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'''National Action''' (founded [[Anzac Day]], [[1982]]) was an [[Australia|Australian]] [[political party]] which was on the [[far-right]] of the political spectrum. It had no representatives in any Australian parliament, at either state or national level. Its ideology dictated that it remain outside the "political system".
[[List of state leaders in 1897|1897 state leaders]] - [[1898|Events of 1898]] - [[List of state leaders in 1899|1899 state leaders]] - [[State leaders by year]]
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'''See also:'''
*[[List of religious leaders in 1898]]
*[[List of international organization leaders in 1898]]
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Its policies included the deportation of [[asylum seekers]] and the termination of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[native title]]. For this reason, National Action is usually seen as [[racism|racist]] and [[xenophobia|xenophobic]]. National Action also espoused theories that a [[New World Order (conspiracy)|New World Order]] is taking over the world and must be stopped. They were accused of being a [[neo-nazi]] party as its "chairman" [[Jim Saleam|James Saleam]] Ph.D. was a member of the Australian Nazi party in the 1970s. National Action claimed, however, that it was a "[[National Bolshevik]]" party. Saleam claimed that the party was led collectively.
==Africa==
*'''[[Ashanti Confederacy]]''' - [[Opoku Mensa]], Chair of the Committee of Administration ([[1896]]-[[1900]])
* '''[[Burundi]]''' - [[Mwezi IV Gisabo]], [[King of Burundi]] ([[1852]]-[[1908]])
* '''[[Zanzibar]]''' - [[Sayyid Hamud bin Muhammed Al-Busaid, 7th Sultan of Zanzibar|Sayyid Hamud bin Muhammed Al-Busaid]], [[Sultan of Zanzibar]] ([[1896]]-[[1902]])
National Action was a fringe group that never obtained a popular following for a number of possible reasons:
==Asia==
* its use of [[terrorism]] and intimidation against perceived enemies and rival "racial-nationalists";
* '''[[Afghanistan]]''' - [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], [[List of leaders of Afghanistan|King of Afghanistan]] ([[1880]]-[[1901]])
* Saleam's conviction for insurance fraud in 1988;
* '''[[China]]''' ([[Qing Dynasty]])
* the public peception that it was a criminal gang; and
**Emperor - [[Guangxu Emperor of China|Guangxu]], [[Emperor of China]] ([[1875]]-[[1908]])
* its plans to fire-bomb a political rival's home and to murder anti-[[Apartheid]] activist [[Eddie Funde]].
**''De facto'' ruler - [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] ([[1898]]-[[1908]])
* '''[[Japan]]'''
** Monarch - [[Meiji Emperor]], [[Emperor of Japan]] ([[1867]]-[[1912]])
**Prime Minister -
**#[[Matsukata Masayoshi]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] ([[1896]]-[[1898]])
**#[[Ito Hirobumi]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] ([[1898]])
**#[[Okuma Shigenobu]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] ([[1898]])
**#[[Yamagata Aritomo]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] ([[1898]]-[[1900]])
* '''[[Korea]]''' ([[Korean Empire]]) - [[Emperor Gojong of Korea|Gojong]], [[Rulers of Korea|Emperor of Korea]] ([[1864]]-[[1907]], King before [[1897]])
* '''[[Oman]]''' - [[Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman|Faisal bin Turki]], [[Sultan of Oman]] ([[1888]]-[[1913]])
Saleam was imprisoned in [[1991]] for the plot against Funde.
==Australia and Oceania==
In the mid-[[1990s]], the success of the right wing [[One Nation Party]] led many National Action members to join One Nation to promote a broad far-right, anti-immigration agenda within the party. The subsequent implosion of One Nation (which was partially due to Saleam's machinations to take over One Nation) stymied this plan.
In recent years, attempts have been made to resurrect the party by [[Michael Brander]], a rival of Saleam. These plans have had little impact due to the loss of Dr. Saleam's credibility amongst ex-members and other "racial-nationalists", many of whom had been attacked physically or slandered by Saleam. Saleam is often said by rivals on the racial right to be of part [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] origin, an allegation which he has denied on many occasions. The violent background of Brander, convicted and fined $3000 for assaulting an Asian opponent with a flagpole in [[1995]], [http://home.mira.net/~sp/magazine/feb97/fawkner.htm] caused renewed controversy in [[2005]] when Brander's work was published in the government-funded monthly magazine ''[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]]''. Brander's appearance there was denounced by federal [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] parliamentarian [[Michael Danby]] (Danby's condemnation was quoted by ''[[Australian Jewish News]]'' on March 18, 2005 and by ''[[The American Conservative]]'' on June 5, 2006). Meanwhile Saleam has published online his doctoral thesis [http://home.alphalink.com.au/~radnat/otherradicalism/], an elaborate coverage of the alliances and enmities within extreme-rightist Australian movements over recent decades.
National Action co-founder David Greason's book, ''I was a Teenage Fascist'', tells of Greason's own time within the Australian neo-Nazi movement and the events behind the founding of National Action.
==Europe==
*'''[[Austria-Hungary]]''' - [[Franz Joseph of Austria|Franz Joseph I]], [[Emperor of Austria]] and [[King of Hungary]] ([[1848]]-[[1916]])
**[[Bohemia]] - [[Franz Joseph I]], [[King of Bohemia]] ([[1848]]-[[1916]])
* '''[[Belgium]]''' - [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]], [[King of the Belgians]] ([[1865]]-[[1909]])
* '''[[Bulgaria]]'''
**Monarch - [[Ferdinand of Bulgaria]], [[King of Bulgaria]] ([[1886]]-[[1918]])
**Prime Minister - [[Konstantin Stoilov]] ([[1894]]-[[1899]])
* '''[[Denmark]]'''
** Monarch - [[Christian IX of Denmark|Christian IX]], [[King of Denmark]] ([[1863]]-[[1906]])
** Prime Minister - [[Hugo Egmont Horring|Hugo Egmont Hørring]], [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] ([[1897]]-[[1900]])
* '''[[France]]''' -
**President - [[Félix Faure]], [[President of France]] ([[1895]]-[[1899]])
**Prime Minister -
**# [[Jules Méline]], [[Prime Minister of France|President of the Council]] ([[1896]]-[[1898]])
**# [[Henri Brisson]], [[Prime Minister of France|President of the Council]] ([[1898]])
**# [[Charles Dupuy]], [[Prime Minister of France|President of the Council]] ([[1898]]-[[1899]])
* '''[[Germany]]''' -
**Monarch - [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Wilhelm II]], [[Kaiser|German Emperor]] ([[1888]]-[[1918]])
**Chancellor - [[Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] ([[1894]]-[[1900]])
* '''[[Italy]]'''
**Monarch - [[Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I]], [[King of Italy]] ([[1878]]-[[1900]])
**Prime Minister -
**# [[Antonio Starraba, marchese di Rudinì|Marchese di Rudinì]], [[Prime Minister of Italy]] ([[1896]]-[[1898]])
**# [[Luigi Pelloux]], [[Prime Minister of Italy]] ([[1898]]-[[1900]])
* '''[[Netherlands]]''' -
**Monarch - [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]], [[Queen of the Netherlands]] ([[1890]]-[[1948]])
**Regent - [[Emma of the Netherlands|Emma]], Regent ([[1890]]-[[1898]])
*'''[[Portugal]]''' - [[Carlos of Portugal|Carlos]], [[King of Portugal]] ([[1889]]-[[1908]])
* '''[[Russia]]''' - [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], [[Tsar of Russia]] ([[1894]]-[[1917]])
* '''[[Spain]]''' -
**Monarch - [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]], [[King of Spain]] ([[1886]]-[[1931]])
**Prime Minister - [[Práxedes Mateo Sagasta]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]] ([[1897]]-[[1899]])
*'''[[Sweden]]''' - [[Sweden-Norway|Kingdom of Sweden-Norway]]
**Monarch - [[Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II]], [[List of Swedish monarchs|King of Sweden]] ([[1872]]-[[1907]])
**Prime Minister [[Gustaf Boström]], [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] ([[1891]]-[[1900]])
* '''[[United Kingdom]]''' -
**Monarch - [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]], [[Queen of the United Kingdom]] ([[1837]]-[[1901]])
**Prime Minister - [[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] ([[1885]]-[[1886]], [[1886]]-[[1892]], [[1895]]-[[1902]])
==References==
==North America and the Caribbean==
*[http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2002/2711/jack-jim.html?oneclick=true "The Tale of Jack and Jim"], by Matthew Collins, ''The Review'', November 2002. (Hostile account of Saleam, Brander, and others involved in NA.)
* '''[[United States]]''' - [[William McKinley]], [[President of the United States]] ([[1897]]-[[1901]])
{{Politics of Australia}}
==South America==
* '''[[Brazil]]''' -
*#[[Prudente José de Morais Barros]], [[List of Presidents of Brazil|President of Brazil]] ([[1894]]-[[1898]])
*#[[Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales ]], [[List of Presidents of Brazil|President of Brazil]] ([[1898]]-[[1902]])
[[Category:1898Political parties established in 1982]]
[[Category:ListsDefunct ofpolitical stateparties leadersin by yearAustralia]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazi organizations]]
[[Category:Racism]]
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