Rashid al-Din Hamadani: differenze tra le versioni

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[[File:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani.jpg|thumb|Statua di Rashīd al-Dīn Hamadānī in [[Iran]].]]

{{Bio

|Nome = Rashīd al-Dīn HamadānīFaḍl Allāh

|Cognome = al-Hamadānī

|PreData = {{farsi|رشیدالدینرشيد همدانیالدين فضل الله الهمذاني}}

|PostCognomeVirgola= detto anche '''Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb''' ({{farsi|رشیدالدین طبیب}}), altrimenti detto '''Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh Hamadānī''' ({{farsi|رشیدالدین فضل‌الله همدانی}}

|Sesso = M

|LuogoNascita = Hamadan

|GiornoMeseNascita =

|AnnoNascita = 1247

|LuogoMorte = Tabriz

|GiornoMeseMorte =

|AnnoMorte = 1318

|Epoca = XIII

|Epoca2 = XIV

|Attività = storico

|Attività2 = funzionario

|Attività3 = medico

|AttivitàAltre = <ref name=EBO>[httphttps://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062730 "Rashid ad-Din"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed 117 April 20072014.</ref>

|Epoca = XIII

|Epoca2 = XIV

|Nazionalità = persiano

|PostNazionalità = di cultura [[Ebraismo|ebraica]]

|Immagine =

|Didascalia = Statua di Rashīd al-Dīn al-Hamadānī in [[Iran]].

}}

Convertitosi all'[[Islam]], Rashīd al-Dīn Hamadānī divenne [[vizir]] di [[Ghazan Khan]]. A lui l'[[Ilkhanato|Īlkhān]] commissionò un'opera storica destinata a tramandarne la memoria ai posteri: il ''[[Jami'ì al-tawarikh|Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh]]'' (L'insieme delle storie), considerato il più importante lavoro di un singolo autore della storia del periodo [[Ilkhanato|Ilkhanide]] e dell'[[Impero mongolo]].<ref name="EI2">{{Cite encyclopediaCita libro| edition edizione= 2nd| publisher editore= Brill Academic Publishers| volume = 8| pages pp= 145-148| last cognome= Morgan| first nome= D.O.| title titolo= Rāshid Al-Dīn Tabīb| encyclopedia pubblicazione= [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]| isbn = 9004098348| date data= 1994}}</ref> Conservò la funzione di vizir fino al 1316, data dopo la quale fu accusato di aver tentato di avvelenare l'Īlkhān [[Oljeitu]], finendo con l'essere giustiziato nel 1318.<ref name="EI2" />

[[File:Mongol soldiers by Rashid al-Din 1305.JPG|thumb|Guerrieri mongoli nel ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' di Rashīd al-Dīn (1305–1306)]]

== Biografia ==

'''Rashīd al-Dīn al-Hamadānī''' nacque in una [[Ebrei|famiglia ebraica]] [[persia]]na ad [[Hamadan]] (oggi [[Provincia di Hamadan]]). Suo nonno era stato cortigiano del fondatore dell'Ilkhanato, [[Hulagu Khan]], mentre il padre era stato un [[farmacista]] nella stessa corte. Studiò da medico, tanto da essere ricordato anche come '''Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb''' ({{farsi|رشید الدین طبیب}}), entrando poi al servizio della corte ilkhanide in tale veste all'epoca di [[Abaqa]].<br />Si convertì all'Islam a circa 30 anni.<ref>George Lane, ''Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule'', Hackett Publishing, 2009, p. 121.</ref>

[[File:Mongol soldiers by Rashid al-Din 1305.JPG|thumb|Guerrieri mongoli nel ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' di Rashīd al-Dīn (1305–1306).]]

Rashīd al-Dīn Hamadānī nacque in una famiglia ebraica [[persia][]na ad [[Hamadan]] (oggi [[Provincia di Hamadan]]. Suo nonno era stato cortigiano del fondatore dell'Ilkhanato [[Hulagu Khan]]<!--, and Rashid al-Din's father was an [[apothecary]] in the court. He converted to [[Islam]] around the age of thirty.<ref>George Lane, ''Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule,''Hackett Publishing , 2009 p.121.</ref>

Rashid was trained as a physician and started service under Hulagu's sonDivenne [[Abaqa]].Gran He rose to become the [[Grand VizierVisir]] [[IlkhanateIlkhanato|Ilkhanidilkhanide]] courtnella corte atdi [[Soltaniyeh]], nearpresso [[Qazvin]]., Hemantenendo servedla asfunzione di [[viziermedico]] and physician under the Ilkhanate emperorscon [[Mahmud Ghazan]], e [[Oljeitu]], beforeprima hedi fellcadere toin courtdisgrazia intriguesper undergli intrighi della corte all'epoca di [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|AbuAbū Sa'idSaʿīd]], whosei ministerscui hadministri himlo killedfecero atpassare theper agele ofarmi all'età seventydi settanta anni. HisSuo sonfiglio [[Ghiyathu'dGhiyath al-Din ibn Rashid'ud al-Din|GhiyathGhiyāth al-DinDīn]] brieflyservì come visir per servedbreve astempo vizierdopo afterdi himlui.

=== ''JamiJāmiʿ al-Tawarikhtawārīkh'' ===

TheIl ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jāmiʿ al-Tawarikhtawārīkh]]'' ("''CompendiumL'insieme ofdelle Chroniclesstorie''") wasgli commissionedfu bycommissionato da [[Mahmud Ghazan Khan]], ande initiallydoveva wasdapprima aessere historyuna ofstoria thedei [[MongolMongoli]]s ande theirdelle dynastyloro dinastie, butma graduallygradualmente expandedsi toampliò includefino thea entireincludere historyl'intera sincestoria thedal timetempo ofdi [[Adam (Bible)|AdamAdamo]] toall'età Rashiddi Rashīd al-Din's timeDīn.

RashidRashīd wasal-Dīn fu assistedassistito byda [[Bolad]], aun Mongolnobile noblemanmongolo whoche wasera thel'emissario emissarydel of the Great[[Gran Khan]] topresso thela il-Khanidcorte courtilkhanide. Bolad providedlo himaiutò withfornendogli muchinformazioni backgroundsul aboutpassato Mongoldei historyMongoli, especiallyin aboutspecial themodo sul [[Borjiginclan]] clan[[Borjigin]].

TheIl ''CompendiumJāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' wasfu completedcompletato betweentra il 1307 ande il 1316, duringdurante theil reignregno ofdi [[Muhammad Khodabandeh ([[Oljeitu)]]).

=== Lavoro calligrafico: Rabʿ-e Rashīdī ===

===Calligraphy Workshop: Rab' i-Rashidi===

Il lavoro fu eseguito nel raffinato [[scriptorium]] del [[Rab'-e Rashidi|Rabʿ-e Rashīdī]] a Tabriz, dove una proficua squadra di [[calligrafia|calligrafi]] e di illustratori fu impiegata per produrre libri riccamente illustrati. Questi libri potevano anche essere copiati, mentre si provvedeva con cura a conservarli, usando un processo di stampa importato dalla [[Cina]].

The work was executed at the elaborate [[scriptorium]] [[Rab'-e Rashidi]] at [[Qazvin]], where a large team of calligraphers and illustrators were employed to produce lavishly illustrated books. These books could also be copied, while preserving accuracy, using a printing process imported from China.

[[File:HulaguAndDokuzKathun.JPG|thumb|[[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]] con la propria moglie cristiana, [[Dokuz Khatun]]. Hulagu conquistò la Siria musulmana, in collaborazione con le forze cristiane del [[Regno armeno di Cilicia]], del [[Regno di Georgia]] e di [[Antiochia di Siria|Antiochia]] (dall'opera di Rashīd al-Dīn).]]

L'opera, al momento del suo completamento, verso il 1307, era di dimensioni monumentali. Numerose sezioni non sono sopravvissute o non sono state ancora scoperte. Parti del ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' sopravvivono in alcuni eccellenti manoscritti [[miniatura|miniati]] che si crede siano stati realizzati durante la vita stessa dell'Autore e forse sotto la sua diretta supervisione nel Rabʿ-e Rashīdī.

[[File:HulaguAndDokuzKathun.JPG|thumb|[[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]] with his Christian queen [[Dokuz Khatun]]. Hulagu conquered Muslim Syria, in collaboration with Christian forces from [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and [[Antioch]]. From Rashid al-Din's work.]]

=== Significato storiografico ===

The work was at the time of completion, c. 1307, of monumental size. Several sections have not survived or been discovered. Portions of the ''Jami al-Tawarikh'' survive in lavishly illustrated manuscripts, believed to have been produced during his lifetime and perhaps under his direct supervision at the Rab'-e Rashidi workshop.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

I volumi II e III del ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' sono giunti fino a noi e rivestono una grande importanza per lo studio dell'IlKhanato. Il volume II è un resoconto dei successori di [[Gengis Khan]] mentre il volume III descrive la dinastia ilkhanide. Nella sua descrizione del regno di [[Möngke]] (1251–1259), [['Ata Malik Juwayni|Juwayni]] costituì la principale fonte d'informazioni per Rashīd al-Dīn; tuttavia quest'ultimo utilizzò anche numerose fonti [[Estremo Oriente|estremo-orientali]] e altre ora perdute. Il ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' è forse la fonte persiana singola più completa della storia del periodo mongolo in [[Iran]].

Per il periodo di [[Gengis Khan]], le sue fonti d'informazione comprendono il perduto ''[[Altan Debter]]'' (''Libro d'Oro''), e gli studiosi, nel compararlo col materiale cinese giuntoci, trovano che egli abbia fatto un ottimo uso di esse. La sua trattazione del periodo ilkhanide egli sembra essere di parte, essendo stato Rashīd al-Dīn un suo alto funzionario, anche se il suo lavoro rimane pur sempre la fonte scritta più preziosa per quella dinastia. Il più importante lascito storiografico del ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' fu forse la capacità di documentare l'ibridazione culturale e il forte dinamismo che assicurò la grandezza della [[Persia]] [[islam]]ica e quella dell'[[Impero ottomano]], molti aspetti dei quali furono trasmessi all'Europa cristiana e che influenzarono il [[Rinascimento]]. Questo fu il prodotto migliore dell'espansione geografica dell'[[Impero mongolo]], ampiamente riflesso nel suo lavoro da Rashīd al-Dīn. Il testo descrive i differenti popoli con cui i [[Mongoli]] entrarono in contatto ed è uno dei primi tentativi di trascendere una prospettiva singola e di trattare la storia su una base universale. Il ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' fu quindi un tentativo ben riuscito di delineare la storia del mondo islamico sin una prospettiva mondiale,<ref name=history>{{Cita web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198101/a.history.of.the.world.htm |titolo=Saudi Aramco World: A History of the World |accesso=6 aprile 2014 |urlarchivio=https://www.webcitation.org/65V636MkJ?url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198101/a.history.of.the.world.htm |dataarchivio=16 febbraio 2012 |urlmorto=sì }}</ref> malgrado varie parti dell'opera siano purtroppo andate perdute.

===Historiographical significance===

Volumes II and III of the ''Jami al-Tawarikh'' have survived and are of great importance for the study of the Il-Khanate. Volume II is an account of the successors of [[Genghis Khan]] while volume III describes the Ilkhanid Dynasty. In his narration down to the reign of [[Möngke]] (1251–1259), [[Ata al-Mulk Juvayni|Juvayni]] was Rashid al-Din's main source; however, he also utilized numerous now-lost Far Eastern and other sources. The ''Jami' al-Tawarikh'' is perhaps the single most comprehensive Persian source on the Mongol period.

== Opere ==

For the period of [[Genghis Khan]], his sources included the now lost ''[[Altan Debter]]'' ''(Golden Book)'', and historians find by comparison with material that survives in Chinese sources that he made good use of the source.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} His treatment of the Ilkhanid period seems to be biased, as he himself was a high official, yet it is still seen as the most valuable written source for the dynasty.

* {{Cita libro|cognome=Elliot|nome=H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir|coautori=John Dowson|titolo=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3.)|capitolo=10. Jámi'u-t Tawáríkh, of Rashid-al-Din|url=https://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n15/mode/2up|editore=Londra, Trübner & Co.}}

== Note ==

The most important historiographic legacy of the ''Jami' al-Tawarikh'' may be its documentation of the cultural mixing and ensuing dynamism that led to the greatness of the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires, many aspects of which were transmitted to Europe and influenced the [[Renaissance]]. This was the product of the geographical extension of the Mongol Empire, and is most clearly reflected in this work by Rashid al-Din. The text describes the different peoples with whom the Mongols came into contact and is one of the first attempts to transcend a single cultural perspective and to treat history on a universal scale. The Jami attempted to provide a history of the whole world of that era,<ref name=history>[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198101/a.history.of.the.world.htm Saudi Aramco World: A History of the World]</ref> though many parts are sadly lost.

<references />

== Bibliografia ==

One of the volumes of the ''Jami' al-Tawarikh'' deals with an extensive ''History of the Franks'' (1305/1306), possibly based on information from Europeans working under the Ilkhanates such as [[Isol the Pisan]] or [[Dominican Order|Dominican friars]], which is a generally consistent description with many details on Europe's political organization, the use of ''[[Mappa mundi|mappae mundi]]'' by [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Sailor|mariners]], and regnal chronologies derived from the chronicle of [[Martin of Opava]] (d. 1278).<ref>Jackson, p.329–330.</ref>

* {{cita libro |autore=Alessio Bombaci |capitolo=Rashìd AD-DìN, Faḍlallàh |titolo=Dizionario Letterario Bompiani. Autori |editore=Valentino Bompiani editore |città=Milano |volume=III |anno=1957, p. 283 |cid =Dizionario Letterario Bompiani |SBN =PAL0199718}}

== Voci correlate ==

===Book transmission: printing and translation===

* [[Storici musulmani]]

[[File:DiezAlbumsArmedRiders I.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Mongol]] [[Mongol_Army#Cavalry|cavalry]] pursuing their enemy.]]

[[File:GhazanOnHorse.JPG|thumb|[[Ghazan]] on his horse. Rashid al-Din, ''History of the world''.]]

Rashid al-Din also collected all of his compositions into a single volume, entitled ''Jami' al-Tasanif al-Rashidi'' ("The Collected Works of Rashid"), complete with maps and illustrations. He even had some of his shorter works, on medicine and government, translated into [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. Anyone who wished was given access to his works and encouraged to copy them. In order to facilitate this, he set aside a fund to pay for the annual transcription of two complete manuscripts of his works, one in Arabic and one in Persian.

== Altri progetti ==

The printing process used at the workshop has been described by Rashid al-Din, and bears very strong resemblance to the processes used in the large printing ventures in China under [[Feng Dao]] (932–953):

{{interprogetto}}

:when any book was desired, a copy was made by a skillful calligrapher on tablets and carefully corrected by proof-readers whose names were inscribed on the back of the tablets. The letters were then cut out by expert engravers, and all pages of the books consecutively numbered. When completed, the tablets were placed in sealed bags to be kept by reliable persons, and if anyone wanted a copy of the book, he paid the charges fixed by the government. The tablets were then taken out of the bags and imposed on leaves of paper to obtain the printed sheets as desired. In this way, alterations could not be made and documents could be faithfully transmitted.<ref>Joseph Needham, ''Science and Civilisation in China''. v.5, "Paper and Printing", ed. Tsuen-Hsuin, Tsien. Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 306–307.</ref> Under this system he had copies made, lent them to friends, and urged them to transcribe them and return the originals. He had Arabic translations made of those works he composed in Persian, and Persian translations of works composed in Arabic. When the translations had been prepared, he deposited them in the [[mosque]] library of the ''Rab'-e Rashidi''.<ref name=history />

== Collegamenti esterni ==

=== Authorship and plagiarism accusations ===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404034341/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/634/_sup31.htm L'assedio mongolo] di [[Mosul]] da un manoscritto del ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' di Rashid al-Din ([[XIV secolo]]).

{{Controllo di autorità}}

The authorship of the ''Jami' al-Tawarikh'' has been questioned on several grounds.

{{portale|biografie|islam|storia}}

Abu al-Qasim Kashani, who wrote the most important extant contemporary source on [[Oljeitu]], maintained that he himself was the true author of ''Jami' al-Tawarikh'', "for which Rashid al-Din had stolen not only the credit but also the very considerable financial rewards."<ref name="EI2"/>

According to [[Encyclopedia Iranica]], "While there is little reason to doubt Rašid-al-Din’s overall authorship of the Jāmeʿ al-tawāriḵ, the work has generally been considered a collective effort, partly carried out by research assistants."<ref name="Melville">{{cite web|last=Melville|first=Charles|title=JĀMEʿ AL-TAWĀRIḴ|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik|work=Encyclopædia Iranica|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=2 February 2012}}</ref> Kashani may have been one of those assistants.<ref name="Melville"/>

Some also contended that it was a translation of a Mongol original.<ref name="EI2" />

==Authorship of his ''Letters''==

Scholars are in dispute about whether Rashid al-Din's ''Letters'' are a forgery or not. According to [[David Morgan (historian)|David Morgan]] in ''The Mongols''<ref>''The Mongols'', 2nd ed., p. 183.</ref> Alexander Morton has shown them to be a forgery, probably from the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] period.<ref>A.H. Morton, "The Letters of Rashid al-Din: Ilkhanid fact or Timurid fiction?", in R. Amitai-Preiss and D.O. Morgan, ''The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy'' (1999), pp. 155–199.</ref> One scholar who has attempted to defend the letters' authenticity is A. Soudovar, in his article "In defense of Rasid-od-din and his Letters".<ref>''Studia Iranica'', 32 (2003), pp. 77–122.</ref>

==Fahlavi Poems==

There are some [[Fahlavi]] poems by him apparently in his native dialect: a hemistich called zabān-e fahlavī (1976, I, p.&nbsp;290), a quatrain with the appellation bayt-efahlavī, and another hemistich titled zabān-e pahlavī( Fahlavi language).<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fahlaviyat Ahmad Tafazzoli, "Fahlaviyat" in Encyclopedia Iranica]</ref>

==Loss of influence and death==

[[Image:DiezAlbumsStudyingTheKoran.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] ruler, [[Ghazan]], studying the [[Quran]].]]

In 1312, his colleague, [[Sa'd al-Dawla]], fell from power and was replaced by [[Ali Shah]]. Then, in 1314, [[Öljaitü]] died and power passed to his son, [[Abu Sa'id]], who sided with 'Ali Shah. In 1318, Rashid al-Din was charged with having poisoned [[Oljeitu]], and was executed on July 13, at the age of seventy.<ref>Bernard Lewis, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0691008078&id=W0EbKFRxrT4C&pg=PA101 ''The Jews of Islam''], 1984, p. 101.</ref>

His property was confiscated and ''Rab'-e Rashidi'', with its [[scriptorium]] and its precious copies, was turned over to the Mongol soldiery. A century later, during the reign of [[Timurlane]]'s son [[Miran Shah]], Rashid ad-Din's bones were exhumed from the Muslim cemetery and reburied in the Jewish cemetery.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0KKolrx1EtN7FRpJ6T&id=5ikEQfhEeSYC&q=&dq= William Orville Douglas, ''West of the Indus,'' 1958, p. 417]</ref>

==Work online==

*{{cite book|last=Elliot|first=H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir|coauthors=John Dowson|title=[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]] (Vol 3.)|chapter=10. Jámi'u-t Tawáríkh, of Rashid-al-Din| url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n15/mode/2up|publisher=London : Trübner & Co.}}

==See also==

{{Portal|Iran|Biography|History}}

* [[List of Muslim historians]]

* [[List of Iranian scientists and scholars]]

* [[Ghiyathu'd-Din ibn Rashid'ud-Din]], his son

{{-}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/634/_sup31.htm The Mongol siege of Mosul from a manuscript of Rashid Al-Din's Jami' Al-Tawarikh, 14th century]

{{High-ranking ministers and commanders of the Mongol Empire}}

{{Islamic medicine}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=90056948}}

{{Persondata

| NAME = Din, Rashid Al

| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =

| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Persian physician

| DATE OF BIRTH = 1247

| PLACE OF BIRTH =

| DATE OF DEATH = 1318

| PLACE OF DEATH =

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Din, Rashid Al}}

[[Category:1247 births]]

[[Category:1318 deaths]]

[[Category:Medieval Persian physicians]]

[[Category:14th-century physicians]]

[[Category:Physicians of medieval Islam]]

[[Category:14th-century historians]]

[[Category:Iranian historians]]

[[Category:People of the Ilkhanate]]

[[Category:Historians of Mongolia]]

[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]]

[[Category:Persian people of Jewish descent]]

[[Category:Iranian inventors]]

[[Category:Muslims of Jewish descent]]

[[Category:Medieval Jewish physicians of Persia]]

[[Category:World Digital Library related]]

[[Category:Iranian people of Jewish descent]]

[[Category:13th-century Jews]]

[[Category:Medieval Persian Jews]]

[[Category:13th-century Iranian people]]

[[Category:14th-century Iranian people]]

<-->

== Note ==

<references/>

[[Categoria:Ebrei persiani]]

{{portale|biografie}}