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sandbox!!!!!!!!!
{{dablink|For other senses of this name, see [[Venice (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Infobox CityIT |
img_coa = Venezia-Stemma.png|
city = Comune di Venezia|
region = [[Veneto]] |
province = [[province of Venice|Venice]] (VE)|
altitude = 0|
area_cityproper = 412|
population_as_of =[[December 31]], [[2004]] |
populationdensity = 271.251|
populationdensitymetric = 646|
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 |
coordinates = {{coor dm|45|26|N|12|19|E}}|
frazioni = Chirignago, Favaro Veneto, [[Mestre]], [[Marghera]], [[Murano]], [[Burano]], [[Giudecca]], [[Lido]], Zelarino|
telephone = 041|
postalcode = 30100|
gentilic = Veneziani|
saint = [[Mark the Evangelist|St. Mark the Evangelist]]|
day = [[April 25]]|
mayor = [[Massimo Cacciari]] (since [[April 18]], [[2005]])|
website = [http://www.comune.venezia.it/ www.comune.venezia.it] |
}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS = Venice and its Lagoon
| Image = [[Image:Venezia 2004.jpg|300px|Venice in summer, with the Rialto Bridge in the background.]]
| State Party = {{ITA}}
| Type = Cultural
| Criteria = i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi
| ID = 394
| Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
| Year = 1987
| Session = 11th
| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394
}}
'''Venice''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Venezia'', [[Venetian language|Venetian]]: ''Venezsia'') is the [[capital city|capital]] of [[Italian regions|region]] [[Veneto]], and has a population of 271,663 (census estimate [[January 1]], [[2004]]). The city is included, with [[Padua, Italy|Padua]] (''Padova''), in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area, population 1,600,000. It has the nickname, "Queen of the Adriatic" and "City of Water". It is the seat for [[EU|Education in Europe]].
My testpage! www.bbs.co.uk
The city stretches across numerous small islands in the marshy [[Venetian Lagoon]] along the [[Adriatic Sea]] in northeast [[Italy]]. The saltwater lagoon stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the [[Po River|Po]] (south) and the [[Piave River|Piave]] (north) Rivers. The population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole [[Comune]] of Venezia; the historic city of Venice (''Centro storico'') inhabitants are around 62,000, while approximately 176,000 people live in ''Terraferma'' (literally ''firm land'', it means the extra-lagoon areas), mostly in the large ''[[frazione]]'' of [[Mestre]] or in [[Marghera]] and 31,000 live in other islands of the lagoon.
[[Image:test.jpg]]
The [[Venetian Republic]] was a major sea power and a [[staging area]] for the [[Crusade]]s, as well as a very important centre of commerce (especially the [[spice trade]]) and [[art]] in the [[Renaissance]].
==History==
{{Main|Republic of Venice}}
===Origins and history===
[[Image:Leguna Veneta.png|thumb|290px|left|Location of Venice in Italy and the Venetian Lagoon.]]
<!-- Can this be verified? -->According to legend, Venice was founded March 25, 421 AD, by Roman refugees fleeing from the [[Goths]]. However, no historical records exist about the origins of Venice. The city was probably founded as a result of the influx of refugees into the marshes of the Po estuary following the invasion which ravaged north-eastern Italy starting from that of Quadi and Marcomanni in 166-168, who destroyed the main center in the area, the current Oderzo. The Roman defenses were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the [[Visigoths]] and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by [[Attila]]. The last and most enduring was that of the [[Lombards]] in 568: this left the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, and the main administrative and religious entities were therefore transferred in this remaining dominion. New ports were built, including those of Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The Byzantine domination in central and northern Italy was largely wiped out by the conquest of the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] in 751 by Aistulf. In this period the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke", later "[[Doge of Venice|doge]]") was located in Malamocco: the settlement in the islands of the lagoon increased probably in correspondence with the Lombard conquest of the Byzantine territories. In 775-776 the bishopric seat of Olivolo (Helibolis) was created. During the reign of duke [[Agnello Particiaco]] (811-827) the ducal seat was moved from Malamocco to the best protected Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore") island, the current ___location of Venice. Here were subsequently built the monastery of St. Zachary, and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defence (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto. In 828 the prestige of the new city was increased by the stealing of the relics of St. Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, an increasingly anti-Eastern character emerged, leading to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence.
[[Image:P1060341.JPG|thumb|right|290px|[[St Mark's Square]] in Venice.]]
[[image:venice09.jpg|thumb|290px|right|View of Venice to [[San Giorgio Maggiore|San Giorgio Maggiore island]] from [[St Mark's Campanile]].]]
===Expansion===
From the ninth to the twelfth century Venice developed into a [[city state]] (an Italian [[thalassocracy]] or ''[[Repubbliche Marinare|Repubblica Marinara]]'', the other three being [[Genoa]], [[Pisa]], and [[Amalfi]]). Its strategic position at head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. The city became a flourishing center of the trade between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Islamic world]]).
In the 12th century the essentials for the power of Venice were laid: the [[Venetian Arsenal]] was under construction in 1104; Venice wrested control of the [[Brenner pass]] from [[Verona]] in 1178, opening a lifeline to silver from [[Germany]]; the last autocratic doge, Vitale Michiele, died in 1172.
The [[Republic of Venice]] seized the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because [[pirate]]s based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of [[Dalmatia]] and Duke of [[Istria]]. Later mainland possessions, which extended across [[Lake Garda]] as far west as the [[Adda River]], were known as "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee [[Alps|Alpine]] trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland [[wheat]], on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic acquired control of most of the islands in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], including [[Cyprus]] and [[Crete]], and became a major power-broker in the [[Near East]]. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as [[Bergamo]], [[Brescia]], and [[Verona, Italy|Verona]] rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
Venice became an imperial power following the [[Fourth Crusade]], which (with Venetian aid) seized [[Constantinople]] in 1204 and established the [[Latin Empire]]; Venice herself carved out a sphere of influence known as the [[Duchy of the Archipelago]]. Unfortunately, this seizure of [[Constantinople]] would ultimately prove to be as much a factor ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes after Manzikert. Though the Greeks recovered control of the ravaged city and Empire a half century later, the Byzantine Empire was effectively powerless, and existed as a ghost of its old self until [[Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror]] took the city in 1453. Considerable plunder was brought back to Venice, including the [[Mark the Evangelist|Winged Lion of St. Mark]], symbol of Venice. Only Venetian ships could efficiently transport the men, supplies, and (especially) war horses.
Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice traded with the Byzantine Empire and the Moslem world extensively. During the late thirteenth century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. During this time, Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the most influential families in Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. The Senate then chose the Council of Ten, a secretive group which held the utmost power in the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "doge", or duke, the ceremonial head of the city.
The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected executive power (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power - which eventually disappeared entirely, but which originally consisted of the power of citizens to grant or withhold their approval for each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, though there was no [[knight tenure]] within the city itself. The ''[[Cavalieri di San Marco]]'' was the only order of [[chivalry]] ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government’s consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period and politics and the military were kept completely separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally led the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).
[[Image:Venice 49.jpg|thumb|left|Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo.]]
The chief executive was the [[doges of Venice|Doge]] (duke), who, theoretically, held his elective office for life. In practice, a number of Doges were forced by pressure from their [[oligarchy|oligarchical]] peers to resign the office and retire into [[monastery|monastic]] seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by perceived political failure.
Though the people of Venice generally remained orthodox [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]], the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy during the [[Counter-Reformation]]. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to its frequently coming into conflict with the [[Papacy]]. Venice was threatened with the [[Interdict (Roman Catholic Church)|interdict]] on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, more famous, occasion was on [[April 27]], [[1509]], by order of [[Pope Julius II]] (see [[League of Cambrai]]).
Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians.
Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade after the end of the [[Renaissance]]. However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products and, until the mid eighteenth-century, was a [[manufacturing]] center.
[[Image:Venezia-map 1-1220x900.png|thumb|240px|A map of the historical heart of Venice.]]
===Modern Venice===
After 1070 years, the Republic lost its independence when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] on [[May 12]], [[1797]], conquered Venice during the [[First Coalition]]. The [[France|French]] conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: It was during the ''[[Settecento]]'' (1700s) that Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in [[Europe]], greatly influencing [[art]], [[architecture]], and [[literature]]. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's [[Jew]]ish population, although nowhere else in Italy had they lived over the centuries with lesser restrictions than in Venice. He removed the gates of the [[Venetian Ghetto|Ghetto]] and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.
Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] on [[October 12]], [[1797]]. The [[Austria]]ns took control of the city on [[January 18]], [[1798]]. It was taken from Austria by the [[Treaty of Pressburg]] in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]], but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]]. In 1848-1849 a revolt briefly reestablished the Venetian Republic. In 1866, following the [[Austro-Prussian War|Seven Weeks War]], Venice, along with the rest of Venetia, became part of Italy.
After 1797, the city fell into a serious decline, with many of the old palaces and other buildings abandoned and falling into disrepair, although the [[Lido]] became a popular beach resort in the late 19th centuries.
===Art Biennal===
The Venice Art Biennal stands as one of the most important art events in the world. [http://www.labiennale.org/ Site in English and Italian]
In 1893 headed by the mayor of Venice, Riccardo Selvatico, the Venetian City Council passed a resolution on 19th April to set up an Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale (biennial exhibition of Italian art), to be inaugurated on 22nd April 1894. [http://www.labiennale.org/en/biennale/history/origin/en/7823.html] Following the outbreak of hostilities during the Second World War, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted in September 1942. The last edition of the Art Exhibition took place in 1942 to resume only in 1948. [http://www.labiennale.org/en/biennale/history/origin/en/7823.3.html] The event has since been held on a regular basis since 1948. In 2007 Mexico made its official debut at the Venice Art Biennal with an exhibition by artist Rafel Lozano-Hemmer. [http://www.nonstarvingartists.com/News/rafel-lozano-hemmer-will-represent-mexico-at-the-52nd-venice-biennal-2007 Art News NonstarvingArtists.com]
===Naval and military affairs===
[[Image:Wenecja gondole.JPG|thumb|250px|Several gondolas docked in Venice.]]
[[Image:gondola.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|250px|Gondola on Grand Canal beside Rialto Bridge.]]
By 1303, crossbow practice had become compulsory in the city, with citizens training in groups. As weapons became more expensive and complex to operate, professional soldiers were assigned to help work merchant sailing ships and as rowers in galleys. The company of "Noble Bowmen" was recruited in the later 14th century from among the younger [[aristocracy]] and served aboard both war-galleys and armed merchantmen, with the privilege of sharing the captain's cabin.
Though Venice was famous for its [[navy]], its [[army]] was equally effective. In the 13th century, most Italian city states already were hiring [[mercenary|mercenaries]], but Venetian troops were still recruited from the lagoon, plus feudal levies from Dalmatia and Istria. In times of emergency, all males between seventeen and sixty years were registered and their weapons were surveyed, with those called to actually fight being organized into companies of twelve. The register of 1338 estimated that 30,000 Venetian men were capable of bearing arms; many of these were skilled crossbowmen. As in other Italian cities, aristocrats and other wealthy men were [[cavalry|cavalrymen]] while the city's conscripts fought as [[infantry]].
By 1450, more than 3,000 Venetian merchant ships were in operation, and most of these could be converted when necessary into either warships or transports. The government required each merchant ship to carry a specified number of weapons (mostly [[crossbow]]s and [[Pilum|javelin]]s) and [[armor]]; merchant passengers were also expected to be armed and to fight when necessary. A reserve of some 25 (later 100) [[galley|war-galleys]] was maintained in the [[Venice Arsenal|Arsenal]]. Galley [[slavery|slaves]] did not exist in medieval Venice, the oarsmen coming from the city itself or from its possessions, especially Dalmatia. Those from the city were chosen by lot from each parish, their families being supported by the remainder of the parish while the rowers were away. [[Debt]]ors generally worked off their obligations rowing the galleys. Rowing skills were encouraged through races and [[regatta]]s.
Early in the 15th century, as new mainland territories were expanded, the first standing army was organized, consisting of ''[[condottieri]]'' on contract. In its alliance with [[Florence]] in 1426, Venice agreed to supply 8,000 cavalry and 3,000 infantry in time of war, and 3,000 and 1,000 in peacetime. Later in that century, uniforms were adopted that featured red-and-white stripes, and a system of honors and pensions developed. Throughout the 15th century, Venetian land forces were almost always on the offensive and were regarded as the most effective in Italy, largely because of the tradition of all classes carrying arms in defense of the city and official encouragement of general military training.
The command structure in the army was different from that in the fleet. By ancient law, no nobleman could command more than twenty-five men (to prevent against [[sedition]] by private armies), and while the position of Captain General was introduced in the mid-14th century, he still had to answer to a civilian panel of twenty "wise men". Not only was efficiency ''not'' degraded, this policy saved Venice from the military takeovers that other Italian [[city states]] so often experienced. A civilian commissioner (not unlike a [[commissar]]) accompanied each army to keep an eye on things, especially the mercenaries. The Venetian military tradition also was notably cautious; they were more interested in achieving success with a minimum expense of lives and money than in the pursuit of glory.
==Transport==
[[Image:Venedig Seufzerbrücke.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[Ponte dei Sospiri]], the [[Bridge of Sighs]].]]
Venice is world-famous for its [[canal]]s. It is built on an [[archipelago]] of 118 [[island]]s formed by about 150 canals in a shallow [[lagoon]]. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of [[transport]] is on [[water]] or on foot. In the 19th century a causeway to the mainland brought a [[railway]] station to Venice, and an [[automobile]] causeway and parking lot was added in the 20th century. Beyond these land entrances at the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest urban [[Auto-free zones|carfree area]], unique in Europe in remaining a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks.
[[Image:July2006_vaporetto.JPG|thumb|280px|Two ''vaporetti'' approach each other on the ''Canale Grande''.]]
The classical Venetian [[boat]] is the [[gondola]], although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Most Venetians now travel by motorised waterbuses ("vaporetti") which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city's islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the ''traghetti'', foot passenger [[ferry|ferries]] crossing the [[Grand Canal of Venice|Grand Canal]] at certain points without bridges.
Venice is served by the newly rebuilt [[Marco Polo International Airport]], or ''Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo'', named in honor of its famous citizen. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast so that visitors now need to get a bus to the pier, from which a water taxi or Alilaguna waterbus can be used.
[[Image:Grand_Canal.JPG|left|thumb|230px|The Grand Canal at sunset.]]
==Demographics==
The International Economy Evaluation Association (INEEA) breaks down the population as:
*96.13% [[Italian people|Italian]]
*0.47% [[Turkish people|Turkish]]
*0.33% [[Moldovan people|Moldovan]]
*0.28% [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
*0.19% [[Romanians|Romanian]]
Other populations include [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]]s, [[Indians]], [[Tunisian]], [[Albanians|Albanian]], and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]].
[[image:venice01.jpg|thumb|center|700px|View of Venice from [[St Mark's Campanile]].]]
== Main sights ==
[[Image:Wenecja Canal Grande.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Grand Canal]]
[[Image:Small canal - Venice.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A small canal in Venice (Rio della Verona).]]
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:salute at sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The afternoon light on the bulidings of the Grand Canal is as seen in the picture]] -->
=== Sestieri ===
The [[sestiere (Venice)|sestieri]] are the primary traditional divisions of Venice. The city is divided into the six districts of [[Cannaregio]], [[San Polo]], [[Dorsoduro]] (including the [[Giudecca]]), [[Santa Croce]], [[San Marco]] and [[Castello, Venice|Castello]] (including [[San Pietro di Castello]] and [[Sant'Elena]]).
=== Piazzas and campi of Venice ===
* [[St Mark's Square|Piazza San Marco]]
* [[Campo San Polo]]
=== Palaces and palazzi ===
* [[Doge's Palace]]
* [[Palazzo Grassi]]
* [[Ca' d'Oro]]
* [[Ca' Rezzonico]]
* [[Peggy Guggenheim Collection]]
* [[Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo]]
* [[Fondaco dei Turchi]]
* [[Palazzo Labia]]
*[[Scuola Grande di San Marco]]
=== Churches ===
* [[San Marco di Venezia|Basilica di San Marco]]
* [[Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute]]
* [[List of Venetian churches|Other churches]]
=== Other buildings ===
* [[Accademia]]
* [[Venetian Arsenal|The Arsenal]]
* [[La Fenice]] [[opera house]]
* [[St Mark's Clock|La Torre dell'Orologio (St Mark's Clock)]]
=== Bridges and canals ===
* [[Rialto Bridge]]
* [[The Bridge of Sighs]]
* [[Ponte dell'Accademia|Accademia Bridge]]
* [[Ponte degli Scalzi|Scalzi Bridge]]
* [[Piazzale Roma Footbridge]]
=== Surroundings ===
* The [[Venetian Lagoon]]
* Islands:
**[[Burano]]
**[[Lido]]
**[[Murano]]
**[[Isola Di San Michele|San Michele]]
**[[Sant'Erasmo]]
**[[San Lazzaro degli Armeni]]
**[[Torcello]]
**[[Vignole]]
* [[Giudecca]]
==Sinking of Venice==
[[Image:Venezia acqua alta notte 2005 modificata.jpg|thumb|right|300px|High water in Venice.]]
[[Image:venice.longshot.981pix.jpg|thumb|300px|Venice and surroundings in false colour, from TERRA satellite. The picture is oriented with North at the top.]]
The [[building]]s of Venice are constructed on closely spaced [[wood]] [[pile]]s (under water, in the absence of oxygen, wood does not [[decay]]) which penetrate alternating layers of [[clay]] and [[sand]]. Wood for piles was cut in the most western part of today's [[Slovenia]], resulting in the barren land in a region today called [[Kras]], and in two regions of Croatia, [[Lika]] and [[Gorski kotar]]. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of [[brick]] or [[Rock (geology)|stone]] sit above these footings. The buildings are often threatened by flood [[tide]]s pushing in from the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] between [[autumn]] and early [[spring (season)|spring]].
Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.
During the 20th century, when many [[Artesian aquifer|artesian well]]s were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to [[subsidence|subside]]. It was realised that extraction of the [[aquifer]] was the cause. This sinking process has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (so-called ''Acqua alta'', "high water") that creep to a height of several centimeters over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses the former staircases used by people to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable. Thus, many Venetians resorted to moving up to the upper floors and continuing with their lives.
Some recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking {{Fact|date=February 2007}}, but this is not yet certain; therefore, a state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003 the Italian Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] inaugurated the [[MOSE project]] (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of inflatable gates; the idea is to lay a series of 79 inflatable [[pontoon]]s across the sea bed at the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 [[centimetre]]s, the pontoons will be filled with air and block the incoming water from the Adriatic sea. This challenging engineering work is due to be completed by 2011.
Some experts say that the best way to protect Venice is to physically lift the City to a greater height above sea level - by pumping water into the soil underneath the city. This way, some hope, it could rise above sea levels, protecting it for hundreds of years, and eventually the MOSE project may not be necessary (it will, controversially, alter the tidal patterns in the lagoon, damaging some wildlife). A further point about the "lifting" system would be that it would be permanent - the MOSE Project is, by its very nature, a temporary system: it is expected to protect Venice for only 100 years.
[[Image:Mascaras_carnaval.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Typical masks worn during the [[Carnival of Venice]].]]
==Venice in culture, the arts, and fiction==
In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza ("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The [[Venetian Senate|Senate]] passed [[sumptuary law]]s, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours — which resulted in the wide spread of men's "slashed" fashions in the 15th century.
During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the [[Venetian school]]) and the development of the [[Venetian polychoral style]] under composers such as [[Adrian Willaert]], who worked at [[San Marco di Venezia|San Marco]]. Venice was the early center of music printing; [[Ottaviano Petrucci]] began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from [[France]] and [[Flanders]]. By the end of the century, Venice was famous for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of [[Andrea Gabrieli|Andrea]] and [[Giovanni Gabrieli]], which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups.
[[Canvas]]es (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early renaissance. These early canvases were generally rough.
Life in 1750s Venice is illustrated by the biography ''A Venetian Affair'', which is based on the prolific love letters between a Venetian nobleman and his illegitimate half-English lover.
A remarkable, and unflattering, portrait of Venetian politics appears in ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10363 The Bravo]'', published in 1831 by American novelist [[James Fennimore Cooper]]. A ''bravo'' is an assassin under contract to the state, typically carrying out his assignments with a [[stiletto]]. Cooper's novel depicts Venice as a brutal dictatorship, governed through intrigue and murder, masked by the placid facade of the ''Repubblica Serenissima'' (serene republic).
Other major works involving Venice include:
===Literature===
* [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' (1594-97) and ''[[Othello]]'' (1603-04)
* [[Italo Calvino]]'s ''[[Invisible Cities]].
* [[Wilkie Collins]]'s ''The Haunted Hotel'' (1878)
*[[Philippe Sollers]]'s ''[[Watteau in Venice]]'' (1994)
* [[Ben Jonson]]'s ''[[Volpone]]''
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]'s ''Der Geisterseher'' (''The Ghost-Seer'')
* [[Henry James]]' ''[[The Aspern Papers]]'' (1888)
* ''[[Death in Venice]]'' (''Der Tod in Venedig''), a 1912 novella by [[Thomas Mann]]
* [[Orhan Pamuk]]'s short stories "Batsin Bu Dünya" (1983) and "Emrah Gülle Gel de Gülme" (1983)
* [[T. S. Eliot]]'s "Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar" (1920)
* ''[[The Silent Gondoliers]]'', a fable told by [[William Goldman]]'s [[S. Morgenstern]]
* [[Patricia Highsmith]]'s ''the Talented Mr. Ripley'' (1955) and ''Those Who Walk Away'' (1967)
* [[Jeanette Winterson]]'s ''The Passion'' (1987)
* [[Dorothy Dunnett]]'s ''[[House of Niccolo]]'' series (8 book series)
* [[John Berendt]]'s ''[[The City of Falling Angels]]'' (2005)
* [[Anne Rice]]'s ''[[Cry to Heaven]]''
* [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s short story ''[[The Assignation]]''
* [[Muriel Spark]]'s ''Territorial Rights''
* [[Ethan Mordden]]'s ''The Venice Adriana''
* [[Cornelia Funke]]'s ''[[The Thief Lord]]'' (2002)
* Sarah Dunant's ''In the Company of the Courtesan'' (2006)
* Ernest Hemingway's ''Across the River and Into the Trees''
* Michelle Lovric's ''The Floating Book'' and ''Carnevale'' and ''The Remedy''
* [[Ian McEwan]]'s "The Comfort of Strangers"
* Jane Langton's ''The Thief of Venice''
* Giacomo Casanova's ''History of My Life''
* Mary Hoffman's ''Stravaganza: City of Masks''
* Kai Meyer's "The Water Mirror"
* [[Donna Jo Napoli]]'s "Daughter of Venice"
* Sally Vicker's ''Miss Garnet's Angel''
* Daphne du Maurier's ''Don't Look Now''
* [[Francesco da Mosto]]'s ''Francesco's Venice''
* [[Francesco da Mosto]]'s ''Francesco's Italy''
===Films===
* ''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'', the [[James Bond]] film (1963) (based on [[Ian Fleming]]'s novel (1957))
* ''[[The Honey Pot]]'', directed by [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]], 1967 (based i.a. on [[Ben Jonson]]'s [[Volpone]]), with [[Rex Harrison]], [[Capucine]], [[Maggie Smith]]
* ''[[Death in Venice (film)|Death in Venice]]'', 1971 film adaptation by [[Luchino Visconti]] of [[Thomas Mann]]'s [[1912]] [[novella]]
* ''[[Don't Look Now (film)|Don't Look Now]]'', 1973 film directed by [[Nicolas Roeg]] based on Daphne Du Maurier's story, with [[Donald Sutherland]], [[Julie Christie]]
* ''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]'', the 1979 [[James Bond]] film (the first time principal photography for the series took place in the city)
* ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'', the 2006 [[James Bond]] film
* ''[[Solamente Nero]]'' (also known as ''The Bloodstained Shadow''), directed by Antonio Bido (1978)
* ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (1989)
* ''[[The Comfort of Strangers]]'' by ''[[Paul Schrader]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Nikita]]'' (also known as''La Femme Nikita'') (1990)
* ''[[The Wings of the Dove]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Dangerous Beauty]]'' (1998), a film based on the book ''[[The Honest Courtesan]]'' by [[Margaret Rosenthal]] about the life of [[Veronica Franco]]
* ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' (in its 2003 remake incarnation)
* ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Just Married]]'' (2003)
* ''[[The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)|The Merchant of Venice]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Casanova (film)|Casanova]]'' (2005 film loosely based on the life of [[Giacomo Casanova]])
* ''[[Tomb Raider]](2002 film), based on the Lara Croft games
* ''[[Il Casanova di Federico Fellini|Fellini's Casanova]]'' (1976 film directed by [[Federico Fellini]])
* ''[[Senso (book)|Senso]] , starring Alida Valli and Farley Granger; directed by [[Luchino Visconti]] (1954). Dramatic. Venice at the times of Austrian occupation
* ''[[Everyone Says I Love You]], starring [[Woody Allen]], Alan Alda, Goldie Hawn, Drew Barrymore, [[Julia Roberts]]; directed by [[Woody Allen]] (1996). Musical comedy set in New York and in Venice.
* ''[[The Story of Us]], by [[Rob Reiner]], starring [[Bruce Willis]], [[Michelle Pfeiffer]], [[Tim Matheson]] (USA, 1999)
* ''[[Summertime (film)|Summertime]] starring [[Katharine Hepburn]]; directed by [[David Lean]] (1955). Interiors shot in Pensione Accademia Villa Maravegie
* ''[[Othello (1952)|Othello]] by [[Orson Welles]], starring Orson Welles and [[Suzanne Cloutier]] , Othello was filmed on and off over a period of three years. (Morocco, Italy, France, USA, 1952)
* ''[[Children of the Century]] by D. Kurys ([[Juliette Binoche]], [[Benoit Maginel]], [[Stefano Dionisi]]) 1999
* ''[[The Talented Mr. Ripley]]'' by ''[[Anthony Minghella]]'' (1999)
* The Thief Lord (2006) [[Aaron Johnson]], [[Rollo Weeks]]
* Only You (1994)
* [[Pokémon Heroes]] (2003) (Main city, Altomare, based off of Venice)
* [[Chasing Liberty]], starring, [[Mandy Moore]] and [[Stark Sands]], Directed by [[Andy Cadiff]] (2004 film)
* [[Casanova]], starring, [[Heath Ledger]] and [[Sienna Miller]] (2006)
* In addition, the audio ''[[Doctor Who]]'' adventure ''[[The Stones of Venice (Doctor Who audio)|The Stones of Venice]]'' is set in a future where one last great Carnival is being held before the city sinks forever
* Blame It On The Bellboy (1992) directed by Mark Herman
===Television Shows===
* The 1980's [[Jem (TV series)|"Jem"]] episode, "In Stitches" takes place in this city.
===Video games===
* The catacombs and the church of San Barnaba are visited in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure]]''.
* Venice appeared in [[Core Design]]'s ''[[Tomb Raider 2]]''.
* Venice was a multiplayer level in [[Free Radical Design]]'s ''[[Timesplitters: Future Perfect]]''.
* A fighting arena based around Venice can be found in ''[[Soul Calibur II]]''. The fight takes place upon an stone platform isolated in Venice's water-filled streets. Typical residential Venice buildings are portrayed in the background of the level, although the fight does not take place in any of them.
* Venice appears as a fighting arena in ''[[Tekken]]'', but when ''[[Tekken 2]]'' was released the following year on the [[Sony PlayStation|PlayStation]], the stage was no longer used.
*Venice appears as a map in ''[[Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory]]'', in which the Allied agents need to steal an artifact and escape the city on a boat through its canals.
*Venice is a playable level in ''[[Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves]]'' and the first after the prelude.
* The Republic Of Venice is available as an initial playable faction in the game ''[[Medieval 2: Total War]]''
* The canals of Venice are the site of a race in the arcade game [[Hydro Thunder]].
* The first-person shooter [[Painkiller (video game)|Painkiller]] features a level inspired by Venice.
* The latest [[Sonic the Hedgehog (series)|Sonic the Hedgehog]] series game, [[Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 game)|Sonic the Hedgehog]], has a city in it based off of Venice, Italy.
===Music===
*On [[July 15th]] [[1989]], [[Pink Floyd]] played live on a floating barge in the middle of The Grand Canal during their "[[A Momentary Lapse Of Reason]]" tour.
*In [[1984]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna's]] music video for her song "[[Like a Virgin (song)|Like a Virgin]]," directed by Mary Lambert, was shot in Venice, Italy. It featured Madonna dancing on a gondola and in a wedding dress.
*In [[1960]], [[Armenia|Armenian]]-[[France|French]] singer [[Charles Aznavour]] recorded [[Que C'Est Triste Venise (Charles Aznavour song)|Que C'Est Triste Venise]] (How Sad Venice Is). It eventually become one of his most famous bilingual pieces, sung in both [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[French language|French]].
==Miscellaneous==
* The city's [[patron saint|patron]] is St. [[Mark the Evangelist]].
* Venice is also famous world-wide for its unique [[Carnival of Venice|carnival]] ([http://www.visitvenice.co.uk/venice-carnival.html 1]).
* Venice and its lagoon are listed as [[World Heritage Sites]] by [[UNESCO]].
=== Famous Venetians ===
''For persons born in Venice, see [[:Category:Natives of Venice|Natives of Venice]].''
Others closely associated with the city include:
*[[Enrico Dandolo]] (''c''. 1107 , [[1205]]), [[Doge]] of Venice from 1192 to his death. It played a direct role in the sack of Constantinople during the [[Fourth Crusade]].
*[[Titian]] (''c''. 1488-90 – [[August 27]], [[1576]]), was the leader of the 16th century Venetian school of the [[Italian Renaissance]] (he was born in [[Cadore|Pieve di Cadore]]).
*[[Pietro Bembo]] ([[May 20]], [[1470]] - [[18 January]], [[1547]]), [[Catholic Cardinal|cardinal]] and scholar.
*[[Marcantonio Bragadin]] (d.1571) general flayed alive by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] after a fierce resistance during the siege of [[Famagusta]]
*[[Lorenzo Lotto]] ( c.1480 - Loreto, 1556) was a [[painter]] draughtsman and illustrator, traditionally placed in the [[Venetian school]].
*[[Veronica Franco]] (1546-1591), poet and courtesan during the Renaissance
*[[Antonio Vivaldi]] ([[March 4]], [[1678]], [[July 28]] (or 27), 1741, [[Vienna]]), famous composer and violinist of the Baroque Era
*[[Giacomo Casanova]] ([[1725]] - [[1798]]), in [[Duchcov|Dux]], [[Bohemia]], (now [[Duchcov]], [[Czech Republic]]) was a famous Venetian adventurer, writer and [[womanizer]].
*[[Rosalba Carriera]] ([[October 7]], [[1675]] – [[April 15]], [[1757]]), She became known for her pastel works.
*[[Emilio Vedova]] ([[August 9]] [[1919]]), one of the most important modern painters of Italy
*[[Tintoretto]] ([[1518]] - [[May 31]], [[1594]]), probably the last great painter of Italian Renaissance.
*[[Giovanni Bellini]] (c. 1430-1516), he was a Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of painters.
*[[Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia]] ([[June 5]] [[1646]] - [[July 26]] [[1684]]), she was the first woman in the world to receive a doctorate degree.
*[[Bruno Maderna]] ([[April 21]] [[1920]] - [[November 13]] [[1973]]), he was an Italian-German orchestra director and 20th century music composer.
*[[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] ([[March 5]], [[1696]] - [[March 27]], [[1770]]), he was the last "Grand Manner" fresco painter from the Venetian Republic.
*[[Baldassare Longhena]] ([[1598]] - [[February 18]] [[1682]]), he was one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture.
*[[Carlo Goldoni]] ([[February 25]], [[1707]] - [[February 6]], [[1793]]), Along with [[Pirandello]], Goldoni is probably the most famous name in Italian theatre, in his country and abroad.
*[[Carlo Gozzi]] ([[13 December]] [[1720]] – [[April 4]], [[1806]]), he was an excellent dramatist of 18th century .
*[[Luigi Nono]] ([[29 January]] [[1924]] - [[8 May]] [[1990]]) , He became a leading composer of instrumental and electronic music.
*[[Carlo Scarpa]] ([[June 2]], [[1906]] - [[1978]], [[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai, Japan]]), was an [[architect]] with a profound understanding of materials.
*[[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] (c. 1484 – 1557, or soon after), was an [[List of explorers|explorer]].
*[[Marco Polo]] ([[September 15]] - [[1254]] [[January 8]], [[1324]]) was a trader and [[exploration|explorer]] one of the first Westerners to travel the [[Silk Road]] to [[China]]. His travels are written down in ''Il Milione'' (''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]'').
*[[Tomaso Albinoni]] ([[June 8]], [[1671]] - [[January 17]], [[1751]]) was an [[baroque music|baroque]] [[composer]]
*[[Canaletto]] ([[October 28]], [[1697]] - [[April 19]], [[1768]]), was a famous artist for his landscapes or ''[[Veduta|vedute]]'' of Venice, but not only.
*[[Sebastiano Venier]], (c. 1496 - [[March 3]], [[1578]]) was [[Doge of Venice]] from [[June 11]], [[1577]] to 1578.
=== Foreign words of Venetian origin ===
* [[arsenal]], [[ciao]], [[ghetto]], [[gondola]], [[lazaret]], [[lagoon]], [[lido]], [[quarantine]], [[Montenegro]].
* "[[Venezuela]]" means "little Venice".
=== See also ===
* [[Venice Film Festival]]
* [[Venice Biennale]]
* [[List of painters and architects of Venice]]
* [[List of photographers of Venice]]
* [[List of architecture monuments of Venice]]
* [[List of places known as 'the Venice of something']]
* [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]] and [[Venetic language]]
* [[Venetian glass]]
* [[Su e zo per i ponti]]
* [[Venezia Mestre Rugby FC]] - rugby team
=== Twinnings ===
* {{flagicon|Bosnia-Herzegovina}} [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (1994)
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[China]] (1980)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nürnberg]], [[Germany]] (1999)
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] (1993)
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Kedke]], [[Greece]] (2000)
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Qingdao]], [[China]] (2001)
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]] (2003)
== Cooperation agreements ==
Cooperation agreement between the City of Venice
and the City of [[Thessaloniki]]
Cooperation agreement between the Cities of [[Nuremberg]] and Venice, signed on September 25, 1999
Co-operation Protocol signed by the Cities of [[Istanbul]] and Venice on March the 4th 1993, within the framework of the Istanbul Declaration (1991).
The City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of [[Greece]] (KEDKE) established, in January 2000, in pursuance of the EC Regulations n. 2137/85, the European Economic Interest Grouping (E.E.I.G.) [[Marco Polo]] System to promote and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist field, particularly referred to the artistic and architectural heritage preservation and safeguard.
Establishment of the Science and Technology Partnership Cities
Between [[Qingdao]] and Venice
== Bibliography ==
===Scholarship===
* Chambers, D.S. (1970). ''The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380-1580.'' London: Thames & Hudson. The best brief introduction in English, still completely reliable.
* Contarini, Gasparo (1599). ''The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice.'' Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes." The most important contemporary account of Venice's governance during the time of its blossoming. Also available in various reprint editions.
* Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated." ''Trames'' 6(2), pp. 192-201. A scathing review of Martin & Romano 2000; also a good summary on the most recent economic and political thought on Venice. For more balanced, less tendentious, and scholarly reviews of the Martin-Romano anthology, see "The Historical Journal" (2003) "Rivista Storica Italiana" (2003).
*Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001).
* Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography." ''Journal of Modern History'' 58, pp. 43-94. The classic "muckraking" essay on the myths of Venice.
* Lane, Frederic Chapin. ''Venice: Maritime Republic'' (1973) (ISBN 0801814456) standard scholarly history; emphasis on economic, political and diplomatic history
*Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002). The most important study of the life of Renaissance nuns, with much on aristocratic family networks and the life of women more generally.
* Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). ''Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297-1797.'' (2002) Johns Hopkins UP. The most recent collection on essays, many by prominent scholars, on Venice.
*Muir, Edward (1981). ''Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice.'' Princeton UP. The classic of Venetian cultural studies, highly sophisticated.
* Rösch, Gerhard (2000). ''Venedig. Geschichte einer Seerepublik.'' Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. In German, but the most recent top-level brief history of Venice.
===Other===
* Morris, Jan (1993), ''Venice''. 3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber, ISBN 0-571-16897-3. A subjective and passionate written introduction to the city and some of its history. Not illustrated.
* [[John Ruskin|Ruskin, John (1853)]]. ''The Stones of Venice''. Abridged edition Links, JG (Ed), Penguin 2001. ISBN 0-14-139065-4. Seminal work on architecture and society
* [[Andrea di Robilant|di Robilant, Andrea]] (2004). ''A Venetian Affair''. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-84115-542-X Biography of Venetian nobleman and lover, from correspondence in the 1750s.
==External links==
{{commons|Venezia}}
{{sisterlinks|Venice}}
*[http://english.comune.venezia.it// Official Site of the City of Venice]
*[http://www.comune.venezia.it/pave/index.asp Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area]
*{{wikitravel}}
*[http://www.museiciviciveneziani.it/main.asp?lin=EN Musei Civici Veneziani]
*[http://www.guggenheim.venice.it/ Museum Guggenheim]
*[http://www.veniceairport.it/ Airport in Venice]
*[http://www.labiennale.org/ La Biennale]
*[http://www.marciana.venezia.sbn.it/ Marciana]
*[http://www.cini.it/ Foundation Cini]
*[http://www.venicemarathon.com/ Venice Marathon]
*[http://www.jc-r.net/venezia/palazzi/indexe.html Palaces of Venice]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?q=venice,+italy&ll=45.436406,12.337475&spn=0.048061,0.164383&t=k&hl=en Satellite image] from [[Google Maps]]
*[http://mappe.regioneveneto.net/node/3 Venice's Map]
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}
{{Province of Venice}}
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