Fentanyl and Chicago (2002 film): Difference between pages

Revision as of 02:57, 28 July 2006

Revision as of 23:21, 21 July 2007

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{{otheruses4|the 2002 film||Chicago (disambiguation)}}

{{drugbox

{{Infobox Film |

| IUPAC_name = N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)-N-phenyl-propanamide

name = Chicago |

| image = Fentanyl-2D-skeletal.png

image = Chicagopostercast.jpg|200px|Promotional poster for ''Chicago'' |

| CAS_number = 437-38-7

imdb_id = 0299658 |

| ATC_prefix = N01

writer = [[Maurine Dallas Watkins]] (play),<br />[[Bob Fosse]] (musical),<br />[[Fred Ebb]] (musical),<br />[[Bill Condon]] |

| ATC_suffix = AH01

starring = [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] <br /> [[Renée Zellweger]] <br /> [[Richard Gere]] <br /> [[Queen Latifah]] <br /> [[John C. Reilly]] <br /> [[Lucy Liu]] <br /> [[Taye Diggs]] <br /> [[Colm Feore]]

| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N02|AB03}}

|

| PubChem = 3345

director = [[Rob Marshall]] |

| DrugBank = APRD00347

producer = [[Martin Richards (producer)|Martin Richards]]|

| chemical_formula = C₂₂H₂₈N₂O

music = [[John Kander]]<br>[[Fred Ebb]]<br>[[Danny Elfman]] |

| molecular_weight = 336.471 g/mol

distributor = [[Miramax Films]] |

| melting_point = 87.5

released = [[December 27]], [[2002]]|

| bioavailability =

runtime = 113 min. |

| protein_bound = 13 and 21%

language = English |

| metabolism =

amg_id = 1:272628 |

| elimination_half-life = 7 (range 3-12) hours

budget = $45 million [http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=chicago.htm]|

| pregnancy_category = unsafe

}}

| legal_status = prescription only

| routes_of_administration = TD, IM, IV, oral}}

'''Fentanyl''' is an [[opioid]] [[analgesic]], first synthesized in [[Belgium]] in the late [[1950s]], with an analgesic potency of about 80 times that of [[morphine]]. It was introduced into medical practice in the [[1960s]] as an intravenous [[anesthetic]] under the trade name of Sublimaze. Fentanyl has an [[LD50|LD<font size ="-1">₅₀</font>]] of 3.1 milligrams per kilogram in rats. The LD<font size ="-1">₅₀</font> in humans is not known. Fentanyl is a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule II drugs|Schedule II drug]].

'''''Chicago''''' is a [[2002 in film|2002]] [[USA|American]] [[musical film]] released by [[Miramax Films]]. First released in limited cities on [[December 27]], [[2002]], ''Chicago'' opened in wide release on [[January 24]], [[2003]]. An [[film adaptation|adaptation]] of the [[Satire|satirical]] [[Musical theatre|stage musical]] ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'', the film explores the themes of [[celebrity]] and [[scandal]] in [[Jazz#History##1920s to 1950s|Jazz age]] [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]. Directed and choreographed by [[Rob Marshall]], and adapted for film by screenwriter [[Bill Condon]], ''Chicago'' won six [[Academy Awards]] in 2003, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]. The film was the first musical film to win the Best Picture Oscar since ''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]'' (1968).

==Analogues==

''Chicago'' centers around Velma Kelly and Roxie Hart, two murderesses who find themselves on death row together in [[1920]]s Chicago. Velma, a professional vaudevillian, and Roxie, a housewife with aspirations of being a star, fight for the fame that will keep them from the gallows. The film stars [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]], [[Renée Zellweger]], and [[Richard Gere]], also featuring [[Queen Latifah]], [[John C. Reilly]], [[Lucy Liu]], [[Taye Diggs]], and [[Colm Feore]].

The pharmaceutical industry has developed several analogues of fentanyl:

== Synopsis ==

* [[Alfentanil]] (Alfenta), an ultra-short acting (5&ndash;10 minutes) analgesic,

Velma Kelly ([[Catherine Zeta-Jones]]) is a [[vaudeville]] star whose celebrity is only increased by her double murder of her adulterous husband and her sister. Roxie Hart ([[Renée Zellweger]]) is a nobody who dreams of the fame and wealth of a singing career. When she shoots her abusive lover, who lied about his ability to get her a job as a performer, she is sent to murderesses' row. There she meets Velma Kelly.

* [[Sufentanil]] (Sufenta), a potent analgesic (5 to 10 times more potent than fentanyl) for use in heart surgery.

* [[Remifentanil]], currently the shortest acting opioid, has the benefit of rapid offset, even after prolonged infusions.

* [[Carfentanil]] (Wildnil) is an analogue of fentanyl with an analgesic potency 10,000 times that of morphine and is used in veterinary practice to immobilize certain large animals.

Facing [[Capital punishment|death row]], Roxie sends her sad-sack husband Amos ([[John C. Reilly]]) to hire Billy Flynn ([[Richard Gere]]), Chicago's most famous and successful [[defense attorney]], who promises to turn her case into a celebrity murder trial and get her acquitted. Flynn and Roxie manipulate the press and the public and Roxie becomes famous. When Billy recognizes Roxie's potential, Roxie and Velma become locked in a rivalry to outdo each other in stardom. The tables are turned on both ladies, however, when a new killer &mdash; a wealthy woman who killed her husband and ''both'' of his mistresses &mdash; named Kitty ([[Lucy Liu]]) enters the scene.

==Therapeutic use==

All forms of fentanyls are to be used only by [[opioid]]-tolerant patients; several deaths have occurred when used by other patients.

Today, fentanyls are extensively used for [[anesthesia]] and [[analgesia]]. [[Duragesic]], by [[Janssen Pharmaceutica]], is a fentanyl transdermal patch used in chronic pain management. Duragesic patches work by releasing fentanyl into subcutaneous fats, which then slowly release the drug into the blood stream over 72 hours, allowing for long lasting relief from pain. In the past few years, the patches have gone [[generic]] and are available for lower costs. Duragesic is manufactured in five patch sizes: 12.5 [[Microgram#SI multiples|µg]]/h, 25 µg/h, 50 µg/h, 75 µg/h, and 100 µg/h. Dosage is based on the size of the patch, since the transdermal absorption rate is generally constant at skin temperature.

Roxie manages to steal back attention by falsely claiming to be pregnant. Using this lie as well as a 'reformed criminal' story, she enters the courthouse with Billy. Everything goes fine until Velma shows up with Roxie's diary, reading incriminating entries, that Roxie claims to never have written, in exchange for amnesty. Using some quick talking, Billy manages to get Roxie off the hook and she is proclaimed innocent.

[[Actiq]], by Cephalon, is a recently-developed solid formulation of fentanyl citrate on a [[lollipop|stick]] in the form of a lollipop that dissolves slowly in the mouth for transmucosal absorption. Actiq is intended for opioid-tolerant individuals and is effective in treating [[BTCP|breakthrough cancer pain]]. It is also useful for breakthrough pain for those suffering bone injuries, severe back pain, neuropathy, arthritis, and some other examples of chronic nonmalignant pain. The unit is a berry-flavored lozenge on a stick which is swabbed on the mucosal surfaces inside the mouth — under and on the tongue and gums — to release the fentanyl quickly into the system. It is most effective when the lozenge is consumed in 15 minutes. The drug is less effective if swallowed, absorption from the alimentary tract being poor. Actiq is available in six dosages, from 200 to 1600 µg in 200 µg increments (excluding 1000 µg and 1400 µg).

Much to Roxie's dismay however, her publicity is short lived as the public's attention turns quickly to a new murderess. Roxie leaves the courthouse after finding out that Billy wrote the false diary entries and sent the journal to Velma to get Miss Kelly off [[death row]]. With nothing left, Roxie once more sets off to find a stage career, but has little success. She is approached by Velma who is willing to revive a two person act with Roxie. Although Roxie refuses at first saying that she hates Velma, she ends up agreeing and the act becomes a big hit.

Fentanyl is frequently given intrathecally as part of [[spinal anesthesia]] or epidurally for [[epidural anesthesia]] and [[epidural analgesia|analgesia]]

The movie ends with the duo performing their act for a huge audience, including Billy Flynn and Mama Morton, and Roxie happily calls out to everyone "Believe us, we could not have done this without you!"

==Illicit use==

Illicit use of pharmaceutical fentanyls first appeared in the mid-[[1970s]] in the medical community and continues in the present. United States authorities classify fentanyl as a [[narcotic]]. To date, over 12 different analogues of fentanyl have been produced clandestinely and identified in the U.S. drug traffic. The biological effects of the fentanyls are similar to those of [[heroin]], with the exception that there is less of a euphoric 'high' associated with the drug and a stronger analgesic effect. Additionally, fentanyl may be hundreds of times more potent - in some places, it is sold as heroin, often leading to many overdoses. Fentanyl also has a shorter half-life than that of heroin, (excepting the [[Duragesic]] patch) and is most commonly used through intravenous administration, but like heroin, can also be smoked or snorted. One common street name for fentanyl is ''china white''. This is not always accurate, as it was originally given to alpha-methyl-fentanyl, although in recent years this terminology has faded somewhat. AMF has longer metabolism than fentanyl because the methyl group slows metabolism.

==Production==

[[Actiq]] has begun to appear on the streets under the street name of "percopop", although the cost of the drug for actual patients is approximately [[United States dollar|US$]]16 to US$50 for each unit (based on strength of lozenge), with the black market cost is anywhere from US$20 to US$60 per unit, depending on the strength.

''Chicago'' was filmed in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. The courthouse was in [[Osgoode Hall]]. Other scenes were filmed at [[Queen's Park, Toronto|Queen's Park]], the former [[Distillery District|Gooderham and Worts Distillery]], [[Casa Loma]], the [[Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres|Elgin Theatre]], [[Union Station]], the [[Canada Life Building]], the Danforth Music Hall, and at the Old City Hall.

The film is based on the hit musical ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'', the original [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production of which (in 1975) had not been especially well-received by audiences due to the show's cynical tone. The minimalist [[1996]] revival enjoyed a great deal more success, however, and the influences of both productions can be seen in the film version. The original production's musical numbers were staged as [[vaudeville]] acts, which presented some problems when transferring from stage to screen. The movie version allowed the vaudeville scenes to happen by transferring the musical numbers to an imaginary stage in Roxie's fantasies, while keeping the pared-down flavor of the revival production.

Many heroin dealers mix Fentanyl powder with larger amounts of heroin in order to maximize potency and increase the market share of their product. As of late May 2006, a mix of fentanyl and either [[cocaine]] or [[heroin]] has caused an outbreak in overdose deaths in the United States, heavily concentrated in the cities of [[Detroit]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Camden]], [[Chicago]], and [[Little Rock]]. The mixture of fentanyl and heroin is known as "magic" on the street. <ref>[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060623/METRO/606230339/1003 Fentanyl probe nets 3 suspects] by Norman Sinclair and Ronald J. Hansen, The Detroit News, June 23, 2006, retrieved June 25, 2006.</ref>

== Cast and characters ==

Both [[Actiq]] and [[Duragesic]] are becoming as popular as [[Oxycontin]] in pharmacy burglaries and robberies. In the U.S., law enforcement agencies are being instructed in how to tell the difference between Actiq and other medications, by sight, so they are better able to notice abuse of the drug.

[[Image:Catherine zeta jones1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Velma and Roxie]]

*[[Renée Zellweger]] as Roxie Hart, a nobody in the big city dreaming of stardom and willing to do anything to get it.

*[[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] as Velma Kelly, a Chicago staple, a singing and dancing sensation and half of the duo The Kelly Sisters and Roxie's idol.

*[[Richard Gere]] as Billy Flynn, a big-shot lawyer who is known for making his clients loved by the public.

*[[John C. Reilly]] as Amos Hart, Roxie's naïve, hard-working, albeit boring spouse.

*[[Queen Latifah]] as Matron "Mama" Morton, the matron of Cook County Jail, whose philosophy is "When you're good to Mama, Mama's good to you".

*[[Christine Baranski]] as Mary Sunshine, the personification of the sensationalist news media.

== Awards and nominations ==

===Street Names===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 23em; font-size: 85%;"

*China White

|- bgcolor="#cccccc" align=center

*China Girl

! colspan="2" | Academy Awards record

*Dance fever

|-

| '''1. Best Supporting Actress''', [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]]

|-

| '''2. Best Art Direction''', [[John Myhre]], [[Gordon Sim]]

|-

| '''3. Best Costume Design''', [[Colleen Atwood]]

|-

| '''4. Best Editing''', [[Martin Walsh]]

|-

| '''5. Best Picture''', [[Martin Richards]]

|-

| '''6. Best Sound''', [[Michael Minkler]], [[Dominick Tavella]], [[David Lee]]

|- bgcolor="#cccccc" align=center

! colspan="2" | Golden Globe Awards record

|-

| '''1. Best Musical/Comedy Picture'''

|-

| '''2. Best Musical/Comedy Actor''', [[Richard Gere]]

|-

| '''3. Best Musical/Comedy Actress''', Renée Zellweger

|- bgcolor="#cccccc" align=center

! colspan="2" | BAFTA Awards record

|-

| '''1. Best Supporting Actress''', Catherine Zeta-Jones

|-

| '''2. Best Sound''', Michael Minkler, Dominick Tavella, David Lee, [[Maurice Schell]]

|-

|}

===Academy Awards===

==References==

''Chicago'' won six [[Academy Awards]]:

<references/>

*[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] ([[Martin Richards]])

==See also==

*[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] ([[Catherine Zeta-Jones]])

*[[Opioid]]

*[[Academy Award for Film Editing|Best Editing]] ([[Martin Walsh]])

*[[Heroin]]

*[[Academy Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] ([[John Myhre]])

*[[Morphine]]

*[[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] ([[Colleen Atwood]])

*[[Psychoactive drug]]

*[[Academy Award for Sound|Best Sound]] (Michael Minkler, Dominick Tavella and [[David Lee]])

It was nominated for seven others:

*[[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] ([[Rob Marshall]])

*[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] ([[Renée Zellweger]])

*[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] ([[John C. Reilly]])

*[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] ([[Queen Latifah]])

*[[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] ([[Dion Beebe]])

*[[Academy Award for Best Song|Best Song]] ("I Move On" by [[John Kander]] and [[Fred Ebb]])

*[[Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] ([[Bill Condon]]).

===Golden Globes===

''Chicago'' won three [[Golden Globe]] Awards: Best Picture (Musical or Comedy), Best Actress in Musical or Comedy ([[Renée Zellweger]]), and Best Actor in Musical or Comedy ([[Richard Gere]]).

It was nominated for five more: Best Director (Rob Marshall), Best Actress in Musical or Comedy (Catherine Zeta-Jones), Best Supporting Actor (John C. Reilly), Best Supporting Actress (Queen Latifah), and Best Screenplay (Bill Condon).

===Other===

In 2006 this film ranked #12 on the [[American Film Institute]]'s [[AFI's 100 Years of Musicals|list of best musicals]].

==Songs==

:See also: ''[[Chicago: Music From the Miramax Motion Picture]]''

*"All That Jazz" - Velma Kelly & Company

*"Funny Honey" - Roxie Hart

*"When You're Good to Mama" - Matron "Mama" Morton

*"Cell Block Tango" -Liz, Annie, June, Katelin Helenski, Velma Kelly, Mona

*"All I Care About" - Billy Flynn

*"We Both Reached for the Gun" - Billy Flynn & Roxie Hart

*"Roxie" - Roxie Hart

*"I Can't Do It Alone" - Velma Kelly

*"Mister Cellophane" - Amos Hart

*"Razzle Dazzle" - Billy Flynn & Company

*"Class" - Velma Kelly and Matron "Mama" Morton**

**This song performed by Queen Latifah and Catherine Zeta-Jones was filmed, but it was cut from the film. The scene was later included on the DVD release and the film's broadcast television premiere on [[NBC]] in 2005, and the song was included on the soundtrack album.

*"Nowadays" - Roxie Hart

*"Nowadays / Hot Honey Rag" - Roxie Hart and Velma Kelly

*"I Move On" - Roxie Hart and Velma Kelly

==Sources==

The movie is based on the [[Kander and Ebb]] [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[musical theater|musical]], ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'', which was based on the [[Maurine Dallas Watkins|Maurine Watkins]] play, ''[[Chicago (play)|Chicago]]'', which was in turn based on the stories of two Jazz-era killers, [[Beulah Annan]] and [[Belva Gaertner]]. The film follows a similar plot to William Wellman's 1942 film [[Roxie Hart (film)|Roxie Hart]], starring [[Ginger Rogers]]. It also bears many strong resemblances to ''[[Cabaret (film)|Cabaret]]''.

Ultimately, the satiric presentation of a criminal underworld that mirrors the "respectable" world of daily life goes back to [[The Beggar's Opera]].

==Trivia==

{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}

*[[Anastacia]] enters in the soundtrack with the song "[[Love Is A Crime]]". The song had a video but it was never released as a single, due to the singer's recently announced breast [[cancer]]. When [[Anastacia]] was shooting the video she had a 40°C(104°F) degree fever.

*''Chicago'' was to have been the next movie project for legendary stage and film [[choreographer]] and director [[Bob Fosse]], who directed and choreographed the original Broadway production. Although he died before the film was made, the influence of his distinctive jazz choreography style can be detected throughout the film. In particular, the parallels to ''[[Cabaret (film)|Cabaret]]'' are numerous and distinct. He is thanked in the movie's credits.

*[[Chita Rivera]], who originated the role of Velma Kelly on Broadway in 1975, makes a cameo appearance as "Nicky."

*[[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] began her career in musicals, appearing in the lead role of ''[[42nd Street (musical)|42nd Street]]'' in [[London]]'s [[West End theatre|West End]] at the age of just seventeen.

*[[Britney Spears]] was considered for the role of Kitty, that later went to [[Lucy Liu]]. Britney Spears was suggested by the director, but due to heavy schedules Lucy Liu was hired instead.

*Four years before filming began, [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] announced in a number of interviews she would play Roxie opposite [[Liza Minnelli]] as Velma. This version was to be directed by [[Nicholas Hytner]]. It is unknown as to why Madonna pulled out.

*[[John Travolta]] was originally offered the role of Billy Flynn. Richard Gere played the role instead. It is the third time Gere has had success playing part that was first offered to Travolta, following ''[[American Gigolo]]'' and ''[[An Officer and a Gentleman]]''.

*[[Rosie O'Donnell]] was also considered for the role of Matron "Mama" Morton.

*A [[1942]] movie called ''Roxie Hart'' starred [[Ginger Rogers]] as Roxie and [[Adolphe Menjou]] as Billy Flynn. The movie followed essentially the same story line as ''Chicago''. The only singing or dancing was done by Rogers.

*[[Nicole Kidman]] turned down the part of "Roxie Hart" because she had already starred in the musical [[Moulin Rouge]], and she didn't want to star in two musicals in a row. She decided to star in [[The Hours (film)|The Hours]] instead.

*[[Hugh Jackman]], who is 19 years younger than Richard Gere, turned down the role of Billy Flynn, feeling that he couldn't handle it. He has stated several times that he regrets doing so.

==External links==

{{wikiquote}}

* [http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/02110b.htm Description of use of Fentanyl in Russia as an incapacitating weapon]

* [http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/fentanyl.html US DEA information: fentanyl]

*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16152 New York Review of Books: Hilton Als' "Girls & Guns"]

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2377563.stm BBC news report on Russian siege story]

* [http://www.chicagodefendermiramax.com/pagechicago/local.cfm?ArticleID=5844 Amid fentanyl deaths, investigation, addicts keep using] in theMiramax ''[[Chicago'' Defenderhomepage]]''

*{{imdb title|id=0299658|title=Chicago}}

*[http://www.moviehole.net/news/20041130_4621.html Catherine Zeta-Jones interview]

<br clear=all>

{{start box}}{{s-awards}}

{{succession box |

| before = ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]

| after = ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (film)|The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]

| title = [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]

| years = 2002

|}}

{{succession box |

title = [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe: Best Motion Picture, Musical or Comedy]] |

years = 2002 |

before = ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' |

after = ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' |

}}

{{end box}}

{{AcademyAwardBestPicture 2001-2020}}

{{General anesthetics}}

{{Analgesics}}

<!-- Renée Zellweger -->

[[Category:Analgesics]]

<!-- John C. Reilly -->

[[Category:Opioids]]

<!-- Catherine Zeta-Jones -->

[[Category:Piperidines]]

<!-- "I Move On" -->

[[Category:Criminology topics]]

[[Category:2002 films]]

[[Category:Musical films]]

[[Category:Miramax films]]

[[Category:Films based on plays]]

[[Category:Best Picture Academy Award winners]]

[[Category:Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe]]

[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winning performance]]

[[Category:Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance]]

[[Category:Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance]]

[[Category:Edgar Award winning works]]

[[Category:Films set in Chicago]]

[[Category:Films with a capital punishment theme]]

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