer/fuel oil bomb concealed in a parked van. After this attack, the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] designated Jemaah Islamiyah as a [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organization]]. Jemaah Islamiyah is also strongly suspected of carrying out the 2003 JW Marriott hotel bombing in Kuningan, Jakarta, the [[2004 Jakarta embassy bombing|2004 Australian embassy bombing]] in Jakarta, and the [[2005 Bali bombings|2005 Bali terrorist bombing]]. The JI also has been directly and indirectly involved in dozens of bombings in the [[Regions of the Philippines|southern Philippines]], usually in league with the ASG.
 
==History==
The JI was established as a loose confederation of several Islamic groups. Sometime around [[1969]], two men, [[Abu Bakar Bashir]], and [[Abdullah Sungkar]], began an operation to propagate the [[Darul Islam]] movement, a conservative strain of [[Islam]]. Darul Islam was almost wiped out back in the [[1950s]] after members belonging to that [[sect]] instigated a [[rebellion]] in an effort to create an [[Islam]]ic state in parts of [[Indonesia]].
 
Bashir and his friends created a pirated radio outfit to preach to the poor and oppressed in Indonesia. Bashir created a [[boarding school]] in [[Java (island)|Java]]. The school's motto was, "Death in the way of [[Allah]] is our highest aspiration."
 
Bashir and Sungkar were both imprisoned by Indonesian dictator [[Suharto]]'s government as part of a crackdown on radical groups such as [[Komando Jihad]], that were perceived to undermine the government's control over the Indonesian population. They spent several years in prison through several sentences.
 
Bashir and his followers escaped to [[Malaysia]] in [[1982]]. He recruited people from Indonesia, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], and the [[Philippines]]. The group officially named itself Jemaah Islamiyah around that time period.
 
In the mid and late 1980's, many members of JI, including Sungkar and Hambali (see below) joined the [[Mujahideen]] in the resistance movement against the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Soviet occupation of Afghanistan]]. They were joined by radical Muslims from extremist groups worldwide. Many of the connections that define the global network of Islamist groups that exists today, including those between al-Qaeda and JI, were made during the conflict in Afghanistan.
 
Back in Southeast Asia, the members of JI distributed pamphlets and propaganda, but committed relatively few acts of terrorism or violence. Bashir preached [[jihad]] but he would do very little violent action. This changed in the 1990's.
 
[[Image:Hambali.jpg|frame|Hambali, head of Jemaah Islamiyah and leading suspect of Mariott Hotel bombing in Jakarta]]
Bashir met [[Riduan Isamuddin]], a.k.a. Hambali sometime in the early [[1990s]] at a religious school that Bashir set up. Bashir became the spiritual leader of the organization while Hambali became the military leader.
 
Hambali wanted a large [[Islam]]ic [[caliphate]] to be established across [[Southeast Asia]], incorporating [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], and [[Cambodia]]. Such a state would have a population of about 420 million (using [[CIA]] [[CIA World Factbook|World Factbook]] population counts). It would have a strangle-hold over the [[South China Sea]] shipping lanes which are a gateway between parts of [[Asia]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It would also have a significant air-space and would potentially affect trade and foreign relations between [[India]], [[China]], [[Africa]], and [[Australia]].
 
JI first formed itself into a group of [[Covert cell|terrorist cells]] that provided financial and logistical support when needed to [[Al-Qaida]] operations in [[Southeast Asia]]. Hambali formed a front company called [[Konsojaya]] to help launder money to such plots, including the [[Operation Bojinka]] plot, which was foiled on [[January 6]], [[1995]].
 
The leaders of JI went back to Indonesia in [[1998]], when Suharto's government was toppled. Hambali went underground while Bashir publicly promoted jihad.
 
In January [[2000]] cleric [[Riduan Isamuddin|Hambali]], al-Qaeda's key representative in Indonesia, hosted in Malaysia [[Nawaf Alhazmi]] and [[Khalid al-Midhar]], who would later take part in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] as [[Aircraft hijacking|hijackers]]. Unlike the [[Al-Mau'nah]] group which was infamous for the 2000 arms heist, Jemaah Islamiah kept a low profile in Malaysia and their existence only became public after the [[Bali bombings]].
 
==Timeline==
* [[August 1]], [[2000]] Jemaah Islamiyah attempted to assassinate the [[Philippines|Philippine]] ambassador to [[Indonesia]], Leonides Caday. The bomb detonated as his car entered his official residence in central [[Jakarta]] killing two people and injuring 21 including the Ambassador.
 
* [[September 13]], [[2000]] a car bomb explosion tore through a packed parking deck beneath the [[Jakarta Stock Exchange]] building killing 15 people and injuring 20.
 
* [[December 24]], [[2000]] JI took part in a major coordinated terror strike, the [[Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia Terror Attacks|Christmas Eve 2000 bombings]].
 
* [[March 12]], [[2002]] 3 JI members are arrested in [[Manila]] carrying [[plastic explosives]] in their luggage. One of them is later jailed for 17 years.
 
* [[June 5]], [[2002]] Indonesian authorities arrest Kuwaiti [[Omar al-Faruq]]. Handed over to the [[United States|U.S.]] authorities, he subsequently confesses he is a senior [[al-Qaeda]] operative sent to [[Southeast Asia]] to orchestrate attacks against US interests. He reveals to investigators detailed plans of a new terror spree in Southeast Asia.
 
* After many warnings by US authorities of a credible terrorist threat in Jakarta, on [[September 23]], [[2002]] a grenade explodes in a car near the residence of a [[US embassy]] official in [[Jakarta]], killing one of the attackers.
 
* [[September 26]], [[2002]] the [[US State Department]] issued a [[travel warning]] urging [[United States|Americans]] and other [[Westerners]] in Indonesia to avoid locations such as bars, restaurants and tourist areas.
 
* [[October 2]], [[2002]] a [[US Marine]] and two Filipinos are killed in a JI nail-bomb attack outside a bar in the southern Philippine city of [[Zamboanga]]
 
* [[October 10]], [[2002]] a bomb rips through a bus terminal in the southern Philippine city of [[Kidapawan]], killing six people and injuring 24. On the same day The US ambassador in Jakarta, [[Ralph Boyce]], personally delivers to the Indonesian President a message of growing concern that Americans could become targets of terrorist actions in her country.
 
* [[October 12]], [[2002]] On the second anniversary of the [[USS Cole bombing]] in [[Yemen]], a huge car bomb kills more than 202 and injures 300 on the Indonesian resort island of [[Bali]]. Most are foreigners, mainly Australian tourists. It is preceded by a blast at the US consulate in nearby [[Denpasar]]. The attack known as the [[2002 Bali Bombing]] is the most deadly attack executed by JI to date.
 
* Bashir was arrested by the Indonesian police and was given a light sentence for [[treason]].
 
* Hambali was arrested in [[Thailand]] on [[August 11]], [[2003]] and is currently in prison in [[Jordan]], according to [[Haaretz]].
 
* A bomb manual published by the Jemaah Islamiyah was used in the [[2002 Bali terrorist bombing]] and the [[2003 JW Marriott hotel bombing]].
 
* A [[United Kingdom|British]]-born [[Australia]]n named [[Jack Roche]] confessed to being part of a JI plot to blow up the [[Israel]]i Embassy in [[Canberra]], Australia on [[28 May]] [[2004]]. He was sentenced to 9 years in prison on [[31 May]]. The man admitted to meeting figures like [[Osama bin Laden]] in [[Afghanistan]].
 
* JI are widely suspected of being responsible for the bombing outside the Australian embassy in [[Jakarta]] on [[9 Sep]] [[2004]] which killed 11 Indonesians and wounded over 160 more.
 
* They are also suspected of committing the October 1st [[2005 Bali bombings]].
 
* 5 August 2006, Al-Qaeda's Al Zawahiri appeared on a recorded video announcing that JI and Al-Qaeda had joined forces and that the two groups will form "one line, facing its enemies."
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==See also==
* [[List of terrorist organisations]]
* [[Islamist terrorism]]
* [[2003 Marriott Hotel bombing]]
* [[2004 Jakarta embassy bombing]]
* [[2005 Bali bombings]]
* [[Azahari Husin]]
 
==Further reading==
*Abuza, Zachary. ''Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror''. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. ISBN 1-58826-237-5.
 
Height started working as a caseworker with the New York City Welfare Department, but at the age of twenty-five, she began her [[civil rights]] activist's career when she joined the [[National Council of Negro Women]]. She fought for equal rights for both African Americans and women, and in [[1944]] she joined the national staff of the [[YWCA]]. She served as National President of [[Delta Sigma Theta]], Incorporated from 1946-1957.
*Barton, Greg (2005). ''Jemaah Islamiyah: radical Islam in Indonesia''. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-323-2.
 
She remained active with the organization until [[1977]], and while there she developed leadership training programs and interracial and ecumenical education programs. In [[1957]], Height was named president of the National Council of Negro Women, a position she held until [[1997]]. During the height of the [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|civil rights movement]] of the 1960s, Height organized "[[Wednesdays in Mississippi]]", which brought together black and white women from the North and South to create a dialogue of understanding. American leaders regularly took her counsel, including [[First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], and Height also encouraged [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] to desegregate schools and President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] to appoint African American women to positions in government.
*Lim, Merlyna. ''Islamic Radicalism and Anti-Americanism in Indonesia: The Role of the Internet''. Washington: East-West Center, 2005. ISBN 978-1-932728-34-7.
 
[[Image:dorothyheight.jpg|left|thumb|225px|Dorothy Height]] Height has served on a number of committees, including as a consultant on African affairs to the Secretary of State, the President's Committee on the Employment of the Handicapped, and the President's Committee on the Status of Women. She has received the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the ''[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] [[Freedom From Want Award]]'' and the [[Spingarn Medal]] from the [[NAACP]]. She has also been inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].
*Reeve, Simon. ''The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism''. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999. ISBN 1-55553-509-7.
 
In [[2004]], she was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] by President [[George W. Bush]] on behalf of the [[United States Congress]].
*Ressa, Maria. ''Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of Al-Qaeda's Newest Center of Operations in Southeast Asia''. New York: Free Press, 2003. ISBN 0-7432-5133-4.
 
Dr. Height is currently, at age 95, the Chairperson of the Executive Committee of the [[Leadership Conference on Civil Rights]], the largest civil rights organization in the USA.
==External links==
* [http://www.crisisweb.org/home/index.cfm?id=1452&l=1 Jemaah Islamiyah in South East Asia: Damaged but Still Dangerous] - [[International Crisis Group]] report dated August 26, 2003
* [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/publications/WorkingPapers/WP71.PDF Constructing” the Jemaah Islamiyah Terrorist: A Preliminary Inquiry] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) - Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, report dated October 2004
* [http://www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/pdf/vol14no5.pdf Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) - National Bureau of Asian Research report dated December 2003
* [http://cfrterrorism.org/groups/jemaah.html cfrterrorism.org page on Jemaah Islamiyah]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2983612.stm "Jemaah Islamiah still a threat"] - ''[[BBC News]]'' article dated August 15, 2003
*[http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1701/documentid/2720/history/3,2360,655,1701,2720 Jemaah Islamiyah Shown to Have Significant Ties to al Qaeda]
*[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:ibAPp_72jHsJ:www.currenthistory.com/org_pdf_files/103/672/103_672_171.pdf+al-qaeda+marriott+hotel+bombing+indonesia Learning by Doing:Al Qaeda's Allies in Southeast Asia]
*[http://www.sais-jhu.edu/bwelsh/BYPolicyPaper.pdf Combating JI in Indonesia]
*[http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/cpc/cpc_oct03/cpc_oct03f.pdf Terrorism Perpetrated and Terrorists Apprehended]
 
The musical stageplay ''If This Hat Could Talk'', based on her memoirs "Open Wide The Freedom Gates", opened in the summer of 2005 and is currently on tour. It showcases her unique perspective on the civil rights movement and details many of the behind-the-scenes figures/mentors who shaped her life, including [[Mary McLeod Bethune]] and [[Eleanor Roosevelt]].
 
==References==
<!-- please do read the cat page if you have POV concerns or if you want to remove the category. -->
*Height, Dorothy. ''Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir.''
{{Campaignbox Terrorism in Indonesia}}
{{War on Terrorism}}
[[Category:Jemaah Islamiyah| ]]
[[Category:Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Jihadist organizations]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations]]
[[Category:Designated terrorist organizations]]
[[Category:Moro]]
[[Category:Islamist terrorism]]
 
[[Category:1912 births|Height, Dorothy]]
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[[ru:Джемаа Исламия]]
[[zh:回教祈禱團]]
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