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=== [[Korean War]] ===
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I have been editing this article for a few days. I ran down through the article and fixed any grammer mistakes I could find. I would appreciate any suggestions on what to do and how I can really improve it further. Thanks a lot. [[User:Mr. Killigan|Mr. Killigan]] 06:17, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
==== Kirill Lokshin ====
The following terms are used in [[Contract bridge]] and [[Auction bridge]].
There are a number of areas to work on, at this point; keep in mind, though, that this is a very high-profile article, so you should be careful to move slowly and carefully to avoid getting entangled in any editorial conflicts here.
{{compactTOC2}}
* <s>The article is, in my opinion, simply too long; we're looking at 72K (~12,000 words) of prose. The "Legacy" section, in particular, is ripe for splitting out into a separate [[Legacy of the Korean War]] article, with a much shorter summary left in the main one.</s>
* <s>"Korean War (1950 – 1953)" should really be something like "Course of the war"; you probably don't want to repeat the article title as a section heading.</s>
* The citations need cleanup; at a minimum, all of the embedded external links should be converted to footnotes. There are also a number of "citation needed" tags floating around. Beyond that, more thorough citation would be appropriate throughout the article; see [[WP:MILHIST#CITE]] for some guidelines.
* <s>The "Depictions" section should be turned into prose, rather than a laundry list of films; see also [[WP:MILHIST#POP]].</s>
* <s>The "Names" section, as it's presently constituted, would work much better as a narrow sidebar; it's of some interest, but I doubt there's enough material to sustain a separate section.</s>
* <s>The "See also" section should be eliminated. If something isn't worth linking from the text, it's generally not worth linking at all. </s>
* <s>The rump "Bibliography" section should be removed as well.</s>
* The "External links" section could use trimming.
Hope that helps! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill]] 04:08, 13 July 2007 (UTC)<s>cool</s>
::Thank you very much for offering your opinion! [[User:Mr. Killigan|Mr. Killigan]] 00:57, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
==A==
[[Image:Autobridge.jpg|thumb|Autobridge, a help for learning]]
;ACBL: [[American Contract Bridge League]]
;Autobridge: a [[game]] for one person, which helps to learn this highbrowy game
;Auction: see [[#B|bidding]]
<br clear="all">
==B==
;Bid: A declaration of both [[#L|level]] and [[#D|denomination]] (suit or no trump) that generally indicates the number of tricks the bidder believes their partnership can win; certain bids can also be used as [[#C|Conventions]].
;Bid out of turn: A bid erroneously made when it was other player's turn to bid. Subject to [[#P|penalty]].
;Bidding: The first phase of the game, where players try to establish the final [[#C|contract]] by making subsequent [[#B|bids]].
;[[Bidding system]]: The complete set of agreements and [[#C|conventions]] assigned to every possible bid by a [[#P|partnership]].
;[[Board (bridge) | Board]]: 1) a device that keeps each player's cards separate for [[duplicate bridge]]
:2) see [[#D|deal]]
;Book: The basic six [[#T|tricks]] that must be taken by the [[#D|declaring]] side. Since there is a total of 13 tricks, these six tricks below the half are always assumed and are never taken into account in [[#S|scoring]]. Thus, a [[#C|contract]] on [[#L|level]] 1 denotes taking at least (6+1) tricks.
;Bonus: In [[#S|scoring]], the additional points awarded for making a [[#C|contract]] of certain [[#L|level]] and/or [[#D|double]]d or [[#R|redouble]]d. The bonus for making a doubled [[#P|partial contract]] is 50 points, while bonus for bidding and making a [[#G|game]] is 300 or 500 points, depending on [[#V|vulnerability]]. Doubled non-vulnerable [[#O|overtricks]] are worth 100 points each and vulnerable overtricks are worth 200 points each. In rubber games the bonus is sometimes referred to as the 'insult'.
==C==
;Call: Any [[#B|bid]], [[#P|pass]], [[#D|double]], or [[#R|redouble]] in the [[#B|bidding]] stage.
;CHO: Centre Hand Opponent; a slang term for the partner
;Communication: The process of (or the ability to) move the [[#L|lead]] between the two [[#H|hands]] of a partnership, so as to lead each trick from the more advantageous hand.
;Competitive auction: A bidding sequence which involves both partnerships.
;Contract: 1) The statement of the [[#P|pair]] who has won the [[#B|bidding]] that they will take at least the given number of [[#T|tricks]]. The contract consists of two components: the [[#L|level]], stating the number of tricks to be taken (plus the [[#B|book]] tricks), and the [[#D|denomination]], denoting the trump suit (or its absence). The last [[#B|bid]] in the bidding phase denotes the final contract.
:2) Short for [[Contract Bridge]] as opposed to other forms of bridge, such as [[Duplicate bridge]] or [[Auction bridge]].
;[[Convention (bridge)|Convention]]: An agreement on the meaning of particular (sequence of) [[#B|bid(s)]] between two partners, where the meaning of the bid(s) is not necessarily (and most often is not) related with length and strength of bid suits.
;[[Crossruff]]: A playing technique in [[#T|trump]] [[#C|contracts]] where extra tricks are gained by taking [[#R|ruffs]] in both hands alternately.
==D==
;Deal: The set of particular 52 cards as dealt to each player, and the collectivity of [[#B|bidding]] and [[#P|play]] that occured with it.
;Dealer: The player who deals the cards and [[#B|bids]] first. In [[duplicate bridge]], cards are not literally dealt in every play, but the dealer is pre-defined in each [[#B|board]].
;Declarer: the person who plays the hand in the [[#P|partnership]] that wins the [[#C|contract]] ; by the rules, the declarer is the first player in the partnership who had [[#C|called]] the final [[#D|denomination]] in the [[#B|bidding]] stage. The other partner becomes the [[#D|dummy]].
;Denomination: Component of a [[#B|bid]] and [[#C|contract]] denoting the [[#T|trump]] [[#S|suit]] or [[#N|notrump]]. Thus, there are five denominations (see [[#R|rank (2)]]).
;Defenders: The [[#P|pair]] who tries to defeat the [[#C|contract]].
;Director: Referee (in [[duplicate bridge]])
;Distribution: 1) the number of cards in each [[#s|suit]] in a player's [[#H|hand]], ususally expressed as a series of 4 numbers. A distribution of 4 - 6 - 2 - 1 means 4 spades, 6 hearts, 2 diamonds, and 1 club. Sometimes also called a "Hand pattern".
:2) The degree to wich a player;s hand consists of particualrly long and short suits.
;Distribution point: A mesure of a hand's strngth due to the length or shortness of suits.
;Double: A [[#C|call]] that increases [[#P|penalties]] for opponents' failing to make a [[#C|contract]], but also increases the [[#B|bonus]] for making it. A player can only double a contract bid by the opposition. Often used as a [[#C|convention]].
;Doubleton: A suit contianing exactly two cards (in a hand)
;[[Duck (bridge)|Duck]]: A [[#P|play]] technique where a player deliberately does not immediately take a [[#T|trick]], but plays a small card instead.
;Dummy: 1) the partner of the [[#D|declarer]], whose hand is placed on the table and played solely by the declarer; dummy has minimal rights and must not interfere with further play of the hand (especially not by suggesting the declarer).
:2) the dummy's [[#H|hand]] as exposed on the table.
;[[Dummy reversal]]: A playing technique in [[#T|trump]] [[#C|contracts]] where extra tricks are gained by taking ruffs in the hand with longer trumps.
;[[Duplicate bridge]]: A form of bridge where every [[#D|deal]] is played at several [[#T|tables]], by several pairs, unchanged, and the [[#S|scores]] are ultimatively compared against each other. At minimum, two tables (four [[#P|pairs]]) are required for a duplicate bridge [[#M|match]];
==E==
;EBL: [[European Bridge League]], the official organising body of bridge in Europe
;EBU: [[English Bridge Union]], the official organising body of bridge in England
;Entry: A card that allows a player to win in one hand after leadign from the other. Entries are vital to [[#C|communication]].
==F==
;[[Finesse]]:A playing technique where extra tricks are gained by using favorite lie of cards.
;Follow suit:Every player is obliged to play the card of the same [[#S|suit]] as the one that was first [[#L|led]] to the trick, if in possesion of one. Failure to follow suit constitutes a [[#R|revoke]].
;Forcing bid:A bid by your partner that requires you make another bid, ie. you may not pass.
==G==
;Game: A [[#C|contract]] worth 100 points (or more) [[#B|bid]] and made. The minimal games are 3NT, 4♥, 4♠ in [[#M|majors]], and 5♣, 5♦ in [[#M|minors]]. The game can also be achieved by making a [[#D|doubled]] or [[#R|redoubled]] contract, e.g. 2 spades doubled is initially worth 2×(2×30) = 120 points. The pair bidding and making the game is awarded a high [[#B|bonus]].
;Grand slam: A [[#C|contract]] to win all thirteen [[#T|tricks]] in the hand. Making a grand slam scores significant extra points.
==H==
;Hand: 13 cards belonging to one player; sometimes also used as a synonym for entire [[#D|deal]].
;[[High card points]] ('''HCP'''):Method for evaluation of hand's strength, where every honor card is assigned a numeric value
;Hono(u)r: A high card (Ace, King, Queen or Jack); usually also includes the ten.
;Holding: 1) The cards in a particular player's hand at a particualr point in play -- often at the start of play.
:2) The cards of a specific suit in a particular player's hand.
;[[Holdup (bridge)|Holdup]]: A type of [[#D|duck]]ing play used for the purpose of cutting opponents' communication in the suit. In a holdup, a player delays taking a trick until [[#E|entries]] are reduced.
==I==
;[[Duplicate bridge#IMP scoring|IMP]]: International Match Points – a method of overall scoring in [[#D|duplicate bridge]] where every result is substracted from a '''datum''' (average or median) score and converted to so-called IMPs using a table defined by [[#W|WBF]].
==L==
;Lead: 1) Playing the first card to a [[#T|trick]], thus dictating the [[#S|suit]] which others must play if able (see [[#F|follow suit]]).
:2) The card so led.
:3) The hand which is next entitled to lead to a trick is said to be "on lead" or to "have the lead", often shortend to simply "the lead".
:4) See [[#O|opening lead]].
;Lead out of turn: Playing a card when it was another player's turn to lead
;Level: In [[#B|bidding]], the component of a [[#B|bid]] or [[#C|contract]] (the other being [[#D|denomination]]) which indicates how many [[#O|odd tricks]] are to be made. Since six [[#B|book]] tricks are not taken into account, there is total 13 (available [[#T|tricks]]) – 6 (book tricks) = 7 levels. Thus, e.g. contracts on level 4 indicate taking of 6+4 = 10 tricks.
;LHO:Left-hand opponent
;[[Losing trick count]]: a method of hand evaluation.
==M==
;[[Major suit ]]: hearts and spades
;Match: 1) the encounter between two [[#T|teams]] at two tables, each team sitting North-South in one table and East-West at the other.
:2) see [[#R|round]].
;[[Duplicate bridge#Matchpoint scoring|Matchpoints]]: A type of overall scoring in [[#D|duplicate bridge]] where every board is assigned the same value, the best pair on every board receiving a '''top''' (100%) and the worst the '''bottom''' (0% matchpoints). In Matchpoint scoring only the number of pairs that a pair beats or ties matter, not by how much other pairs may be beaten.
;[[Minor suit]]: clubs and diamonds
==N==
;No trump: When a hand is played without a trump suit, or a proposal to play without trumps
;Non-vulnerable: The state of [[#V|vulnerability]] where both [[#B|bonuses]] and [[#P|penalties]] are lower; in other words, less is at stake for a pair which is non-vulnerable.
==O==
;Odd trick: The number of tricks above 6 (the [[#B|book]]) that are to be taken in the contract. See also [[#L|level]].
;Opening lead: The first card [[#L|led]] by [[#D|defenders]] in the [[#P|play]] stage. Unlike other leads, the [[#D|dummy]] is not uncovered yet at the time of lead, so the opening lead is made "blindly", and often has a crucial impact to the outcome of the [[#D|deal]].
;Opening leader: The [[#D|defender]] who makes the opening lead. It is always the [[#D|declarer's]] [[#L|LHO]]
;Overbid: 1) A [[#B|bid]] overstating one's strength.
:2) Ending up in a too high, usually unmakable, [[#C|contract]].
;Overruff: To [[#R|ruff]] with a higher trump than was previously played in the same trick.
;Overtrick: Every trick taken by the declaring side over the number of tricks required by their bid [[#C|contract]].
==P==
;Pair: Two players who play as the entity.
;Partnership: 1) see [[#P|pair]]
:2) A pair who plays long time together.
;Partscore or Partial Contract: A contract below the level that earns a [[#G|game]] [[#B|bonus]]
;Pass: A [[#C|call]] indicating that player declines to [[#B|bid]] for that turn. The [[#B|bidding]] ends after three successive passes (except on the very first round).
;Penalty: 1) A [[#S|score]] substracted (added to the opposing side) for the failure to fulfill the [[#C|contract]]
:2) A penalty to a [[#P|pair]] or [[#T|team]] assigned by [[#D|director]], for disobeying game rules ('''infraction''') (e.g. a [[#R|revoke]]). It can be expressed in terms of [[#T|tricks]], [[#M|matchponts]] or [[#I|IMPs]], or imposed by barring certain actions to the offender or his partner.
;Play: The second stage of a [[#D|deal]], when cards are played. In the play, the [[#D|declarer]] tries to take at least as many [[#T|tricks]] as his/her side promised by the [[#L|level]] of the [[#C|contract]], while [[#D|defenders]] try to prevent him (i.e. to '''set''' the contract).
;Point count: A numeric value placed on the strength of a hand -- used to guide bidding.
;[[Preempt]]: A [[#B|bid]] whose primary function is to take up bidding space from the opponents.
==Q==
;[[Quick tricks]]: A method of hand evaluation.
==R==
;[[Rank]]: 1) The strength of an individual card; Aces have the highest rank, followed by K, Q, J, 10,... down to deuce (2)
:2) The order of [[#D|denominations]] in the bidding. Notrump is highest-ranked denomination, followed by spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦) and clubs. (♣)
;Redouble: A call that essentially doubles the [[#P|penalties]] and [[#B|bonuses]] of a previous [[#D|double]]; a player can only redouble a contract bid by their side which has been doubled by the opposition.
;[[Revoke]]: Failing to [[#F|follow suit]] (as required) when a player is able to do so.
;[[RHO]]: Right-hand opponent
;Round: 1) In [[#B|bidding]], the sequence of four consecutive [[#B|bids]], usually starting from the [[#D|dealer]].
:2) In duplicate bridge, a set of (usually 2-4) [[#B|boards]] which one pair plays against another in [[Duplicate bridge#Pairs game|pairs games]].
;[[Rubber bridge]]: 1) A form of bridge scoring used in "home parties" (as opposed to [[#D|duplicate bridge]])
:2) In such form of scoring, the act of making second [[#G|game]] by means of addition, ending one set of deals.
;[[Ruff (cards) | Ruff]]: The play of a [[#T|trump]] when another suit is [[#L|led]]. A ruff is allowed only when the player cannot [[#F|follow suit]] (of course, only in [[#T|trump]] contracts.)
==S==
;[[Sacrifice (bridge)|Sacrifice]]:(Usually deliberate) bidding of a [[#C|contract]] known to be unmakable, with the intent that the cost of [[#P|penalty]] (even if [[#D|doubled]]) will be smaller than the value of opponent's score.
;[[Score]]: The numerical value assigned to one [[#P|pair]] or another as the outcome of each [[#D|deal]]. The score is awarded to the pair who successfully fulfilled a [[#C|contract]], or to their opponents if the contract was not made (see [[#P|penalty]]). If the contract is made, the score is calculated by summing up points for bid tricks, [[#B|bonuses]], and points for [[#O|overtricks]]. Otherwise, it is calculated by summing up [[#P|penalties]] for [[#U|undertricks]] (which significantly increase if the contract was [[#D|doubled]] or [[#R|redoubled]]). The other pair, actually, receives a "minus score", i.e. their score is negative opponents' score.
;[[Signal (bridge) | Signal]]: 1) a special system of agreed meanings to cards played by [[#D|defenders]] in order to communicate their holdings to each other.
:2) A particular play with such a meaning.
;Singleton: A [[#H|holding]] of exactly one card in a suit.
;Slam: [[#B|Bidding]] for and taking twelve tricks is a "small slam", bidding for and taking all thirteen is a "grand slam"
;[[squeeze play (bridge)|Squeeze]]: A playing technique whereby the defender(s) are forced to discard a vital card.
;Strain: See [[#D|Denomination]].
;[[Suit (cards)|Suit]]: a sign on the cards indicating the "class" which the cards belongs to. There are four suits: spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦) and clubs. (♣). In bridge, suits are [[#R|ranked]], but only for [[#B|bidding]] purposes. (See also [[#D|denomination]]).
;System:see [[#B|Bidding system]].
==T==
;Table: 1) A table where bridge is played;
:2) see [[#D|dummy]]
:3) the number of groups of four players in play at a bridge event is described as the number of tables.
;[[Table talk (bridge) | Table talk]]: 1) Illegally conveyed information between partners, for example by means of talking, gestures, or facial expressions.
:2) Extranous discussion during play, discouraged becauase it might convey information or distract a player
;[[Duplicate bridge#Team game|Team]]: A group of 4-6 players (but only 4 playing simultaneously, as 2 pairs against 2 pairs of another team) who compete as an entity in certain forms of [[duplicate bridge]].
;Trials: A form of pairs [[#D|duplicate]] game, usually of high competition level, played as [[round-robin tournament]] with small number of pairs (typically 16) playing relatively long matches (typically 16-32 boards). Usually scored in [[#I|IMP]]s with conversion to [[#V|Victory points]].
;[[Trick-taking game|Trick]]: A set of 4 cards played by each player in turn, during [[#P|play]] stage.
;[[Suit (cards)#trumps | Trumps]]:A suit, determined by the [[#D|declaring side]] during bidding, which if played, wins a trick regardless of [[#R|rank]] of other played cards.
;[[Two suiter]]: A hand containing two long suits, usually each containing 4 or more cards, with at least 10 cards bwtween the two suits.
==U==
;Underbid: A [[#B|bid]] whereby the bidder has understated the value of his cards, by an error or by taking a "pessimistic view", or becaue the only other choice is an overbid (which may indiacte a flaw in the bidding system in use).
;Undertrick: Every [[#T|trick]] that the [[#D|declarer]] ended up short of making the [[#C|contracted]] [[#L|level]] at the end of the [[#P|play]].
==V==
;Victory points (VP): The points which represent the total score of a single [[#M|match]] in [[#D|duplicate]] team games and [[#T|trials]]. The most common scale is [[#W|WBF]] 25:5 scale, where 15:15 presents a tie, 25:5 an absolute win and 25:0 the most extreme result. (The scale depends on [[#I|IMP]] difference achieved and number of boards played.)
;Void: A holding of zero cards in a particular [[#S|suit]] (in a [[#H|hand]]).
;Vulnerability: The state assigned to each [[#p|pair]] in advance (in [[#D|duplicate bridge]], vulnerability is indicated on [[#B|boards]], in [[#R|rubber bridge]], it is determined in other ways). Vulnerability affects the scoring, i.e. both size of [[#B|bonuses]] for making [[#C|contracts]] and [[#P|penalties]]. In [[#D|duplicate bridge]], [[#B|boards]] are designed so that every pair is vulnerable on approximately 50%, and non-vulnerable on other 50% of [[#D|deals]]. Vulnerability affects bidding tactics, as the ratios between potential [[#S|scores]] available for both pairs change.
;Vulnerable: The state of [[#V|vulnerability]] where both [[#B|bonuses]] and [[#P|penalties]] are higher; in other words, more is at stake for a pair which is vulnerable. In [[Contract bridge]] a pair is vulnerable when they have won one game towrds a [[#R|rubber]].
==W==
;[[Weak Twos convention]]: A convention whereby an opening bid of two of a suit indicates a weak hand, but a long suit. This is a form of [[#P|preempt]].
;WBF: [[World Bridge Federation]], the worldwide governing body of the game.
==Y==
;Yarborough: A hand containing no card higher than a ten. A very bad hand.
==See also==
*[[Contract bridge]]
*[[Duplicate bridge]]
==External links==
*[http://www.bridgeguys.com/glossbridgemain.html Comprehensive bridge glossary at Bridge Guys]
[[Category:Bridge|*]]
[[Category:Glossaries]]
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