History of HIV/AIDS and Template talk:Dundee F.C. squad: Difference between pages

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[[Image:HIV-budding.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|[[Scanning electron microscope|Scanning electron micrograph]] of HIV-1 budding from cultured [[lymphocyte]].]]

==Surname sort==

The default sort is by squad number, but only 2 players are shown with a number, 20 have no number. This is unusual as no other squad list has more numberless unless the whole squad is numberless.

[[AIDS]] is thought to have originated in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] during the 20th century. It was transferred to humans by a similar route as some classic [[Old World]] infectious diseases. The ancient Old World was the incubator of many diseases like [[smallpox]] because it had large human populations in close association with large animal populations, especially those that lived in [[herd]]s or social groups.

So I went with the majority and sorted by surname. The club article has no squad numbers shown at all, so this sort method seems to make sense. &nbsp;<font face="verdana">[[User:Slumgum|slυмgυм]]<small>&nbsp;[[User talk:Slumgum|[&nbsp;←]][[Special:Contributions/Slumgum|→&nbsp;]]]</small></font> 17:43, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

== Spread from animal to human populations ==

[[HIV]] originated in [[primates]] as far as is known. Possible ways for this virus to have originally infected humans include the hunting and eating of the original primate species; a [[bite]] would be another possible route. A more controversial theory known as the [[OPV AIDS hypothesis]] suggests that the AIDS epidemic was inadvertently started in the [[Belgian Congo]] by [[Hilary Koprowski]]'s 1950s research into a [[polio]] [[vaccine]] prepared from tissue cultures using locally captured primates.<ref name=Curtis>{{

cite journal |

author=Curtis, T. |

title=The origin of AIDS|

journal=Rolling Stone | year=1992 | pages=54-59, 61, 106, 108 | volume= | issue=626 | url=http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/dissent/documents/AIDS/Curtis92.html

}}</ref><ref

name=Hooper>{{

cite book

| author = Hooper, E.

| year = 1999

| title = The River : A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS

| edition = 1st

| pages = 1-1070

| publisher = Little Brown & Co

| ___location = Boston, MA

| id = ISBN 0-316-37261-7

}}</ref>

After the initial transfer of HIV from primate to human, the virus ultimately spread via contact among humans to the rest of the world.

Since a cross species jump is most likely the origin of HIV, and since HIV became a true epidemic, transmissible from human to human, then the following conditions were needed:

# A large human population,

# A large nearby population of the appropriate host animal,

# An infectious pathogen in the host animal, that eventually produces a mutation that can spread from animal to human,

# Interaction between the species to transmit enough of it to humans to establish a human foothold, which may take millions of individual exposures,

# A mutation of same pathogen that can spread from human to human,

# Some method that allows the pathogen to disperse widely. This prevents the infection from "burning out" by either killing off its human hosts or provoking immunity in a local population of humans.

Such requirements existed in the remote past with [[smallpox]], and also with the 20th century [[Spanish Flu]], despite the latter's New World origin at Fort Riley, Kansas (there the animal reservoir seems to have been two species, [[chicken]]s and [[pig]]s, which were of Old World origin.)

Two species of [[HIV]] infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more virulent and more easily transmitted. HIV-1 is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world, while HIV-2 is less easily transmitted and is largely confined to [[West Africa]].<ref>[http://www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk/JGVDirect/18253/18253ft.htm http://www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk/JGVDirect/18253/18253ft.htm]</ref>

Both species of the virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2) are believed to have originated in West-Central Africa and jumped species ([[zoonosis]]) from primates to humans. HIV-1 evolved from a [[Simian Immunodeficiency Virus]] (SIV_{<small>cpz</small>}) found in the [[chimpanzee]] subspecies ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/abs/397436a0_fs.html http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/abs/397436a0_fs.html]</ref> DNA sequencing indicates that HIV-1 (group M) entered the human population in the early 20th century, probably sometime between 1915 and 1941.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10846155&dopt=Abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10846155&dopt=Abstract]</ref><ref>[http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/papers/Lemey%20et%20al%20(2004)%20Genetics.pdf http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/papers/Lemey%20et%20al%20(2004)%20Genetics.pdf]</ref> HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, this one found in [[sooty mangabey]]s (an [[Old World monkey]]) of [[Guinea-Bissau]].<ref>[http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/publications.html?id=132 http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/publications.html?id=132]</ref>

SIVs in non-human primates tend to cause non-fatal disease. Comparison of the gene sequence of SIV with HIV should therefore give us information about the factors necessary to cause disease in humans. The factors that determine the virulence of HIV as compared to most SIVs are only now being elucidated. Non-human SIVs contain a ''nef'' gene that down-regulates [[CD3]], [[CD4]], and [[MHC class I]] expression; most non-human SIV's therefore do not induce immunodeficiency; the HIV ''nef'' gene however has lost its ability to down-regulate CD3, which results in the immune activation and apoptosis that is characteristic of chronic HIV infection.<ref>{{Cite journal | author=Schindler M, Münch J, Kutsch O, ''et al.'' | title=Nef-mediated suppression of T cell activation was lost in a lentiviral lineage that gave rise to HIV-1 | journal=Cell | year=2006 | volume=125 | pages=1055&ndash;67 | doi=10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.033 }}</ref>

== History of known cases and spread ==

One of the earliest documented HIV-1 infection dates from [[1959]], and was discovered in the preserved blood sample of a man from Leopoldville, Belgian Congo (nowadays [[Kinshasa]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]).<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v391/n6667/abs/391594a0_fs.html http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v391/n6667/abs/391594a0_fs.html]</ref> However, it is unknown whether this anonymous person ever developed AIDS and died of its complications. The oldest documented case of the then-unknown syndrome was detected that same year, when a 25-year-old [[Briton|British]] [[sailor]] who had traveled in the navy between [[1955]] and [[1957]] (but apparently not to Africa), sought help at the Royal Infirmary of [[Manchester]], [[England]]. He reported to have been suffering from puzzling symptoms, among them purplish [[skin lesion]]s, for nearly two years. His condition had taken a turn for worse during Christmas [[1958]], when he started suffering from [[shortness of breath]], extreme [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], rapid [[weight loss]], [[night sweats]] and high [[fever]]. The doctors thought he might be suffering from [[tuberculosis]] and, even though they found no evidence of bacterial infection, they treated him for tuberculosis just to be safe, to no avail. The sailor continued to weaken and he died shortly after in August 1959. His autopsy revealed evidence of two unusual infections, [[cytomegalovirus]] and [[Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia|''Pneumocystis carinii'' pneumonia]] (PCP, renamed ''Pneumocystis jiroveci'' pneumonia), very rare at the time but now commonly associated with AIDS patients. His case had puzzled his doctors, who preserved tissue samples from him and for years retained some interest in solving the mystery. Sir Robert Platt, then president of the Royal College of Physicians, wrote in the sailor's hospital chart that he wondered ''"if we are in for a new wave of virus disease now that the bacterial illnesses are so nearly conquered"''. It was only 31 years later, after the AIDS pandemic had become well-known and widespread, that they decided to perform HIV-tests on the preserved tissues of the sailor, which eventually turned out a positive result. The case was reported in the July 7, 1990 issue of the British medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]''; their claim was retracted in a letter in the January 20, 1996 issue where they admitted that the tissue sample was contaminated in the laboratory (Corbitt G, Bailey A, Williams G. ''HIV infection in Manchester, 1959'' . Lancet 1990; ii: 51.)<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C0CEFDE133EF937A15754C0A966958260]

</ref><ref>http://www.newsrx.com/newsletters/AIDS-Weekly/1996-01-29/01299613278859AW.html {{cite news

|url = http://www.newsrx.com/newsletters/AIDS-Weekly/1996-01-29/01299613278859AW.html

|title = Researchers Admit Being Wrong About Suspected 1959 AIDS Case

|publisher = AIDS Weekly

|date = January 29, 1996

}}</ref> Another early case was probably detected that same year, 1959, in a 48-year-old [[Haiti|Haitian]], who 30 years before had immigrated to the United States and at the time was working as a shipping clerk for a garment manufacturer in [[Manhattan]]. He developed similar symptoms to those just described for the British sailor, and died the same year, apparently of the same very rare kind of pneumonia. Many years later, Dr. Gordon R. Hennigar, who had performed this man's autopsy, was asked whether he thought his patient had died of AIDS; he replied "''You bet''" and added "''It was so unusual at the time. Lord knows how many cases of AIDS have been autopsied that we didn't even know had AIDS. I think it's such a strong possibility that I've often thought about getting them to send me the tissue samples.''"<ref>http://www.aegis.org/news/ct/1987/CT871004.html</ref>

In [[1969]], a 15-year-old [[African-American]] male died at the [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] City Hospital from aggressive [[Kaposi's sarcoma]]. AIDS was suspected as early as [[1984]], and in [[1987]], researchers at [[Tulane University School of Medicine]] confirmed this, finding HIV-1 in his preserved blood and tissues. The doctors who worked on his case at the time suspected he was a prostitute, though the patient did not discuss his sexual history with them in detail.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3418874&dopt=Abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3418874&dopt=Abstract]</ref><ref>[http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/Abstracts/rr99.html http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/Abstracts/rr99.html]</ref><ref>[http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-01-03 http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-01-03]</ref><ref>[http://ww2.aegis.org/news/ct/1987/CT871003.html http://ww2.aegis.org/news/ct/1987/CT871003.html]</ref><ref>{{cite news

|first = GINA

|last = KOLATA

|url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD6173AF93BA15753C1A961948260&sec=health&pagewanted=all

|title = BOY'S 1969 DEATH SUGGESTS AIDS INVADED U.S. SEVERAL TIMES

|publisher = New York Times

|date = October 28, 1987

}}</ref>

In [[1976]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] sailor named [[Arvid Noe]], his wife, and his nine-year-old daughter died of AIDS. The sailor had first presented symptoms in [[1969]], four years after he had spent time in ports along the West African coastline. Tissue samples from the sailor and his wife were tested in 1988 and found to contain the HIV-1 virus (Group O).<ref>[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7123/1689 http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7123/1689]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2897596&dopt=Abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2897596&dopt=Abstract]</ref> The next documented western death from AIDS was that of Dr. [[Grethe Rask]] in [[1977]]. Rask, a [[Denmark|Danish]] surgeon, had worked in the Congo in the early 1970s.

It appears that either HIV existed in very low levels in the [[United States of America|United States]] in periods prior to [[1981]], or it may have gone [[extinct]] in the United States at times, with the present infection established in the USA about [[1976]]. HIV in [[Africa]] likewise was at first at levels too low to be noticed. In the United States and Africa HIV was at first mostly found only in residents of large cities. The infection is now more widespread in rural areas, and has appeared in regions such as [[China]] and [[India]], where it was previously not evident.

Author [[Randy Shilts]] mentioned that what was later called AIDS became evident in the [[gay]] community in the [[Fire Island, New York]] area in the four years after the 1976 Bicentennial celebrations. The infection tended to double in numbers about every nine to ten months. It therefore took a couple of years before a new disease was suspected because there were at first not enough symptomatic individuals to be noticed.

The official date for the beginning of the AIDS epidemic is marked as [[June 5]], [[1981]], when the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] reported in its ''[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]]'' newsletter that unusual clusters of ''[[Pneumocystis carinii]]'' pneumonia had been discovered in [[gay]] men in [[Los Angeles]] in the early [[1980s]].<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm MMWR Weekly, June 5, 1981]</ref> Over the next eighteen months, more PCP clusters were discovered among otherwise healthy men in cities throughout the country, along with other opportunistic diseases (such as [[Kaposi's sarcoma]]<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001111.htm MMWR Weekly, June 11, 1982]</ref> and persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001096.htm MMWR Weekly, May 21, 1982]</ref>), common in [[immunosuppressed]] patients.

In June [[1982]], a report of a group of cases amongst gay men in [[Southern California]] suggested that a [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted]] [[infectious disease|infectious agent]] might be the [[etiology|etiological]] agent,<ref name ="MMWR Weekly, 1982">[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001114.htm MMWR Weekly, June 18, 1982]</ref> and the syndrome was initially termed 'GRID' (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency<ref name="GRID">[http://www.aegis.org/news/nyt/1982/NYT820610.html The New York Times - June 18, 1982 ]</ref>). However, the same opportunistic infections also began to be reported among [[hemophiliacs]],<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001126.htm MMWR Weekly, July 16, 1982]</ref> [[heterosexual]] [[intravenous drug]] users, and Haitian immigrants.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001123.htm MMWR Weekly July 09, 1982]</ref> By August 1982, the disease was being referred to by its new name: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7089584&query_hl=19 Marx et al., 1982]</ref> An anagram of AIDS, SIDA, was then coined for use in Portuguese (Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida) in French (Syndrome d'Immuno-Déficience Acquise) and Spanish (Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida).<ref>[http://www.invs.sante.fr/beh/ Direction Générale De La Santé, 1982]</ref>

== Identification of the virus ==

In May [[1983]], doctors from Dr. [[Luc Montagnier]]'s team at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[France]], reported that they had isolated a new [[retrovirus]] from [[lymph node|lymphoid ganglions]] that they believed was the cause of AIDS.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6189183&query_hl=26 Barre-Sinoussi et al., 1983]</ref> The virus was later named lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) and a sample was sent to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, which was later passed to the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI).<ref>Connor and Kingman, 1988 (ISBN 0-14-011397-5)</ref> In May [[1984]], Dr [[Robert Gallo]] of the NCI also isolated a virus that caused AIDS, and named it Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-III (HTLV-III).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6200935&query_hl=28 Popovic et al., 1984]</ref> In January [[1985]] a number of more detailed reports were published concerning LAV and HTLV-III, and by March it was clear that the viruses were the same, from the same source, and was the etiological agent of AIDS.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2983427&query_hl=30 Marx, 1985]</ref><ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v363/n6428/abs/363466a0.html;jsessionid=558F640A131E25D5A6DF08F63367BBA8 Chang et al., 1993]</ref> In May [[1986]], the [[International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses]] ruled that both names should be dropped and a new name, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), be used.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3010128&query_hl=34 Coffin et al., 1986]</ref>

==Further reading==

* [[Edward Hooper]], ''[[The River]]'', [[Little Brown and Company]], 1999, ISBN 0-316-37261-7.

* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5452132 AIDS, 1981: Mystery of an Emerging Epidemic] by Brenda Wilson. ''All Things Considered'', June 5, 2006. [[National Public Radio]]. Audio, 13 min. (Early cases in [[New York City]].)

==Notes==

<div class="references-small">

<references/>

</div>

{{AIDS}}

[[Category:AIDS origin hypotheses]]

[[fr:Origine du sida]]