|
<div class="boilerplate metadata afd vfd xfd-closed" style="background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
{{Infobox Monarch | name=Shapur I
:''The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this page. ''
| title= The King of the Kings ([[Shahanshah]])<br>The King of Iran and Aniran (Non-Iranian)
<!--Template:Afd top
| image= [[image:Shapur i.jpg]]
| reign= 226–241 - [[272]] CE
| coronation= [[12 April]] [[241]]
| predecessor=[[Ardeshir I]]
| successor=[[Bahram I]]
| queen=
| royal house= [[Sassanid|Sasan]]
| father= [[Ardeshir I]]
| mother= Lady Myrôd of [[Suren-Pahlav Clan]]
| date of birth= ''c.'' [[215]] CE
| place of birth= ''possibly'' [[Firuzabad]]
| date of death= [[272]]
| place of death= [[Bishapur]]
| place of burial= Unknown
}}
'''Shapur I''' ([[Persian language|Persian]] '''شاپور اول'''), son of [[Ardashir I]] (226–241), was [[Sassanid dynasty|King of Persia]] from [[241]] to [[272]]. His mother was Lady Myrōd<ref name="EI">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Shahbazi|first=Shapur|title=Shapur I|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/sup/Shapur_I.html|year=2003|publisher=Mazda|___location=Cosa Mesa|accessdate=2007}}</ref>, an [[Arsacid Dynasty|Arsacid]] princess.<ref>{{cite book|first=E. E.|last=Herzfeld|title=Iran in the Ancient East|___location=New York|year=1988|id=ISBN 0-87817-308-0}} p. 287.</ref>
Note: If you are seeing this page as a result of an attempt to re-nominate an article for deletion, you must manually edit the AfD nomination links in order to create a new discussion page using the name format of [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/PAGENAME (2nd nomination)]]. When you create the new discussion page, please provide a link to this old discussion in your nomination. -->
== Co-rulership ==
Shapur I was the son of [[Ardashir I of Persia|Ardashir I]] and ''Lady Myrôd''. He participated in his father's campaign against the [[Arsacids]]. Ardashir I "judged him the gentlest, wisest, bravest and ablest of all his children" and nominated him as his successor in an assembly of the magnates. He appears in Ardashir I's [[investiture|Sasanian Investiture]] reliefs at Naqš-e Rajab (q.v) and Firuzâbâd as the heir apparent (Hinz, 1969, pp 56ff and passim). He later shared rulership with his father. Bal'ami states that "Ardashir I placed with his own hand his own crown upon Shapur I's head." Mas'udi confirms this, adding that Ardashir I then retired to serve God and lived for a year or longer. The testimony of the Cologne Mani Codex that in [[Mani]]'s twenty-fourth year, i.e. in 240, Ardashir I "subjugated the city of [[Hatra]] and King Shapur I, his son, placed on his head the great (royal) diadem." This codex also indicates a period of synarchy. In late 242, the Emperor [[Gordian III]] (238–244) sent a letter from [[Antioch]] in [[Syria]] to the senate claiming that he had removed the threat "of Persian Kings" (reges persarum) from the city. This means that in 242 Persia had two kings. Indeed, Ardashir I's later coins continues his usual reverse type of an elaborate fire altar and the legend: "Fire of Ardaxštar," but it portrays him facing a youthful prince. This symbolically represents Shapur I, and includes a new legend, "Divine Shapur King of Iran whose seed is from gods." Shapur I's own coins show him wearing his famous mural crown and a fire altar flanked by two attendants. Clearly, Ardashir I issued that series when he appointed Shapur co-regent. A rock-relief at Salmâs in Atropatekan (today known as Azarbaijan) province depicting two horsemen both wearing Ardashir I's lower-type crown also dates from this period of synarchy. Another relief at Dârâbgerd represents a victory of Shapur I over the [[ancient Rome|Romans]], but the King wears Ardashir I's crown, thereby symbolizing the shared victory of both father and son.
The result was '''speedy delete''' by [[User:Jimfbleak|Jimfbleak]], A7. Non-admin closure. [[User:Blueboy96|Blueboy]][[User talk:Blueboy96|96]] 11:10, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
=== Accession ===
===[[50 UK Campus Conversation Topics]]===
The date of Shapur I's coronation has been debated. The testimony of his courtier Âbnun that the Romans marched against Persia "in the 3rd year of Shapur I, King of Kings," proves that Shapur I's accession was in 241. This supports Henning's calculation from the evidence of Bišâpur's inscription that separates Ardashir I's royal fire from that of his son by 17 years. He further interpreted from the Manichean report that the day of Shapur I's coronation "was Sunday, the first of Nisan, when the sun was in Aries" with reference to Sunday [[12 April]], [[241]]. A magnificently executed rock-relief at Naqš-e Rajab symbolically commemorates Shapur I's investiture: Ohrmazd, on horseback, offers the diademed ring of royalty to Shapur I, who is likewise mounted, but his figure has since been mutilated.
:{{la|50 UK Campus Conversation Topics}} – <includeonly>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/50 UK Campus Conversation Topics|View AfD]])</includeonly><noinclude>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2007 July 21#{{anchorencode:50 UK Campus Conversation Topics}}|View log]])</noinclude>
== War against the Roman Empire ==
Advert for non-notable book. The author of the article is probably one of the authors of the book. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 02:21, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
Ardashir I had, towards the end of his reign, renewed the war against the [[Roman Empire]]. Shapur I conquered the [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian]] fortresses [[Nisibis]] and [[Carrhae]] and advanced into [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]]. [[Timesitheus]], father-in-law of the young emperor, [[Gordian III]], drove him back and defeated him at the [[battle of Resaena]] in [[243]]. Timesitheus died shortly afterward, and [[Philip the Arab]] (244–249) murdered Gordian III. Philip then concluded an ignominious peace with the [[Persians]] in [[244]]. When the invasion of the [[Goths]] and the continuous elevation of new emperors after the death of [[Trajan Decius]] ([[251]]) brought the Roman Empire to dissolution, Shapur I resumed his attacks.
*'''Speedy delete.''' Chinese-flavored [[WP:SPAM|spam]]. [[User:Realkyhick|Realkyhick]]
* '''Delete''' Not notable. [[User:Wikidudeman|'''<font color="blue">Wikidudeman</font>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Wikidudeman|(talk)]]</sup> 03:34, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
Shapur I conquered [[Armenia]], invaded Syria, and plundered Antioch. Eventually, Emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] (253–260) marched against him, but was taken prisoner in the Roman-controlled province of [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] when he attempted to meet for negotiations in [[260]]. Shapur I advanced into [[Asia Minor]], but [[Ballista]] beat him back. [[Septimius Odenathus]], prince of [[Palmyra]], rose in his rear, defeated the Persian army, reconquered Carrhae and Nisibis, captured the royal [[harem]], and twice invested [[Ctesiphon]] ([[263]]–[[265]]) in [[Khvarvaran]] province (in present-day [[Iraq]]).
*'''Speedy Delete''' A [http://www.google.com.sg/search?as_q=&hl=en&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=50+UK+Campus+Conversation+Topics&as_oq=&as_eq=wikipedia&lr=&as_ft=i&as_filetype=&as_qdr=all&as_occt=any&as_dt=i&as_sitesearch=&as_rights=&safe=images google search] shows absolutely no hits for this article. It is thus impossible to [[WP:V|verify]] the contents of this article. --<font style="background:gold">[[WP:EA|<font color="green">S</font>]][[User:Siva1979|iva1979]]</font><sup><font style="background:yellow">[[User talk:Siva1979|Talk to me]]</font></sup> 04:27, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
{{Afd bottom}}
Shapur I was unable to resume the offensive and lost Armenia again. According to Persian tradition, he conquered the great fortress of [[Hatra]] in the Mesopotamian desert.
=== Capture of Valerian ===
[[Image:Salmas relief.jpg|thumb|200px|right|This Sassanid relief is located near [[Salmas]], and it is believed to depict either Shapur I or his father, [[Ardashir I]].]]
[[Image:Naqshe rostam.jpg|thumb|200px|Triumph of Shapur I. Bending the knee to his conqueror is [[Philip the Arab]]. In his right hand, Shapur grasps the unlifted arms of [[Emperor Valerian]]; One of his hands is hidden in his sleeve as the sign of submission.]]
One of the great achievements of Shapur I's reign was the capture of the Roman Emperor Valerian. In the valley of [[Istakhr]] (near [[Persepolis]]), under the tombs of the [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenids]] at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]], Shapur I is represented on horseback wearing royal armour and crown. Before him kneels [[Philip the Arab]], in Roman dress, asking for grace. In his right hand the king grasps the uplifted arms of the [[Emperor Valerian]] (some think that the man who is kneeling is Valerian); one of his hands is hidden in his sleeve as the sign of submission. The same scene is represented on the rocks near the ruins of the towns [[Darabjird]] and [[Shapur (place)|Shapur]] in Persia. Shapur I is said to have publicly shamed Valerian by using the Roman Emperor as a footstool when mounting his horse. After Valerian's execution, his skin was removed, filled with dung, painted red, and displayed publicly as a symbol of Shapur I's triumph.
Others sources say that Shapur sent Valerian and some of his army to the city of [[Bishapur]] where they lived in relatively good condition. Shapur used the remaining soldiers in engineering and development plans. Also, in all stone carvings, Valerian is respected and never on his knees.
== Builder of cities ==
Shapur I left other reliefs and rock inscriptions. A relief at [[Nakshi-Rajab]] near Persepolis, is accompanied by a Greek translation. Here Shapur I calls himself "the Mazdayasnian (worshipper of [[Ahuramazda]]), the God Sapores, King of Kings of the [[Aryan]]s, [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]], and non-Aryans, of divine descent, son of the Mazdayasnian, the god [[Artaxares]], King of Kings of the Aryans, grandson of the God-King [[Papak]]." Another long inscription at [[Hajjiabad]] (Istakhr) mentions the King's exploits in archery in the presence of his nobles.
From his titles we learn that Shapur I claimed the sovereignty over the whole [[Earth]], although in reality his ___domain extended little farther than that of Ardashir I.
Shapur I built the great town [[Academy of Gundishapur|Gundishapur]] near the old Achaemenian capital of [[Susa]], and increased the fertility of this rich district by a barrage built by the Roman prisoners through the [[Karun River]] near [[Shushtar]]. It is still called [[Band-i-Kaisar]], "the mole of the Caesar." He is also responsible for building the city of [[Bishapur]], also built by Roman soldiers captured after the defeat of Valerian in [[260]]. Under his reign, the prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]], the founder of [[Manichaeism]], began his preaching in Persia, and the King himself seems to have favoured his ideas.
==Interactions with minorities==
[[Shmuel]], one of the most famous of the ''[[Amoraim]]'' of "[[Bavel]]" ([[Babylonia]]), was occasionally referred to as ''Shvor Malka'', which is the [[Aramaic]] form of the name of the Persian King, by Shapur I, with whom Shmuel was quite friendly. Because of these interactions, many advantages were gained for the Jewish community.
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|year=1998|author=Weigel, Richard D.|title=Valerian and Gallienus|publisher=De Imperatoribus Romanis|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallval.htm}}
* {{1911}}
== See also ==
* [[Bishapur]]
* [[Nishapur]]
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before = [[Ardashir I]]| title = [[template:Sassanid Rulers|Sassanid Ruler]]|years=[[241]]–[[272]]| after = [[Hormizd I]]}}
{{end box}}
[[Category:272 deaths]]
[[Category:Sassanid dynasty]]
[[cs:Šápúr I.]]
[[de:Schapur I.]]
[[es:Sapor I]]
[[fa:شاپور یکم]]
[[fr:Shapur Ier]]
[[gl:Shapur I]]
[[he:שבור הראשון]]
[[it:Sapore I]]
[[nl:Shapur I]]
[[ja:シャープール1世]]
[[no:Sjahpur I av Persia]]
[[pl:Szapur I]]
[[pt:Shapur I da Pérsia]]
[[sk:Šápúr I.]]
[[sl:Šapur I.]]
[[fi:Sapor I]]
[[sv:Shahpour I]]
[[zh:沙普尔一世]]
| 