Heavy water and The Raconteurs: Difference between pages

Revision as of 19:06, 19 June 2007

Revision as of 15:23, 22 July 2007

Line 1:

{{Infobox musical artist

{| align="right" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"

| Name = The Raconteurs

! {{chembox header}} | Heavy water (at 100% D enrichment): D₂O

| Img = JackWhitebySteveHopson.jpg

|-

| Img_capt = Jack White in concert with The Raconteurs at the [[Austin City Limits Music Festival]], 2006

| align="center" colspan="2" | [[Image:Water molecule 3D.svg|120px|All types of isotopically substituted water molecules have this structure.]]

| Background = group_or_band

|-

| Origin = {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]

! {{chembox header}} | General

| Genre = [[Indie rock]]<br>[[Alternative rock]]<br>[[Blues Rock]]<br>[[Hard Rock]]

|-

| Years_active = [[2005]]&ndash;present

| [[IUPAC nomenclature|Systematic name]]

| Label = [[Third Man Records]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[XL Recordings]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[V2 Records]]

| Deuterium oxide

| URL = [http://www.theraconteurs.com/ www.theraconteurs.com]

|-

| Current_members = [[Brendan Benson]]<br />[[Patrick Keeler]]<br />[[Jack Lawrence (bassist)|Jack Lawrence]]<br />[[Jack White (musician)|Jack White]]

| Other names

| Past_members =

| Water d₂<br/>Heavy water<br/>Dideuterium monoxide<br/>

}}

|-

| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]

| D₂O

|-

| [[Molar mass]]

| 20.03 g/mol

|-

| Appearance

| transparent, colorless liquid

|-

| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]

| [7732-20-0]

|-

! {{chembox header}} | Properties

|-

| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]

| 1105.6 kg/m³, liquid (20°C)<br> 1017.7 kg/m³, solid (at m.p)

|-

<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] -->

<!-- | solubility info on other solvents -->

<!-- |- -->

| [[Melting point]]

| 3.82 [[Celsius|°C]], 38.86 [[Fahrenheit|°F]] (276.97 [[kelvin|K]])

|-

| [[Boiling point]]

| 101.4 °C, 214.56 °F (374.55 K)

|-

| [[Triple point]] ||276.97 K, 659.3 Pa

|-

| [[Critical point (thermodynamics)|Critical point]] || 643.847 K, 21.671 MPa

|-

| [[Specific heat capacity|Specific heat<br>capacity]] ''(gas)''

| ''c_p'' = 1.903 kJ/(kg·K) (at b.p) <br/>''c_v'' = 1.436 kJ/(kg.K) (at b.p)

|-

| [[Specific heat capacity|Specific heat<br>capacity]] ''(liquid)''

| ''c_p'' = 4.242 kJ/(kg·K) (25 °C)

|-

| [[Specific heat capacity|Specific heat<br>capacity]] ''(solid)''

| ''c_p'' = (2.29 ± 0.7) kJ/(kg·K) (at m.p)

|-

| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''K''_a)

| ?

|-

| [[Acid dissociation constant|Basicity]] (p''K''_b)

| ?

|-

| [[Viscosity]]

| 0.00125 [[pascal second|Pa·s]] at 20 °C

|-

| [[Surface Tension]] at 20 °C

| 7.193 N/m

|-

| [[Refractive index]] at 20 °C

| 1.328

|-

! {{chembox header}} | Structure

|-

| [[Orbital hybridisation#Molecule shape|Molecular shape]]

| non-linear bent

|-

| [[Crystal structure]] <!-- omit if not a solid -->

| Hexagonal<br/>''See [[ice]]''

|-

| [[Dipole#Molecular dipoles|Dipole moment]]

| ? [[Debye|D]]

|-

! {{chembox header}} | Hazards

|-

| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]

| [http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/DE/deuterium_oxide.html External MSDS]

|-

| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s

| ?

|-

| [[NFPA 704]]

| {{NFPA 704 | Health=0 | Flammability=0 | Reactivity=0 }}

|-

| [[RTECS]] number

| ZC0230000

|-

! {{chembox header}} | [[Water (data page)|Supplementary data page]]

|-

| [[Heavy water (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br/>properties]]

| [[Refractive index|''n'']], [[Dielectric constant|''ε_r'']], etc.

|-

| [[Heavy water (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br>data]]

| Phase behaviour<br>Solid, liquid, gas

|-

| [[Heavy water (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]

| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[NMR spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]

|-

! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds

|-

| Related [[solvent]]s

| [[acetone]]<br>[[methanol]]

|-

| Related compounds

| [[water vapor]]<br>[[ice]]<br>

|-

| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]]<br>[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small>

|-

|}

'''The Raconteurs''', also known as '''The Saboteurs''' in [[Australia]], are a [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-nominated [[rock music|rock]] band, featuring four members previously known for other musical projects.

'''Heavy water''' is [[water (molecule)|water]] which contains a higher proportion than normal of the [[isotope]] [[deuterium]], as '''deuterium oxide''', D₂O or ²H₂O, or as '''deuterium protium oxide''', HDO or ¹H²HO.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=heavy water|file=H02758}}</ref> Its physical and chemical properties are somewhat similar to those of [[Water (molecule)|water]], H₂O. Heavy water may contain as much as 100% D₂O, and usually the term refers to water which is highly enriched in deuterium. The isotopic substitution with deuterium alters the [[bond energy]] of the hydrogen-oxygen bond in water, altering the physical, chemical, and especially biological properties of the pure or highly-enriched substance to a larger degree than is found in most isotope-substituted chemical compounds.

According to the current definition, The Raconteurs qualify as a rock-and-roll [[Supergroup (bands)|supergroup]], featuring the songwriting of [[Jack White (musician)|Jack White]] of [[The White Stripes]] and [[Brendan Benson]], who are both from [[Detroit, Michigan]]. In the band's own words, however, they are not a [[supergroup]], asserting that the term implies something pre-planned, whereas they are actually "a new band made up of old friends."<ref name=MTV2>JH (2006). [http://www.mtv.co.uk/mtv2/music/article.jhtml?articleId=75132981 "Jack White and chums drop an album"] MTV2.co.uk (accessed May 18, 2006)</ref>

Heavy water should not be confused with [[hard water]] or with [[tritiated water]]. Heavy water can be used to create [[tritium]].

The Raconteurs are one of the few non-Irish bands to star in the popular web-cartoons of ''[[Eyebrowy.com]]''.[http://www.eyebrowy.com/animations/jackwhite1.htm]

== Other meanings ==

===Semiheavy water===

'''Semiheavy water''', HDO, also exists whenever there is water with hydrogen-1 (or [[Hydrogen atom|protium]]) and deuterium present in the mixture. This is because hydrogen atoms (hydrogen-1 and deuterium) are rapidly exchanged between water molecules. Water containing 50% H and 50% D actually contains about 50 % HDO and 25 % each of H₂O and D₂O, in [[dynamic equilibrium]].

Semiheavy water, HDO, occurs naturally in regular water at a proportion of about 1 molecule in 3,200 (each hydrogen has a probability of 1 in 6,400 of being D). Heavy water, D₂O, by comparison, occurs naturally at a proportion of about 1 molecule in 41 million (i.e., 1 in 6,400²).

==Members==

=== Heavy-oxygen water ===

*[[Jack White (musician)|Jack White]] (of [[White Stripes]]) – [[vocals]], [[guitar]], [[keyboards]]

A common type of heavy-[[oxygen]] water H₂¹⁸O is available commercially for use as a non-radioactive isotopic tracer (see [[doubly-labeled water]] for discussion), and qualifies as "heavy water" insofar as having a higher density than normal water (in this case, similar density to deuterium oxide). Even more expensively, water is available in which the oxygen is ¹⁷O. However, these types of heavy-isotope water are rarely referred to as "heavy water", as they do not contain the deuterium which gives D₂O its characteristically different nuclear and biological properties. Heavy-oxygen waters with normal hydrogen, for example, would not be expected to show any toxicity whatsoever (see discussion of toxicity below).

*[[Brendan Benson]] – [[vocals]], [[guitar]], [[keyboards]]

*[[Jack Lawrence (bassist)|Jack Lawrence]] (of [[The Greenhornes]] and [[Blanche (band)|Blanche]]) – [[bass guitar]]

*[[Patrick Keeler]] (of [[The Greenhornes]]) – [[drumkit|drums]], [[percussion]]

*[[Dean Fertita]] (of [[The Waxwings]] and currently [[Queens of the Stone Age]]) as a live touring member only – [[guitar]], [[keyboards]], [[percussion]]

==Biography==

==Physical properties (with comparison to light water)==

===Formation===

{| class="wikitable"

According to the official website, "The seed was sown in an attic in the middle of a hot summer when friends Jack White and Brendan Benson got together and wrote a song that truly inspired them. This song was "[[Steady, As She Goes]]" and the inspiration led to the creation of a full band with the addition of Lawrence and Keeler."

|-

The band came together in Detroit during 2005 and recorded when time allowed for the remainder of the year.

! align="left" | Property || D₂O (Heavy water) || H₂O (Light water)

|-

| Freezing point (°C) ||align="center"| 3.82 ||align="center"| 0.0

|-

| Boiling point (°C) ||align="center"| 101.4 ||align="center"| 100.0

|-

| Density (at 20°C, g/[[millilitre|mL]]) ||align="center"| 1.1056 ||align="center"| 0.9982

|-

| Temp. of maximum density (°C) ||align="center"| 11.6 ||align="center"| 4.0

|-

| Viscosity (at 20°C, [[millipascal|mPa]]·[[second|s]]) ||align="center"| 1.25 ||align="center"| 1.005

|-

| Surface tension (at 25°C, [[microjoule|μJ]])<!--- 1 dyn-cm = 0.1 μJ = 100 nJ ---> ||align="center"| 7.193 ||align="center"| 7.197

|-

| Heat of fusion ([[calorie|cal]]/[[mole (unit)|mol]]) ||align="center"| 1,515 ||align="center"| 1,436

|-

| Heat of vaporisation (cal/mol) ||align="center"| 10,864 ||align="center"| 10,515

|-

| pH (at 25°C) ||align="center"| 7.41 (sometimes "pD") ||align="center"| 7.00

|-

|}

==="Steady, As She Goes"===

No physical properties are listed for "pure" semi-heavy water, because it cannot be isolated in bulk quantities. In the liquid state, a few water molecules are always in an [[Self-ionisation of water|ionised state]], which means the hydrogen atoms can exchange among different oxygen atoms. A sample of hypothetical "pure" semi-heavy water would rapidly transform into a dynamic mixture of 25% light water, 25% heavy water, and 50% semi-heavy water.

"[[Steady, As She Goes|Steady, As She Goes/Store Bought Bones]]" was released as a limited-edition 7-inch, 45 rpm vinyl record in Europe on [[January 30]], [[2006]],<ref name="NMEfirstsingle">[http://www.nme.com/news/white-stripes/22043 The Raconteurs confirm first single], ''[[NME]]'', [[2006-01-24]]</ref> and in North America on [[March 7]], [[2006]]. A CD version of "Steady, as She Goes" was released on [[April 24]], [[2006]], with the B-side "Bane Rendition."

The video for "Steady As She Goes," directed by [[Jim Jarmusch]], premiered on [[MTV2 Europe|MTV2]] on [[March 10]], [[2006]]. It was also available for streaming on the band's website. An alternate video, featuring the band racing each other in a soap box derby, with a rare appearance from [[Paul Reubens]] as the bad guy out to sabotage the race, premiered exclusively on [[Yahoo! Music]] [[June 19]], [[2006]].

''Physical properties obvious by inspection:'' Heavy water is 10.6% more dense than ordinary water, a difference which is nearly impossible to notice in a sample of it (which otherwise looks and tastes exactly like normal water). One of the few ways to demonstrate heavy water's physically different properties without equipment, is to freeze a sample and drop it into normal water. Ice made from heavy water ''sinks'' in normal water. If the normal water is ice-cold this phenomenon may be observed long enough for a good demonstration, since heavy-water ice has a slightly higher melting-temperature than normal ice (3.8&nbsp;°C), and thus holds up very well in ice-cold normal water. [http://www.popsci.com/popsci/how20/a07160a72252c010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html]

''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' ran an article discussing how the song has the exact same bassline as [[Joe Jackson (musician)|Joe Jackson]]'s "[[Is She Really Going Out With Him?]]".<ref name="Copy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/commentary/0,6115,1204700_4_0_,00.html|title=Do You Copy?|accessdate=2006-09-24|year=2006}}</ref>

==History==

[[Harold Urey]] discovered the isotope [[deuterium]] in [[1931]] and was later able to concentrate it in water. For further history see [[deuterium]]. Urey's mentor [[Gilbert Newton Lewis]] isolated the first sample of pure heavy water by [[electrolysis]] in [[1933]]. [[George de Hevesy]] and Hoffer used heavy water in 1934 in one of the first biological tracer experiments, to estimate the rate of turnover of water in the human body. The history of large-quantity production and use of heavy water in early nuclear experiments is given below.<ref>{{cite journal

| title = An Early History of Heavy Water

| author = Chris Waltham

| journal = Physics, abstract

| year = 2002

| volume =

| issue =

| pages =

| url = http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0206/0206076.pdf

}}</ref>

The closing seconds of the track have been used to close "Saturday Live" on BBC Radio 4, generating a lot of interest as to what the song is.

==Effect on biological systems==

Heavy isotopes of chemical elements have very slightly different chemical behaviors, but for most elements the differences in chemical behavior between isotopes are far too small to use, or even detect. For hydrogen, however, this is not true. The larger chemical isotope-effects seen with deuterium and [[tritium]] manifest because bond energies in chemistry are determined in quantum mechanics by equations in which the quantity of [[reduced mass]] of the nucleus and electrons appears. This quantity is altered in heavy-hydrogen compounds (of which deuterium oxide is the most common and familiar) far more greatly than for heavy-isotope substitution in other chemical elements. This isotope effect of heavy hydrogen is magnified further in biological systems, which are very sensitive to small changes in the solvent properties of water.

===''Broken Boy Soldiers''===

To perform their tasks, [[enzyme]]s rely on their finely tuned networks of [[hydrogen bond]]s, both in the active center with their substrates, and outside the active center, to stabilize their [[tertiary structure]]s. As a hydrogen bond with deuterium is slightly stronger than one involving ordinary hydrogen, in a highly deuterated environment, some normal reactions in cells are disrupted.

The Raconteurs' full-length debut, titled ''[[Broken Boy Soldiers]]'', was released on [[May 15]], [[2006]] in the UK on Third Man Recordings/XL Recordings and May 16 in the US on Third Man Recordings/V2 Records. It entered the UK charts at #2 and the US charts at #7. The album was recorded at Brendan Benson's in-home studio located in Detroit.

Particularly hard-hit by heavy water are the delicate assemblies of mitotic spindle formation necessary for [[mitosis|cell division]] in [[eukaryote]]s. Because eukaryotic cell division stops in heavy water, seeds therefore do not germinate in heavy water, and plants stop growing when given only heavy water.

On [[November 3]], [[2006]], the Raconteurs performed 'Broken Boy Soldier' and 'Store Bought Bones' on [[Later with Jools Holland]]. According to reporters from ''[[Planet Sound]]'' who attended the show taping, during 'Store Bought Bones' Jack White's guitar broke down and they had to re-play the song. This eventually happened four times, with the band breaking up in laughter by the 4th take. The TV airing used edited pieces from all four performances and cut out any laughter.

== Effect on animals ==

Experiments in mice, rats, and dogs [http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjpp_y99-005_77_ns_nf_cjpp] have shown that a degree of 25% deuteration causes (sometimes irreversible) sterility, because neither [[gamete]]s nor [[zygote]]s can develop. High concentrations of heavy water (90%) rapidly kills [[fish]], [[tadpole]]s, [[flatworm]]s, and [[drosophila]]. Mammals such as [[rat]]s given heavy water to drink die after a week, at a time when their body water approaches about 50% deuteration. The mode of death appears to be the same as that in [[cytotoxicity|cytotoxic poisoning]] (such as [[chemotherapy]]) or in acute radiation syndrome (though deuterium is not radioactive), and is due to deuterium's action in generally inhibiting cell division. Deuterium oxide has even been tested as a chemotherapeutic agent, but it seems to offer no advantages. As in chemotherapy, deuterium-poisoned mammals die of a failure of bone marrow (bleeding and infection) and intestinal-barrier functions ([[diarrhea]] and fluid loss).

In December 2006, Broken Boy Soldiers was awarded the title Album of the Year by Britain's Mojo magazine.[http://www.albumofthemonth.com/mojo2006.html]

Notwithstanding the problems of plants and animals in living with too much deuterium, [[prokaryotic]] organisms such as bacteria (which do not have the mitotic problems induced by deuterium) may be grown and propagated in fully deuterated conditions, resulting in replacement of all hydrogen atoms in the bacterial proteins and DNA with the deuterium isotope (see reference in previous paragraph). Full replacement with heavy atom isotopes can be accomplished in higher organisms with other non-radioactive heavy isotopes (such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15), but this cannot be done for the stable heavy isotope of hydrogen.

Recently, The Raconteurs have been nominated for two [[Grammy Awards]]: One for [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Album|Best Rock Album]] (for ''Broken Boy Soldiers''), and another for [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] (for "Steady as She Goes").<ref> GRAMMY.COM - 49th Annual Grammy Awards Nominee List, http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx</ref>

== Toxicity in humans ==

Because it would take a very great deal of heavy water to replace 25% to 50% of a human being's body water (70% of body weight) with heavy water, accidental or intentional [[poison]]ing with heavy water is unlikely to the point of practical disregard. For a poisoning, large amounts of heavy water would need to be ingested without significant normal water intake for many days to produce any noticeable toxic effects (although in a few tests, volunteers drinking large amounts of heavy water have reported dizziness, a possible effect of density changes in the fluid in the inner ear). For example, a 70 kg human containing 50 kg of water and drinking 3 liters of pure heavy water per day, would need to do this for almost 5 days to reach 25% deuteration, and for about 11 days to approach 50% deuteration. Thus, it would take a week of drinking nothing but pure heavy water for a human to begin to feel ill, and 10 days to 2 weeks (depending on water intake) for severe poisoning and death. In the highly unlikely event that a human were to receive a toxic dose of heavy water, the treatment would involve the use of intravenous water replacement (due to possible [[intestinal dysfunction]] and problems with absorption of fluids). This would be done via 0.9% (normal physiologic) saline solution with other salts as needed, perhaps in conjunction with [[diuretics]].

===Future Plans===

Oral doses of heavy water in the multi-gram range, along with heavy oxygen ¹⁸O, are routinely used in human metabolic experiments. See [[doubly-labeled water]] testing. Since 1 in every 6400 hydrogen atoms is deuterium, a 50 kg human containing 32 kg of body water would normally contain enough deuterium (about 1.1 gram) to make 5.5 grams of pure heavy water, so roughly this dose is required to double the amount of deuterium in the body.<!--- atomic mass of water, taking into account the three isotopes of hydrogen and the three of oxygen, is 18.01527; 32 kg of water is thus 1776.27 mol. Figuring in the abundances, we get 1.114014 g of deuterium (0.553258 mol); if we mix this with half as many moles of mean oxygen (0.138359 mol × 15.99930457 mol/g), we get 5.54 g of D₂O --->

The band is currently recording songs for their next album at Blackbird Studios in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. They have twelve songs written, and plan on releasing the album in 2008.<ref> Billboard.com "Raconteurs In The Thick Of Recording New Album",http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003575716</ref>

== Confused report of a "heavy water" contamination incident ==

In 1990, a disgruntled employee at the [[Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station]] in [[Canada]] obtained a sample (estimated as about a "half cup") of heavy water from the primary heat transport loop of the nuclear reactor, and loaded it into the employee water cooler. Eight employees drank some of the contaminated water. The incident was discovered when employees began leaving [[bioassay]] urine samples with elevated [[tritium]] levels. The quantity of heavy water involved was far below levels which could induce heavy water toxicity per se, but several employees received elevated radiation doses from tritium and neutron-activated chemicals in the water.[http://www.ecology.at/nni/site.php?site=Point++Lepreau]. This was not an incident of heavy water poisoning, but rather radiation poisoning from other isotopes in the heavy water. Some news services were not careful to distinguish these points, and some of the public was left with the impression that heavy water is normally radioactive and more severely toxic than it is. Even if pure heavy water had been used in the water cooler indefinitely, it is not likely the incident would have been detected or caused harm, since no employees would be expected to get as much as 25% of their daily drinking water from such a source.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

The Raconteurs have also recorded a new song called "Footsteps" with [[The Hives]], probably slated to be on the new album. "5 on the 5," a song the band played live, is likely to be on the album.

==Production==

On [[Earth]], semiheavy water, HDO, occurs naturally in regular water at a proportion of about 1 molecule in 3200. This means that 1 in 6400 hydrogen atoms is deuterium, which is 1 part in 3200 by weight (hydrogen weight). The HDO may be separated from regular water by [[distillation]] or [[electrolysis]] and also by various chemical exchange processes, all of which exploit a [[kinetic isotope effect]]. (For more information about the isotopic distribution of deuterium in water, see [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]].)

Along with those tracks, it's possible one of the many covers the band played live (or an entirely different one) will be on the album.

The difference in mass between the two hydrogen isotopes translates into a difference in the [[zero-point energy]] and thus into a slight difference in the speed at which the reaction proceeds. Once HDO becomes a significant fraction of the water, heavy water will become more prevalent as water molecules trade hydrogen atoms very frequently. To produce pure heavy water by distillation or electrolysis requires a large cascade of stills or electrolysis chambers, and consumes large amounts of power, so the chemical methods are generally preferred. The most important chemical method is the [[Girdler sulfide process]].

Other possibilities would be one of the leaked Brendan Benson demos. One reason for this was that both "Call It A Day" and "Together" were supposed to be on a solo album of his, as well as "Store Bought Bones" which was supposed to be a [[Get Behind Me Satan]] song. If a demo of his appeared on the new album, it would be likely to be "Feel Like Taking You Home Now" since critics have pointed out a Raconteurs influence.

===United States===

In 1953, the United States began using heavy water in [[plutonium]] production reactors at the [[Savannah River Site]]. The first of the five heavy water reactors came online in 1953, and the last was placed in cold shutdown in 1996. The SRS reactors were heavy water reactors so that they could produce both [[plutonium]] and [[tritium]] for the US nuclear weapons program.

Also, the title "Monkeys Have It Easy" was placed on the White Stripes site in the press release for [[Icky Thump]] with "discarded" after it. It's unlikely, but the song could be a new Raconteurs song now.

The US developed the [[Girdler sulfide process|Girdler Sulfide]] chemical exchange production process which was first demonstrated on a large scale at the Dana, Indiana plant in 1945 and at the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina in 1952. The SRP was operated by [[DuPont]] for the USDOE until April 1, 1989 at which time the operation was taken over by [[Westinghouse Electric Company|Westinghouse]].

The band recorded for a three week period before they prepared for individual releases with their other bands, though Jack said they might not finish by then.

===Norway===

In [[1934]], [[Norsk Hydro]] built the first commercial heavy water plant at [[Vemork]], [[Tinn]], with a capacity of 12 tonnes per year. From [[1940]] and throughout [[World War II]], the plant was under [[Nazi Germany|German]] control and the allies decided to destroy the plant and its heavy water to inhibit German development of nuclear weapons. In late [[1942]], a raid by [[United Kingdom|British]] [[paratrooper]]s failed when the gliders they were in crashed. All the raiders were killed in the crash or shot by German army troops. But in the night of February 27-28 [[Operation Gunnerside]] succeeded. Norwegian commandos managed to demolish small but key bits of the electrolytic cells, dumping the accumulated heavy water down the factory drains. Arguably (see below) this prevented Germany from building a nuclear reactor (German nuclear weapons would not have automatically followed the reactor for many reasons). The Norsk Hydro operation is one of the great commando/sabotage operations of the war.

==Discography==

On [[16 November]] 1943, the allied air forces dropped more than 400 bombs on the site.

=== Albums ===

The allied air raid prompted the [[Nazi]] government to move all available heavy water to Germany for safekeeping. On [[20 February]] [[1944]], a Norwegian partisan sank the ferry ''M/F&nbsp;Hydro'' carrying the heavy water across [[Lake Tinn]], at the cost of 14 Norwegian civilians, and most of the heavy water was presumably lost. A few of the barrels were only half full, and therefore could float, and may have been salvaged and transported to Germany. However, recent investigation of production records at Norsk Hydro and analysis of an intact barrel that was salvaged in [[2004]] <!--reference: documentary on PBS / discovery channel--> revealed that although the barrels in this shipment contained water of [[pH]]&nbsp;14 — indicative of the alkaline electrolytic refinement process — they did not contain high concentrations of D₂O. Despite the apparent size of shipment, the total quantity of pure heavy water was quite small, each barrel only containing between 1/2-1% pure heavy water. The Germans would have needed a total of about 5 tons of heavy water to get a nuclear reactor running. <!--reference: documentary on Nova / Hitlers Sunken Treasure--> The manifest clearly indicated that there was only half a ton of heavy water being transported to Germany. The Hydro was carrying far too little heavy water for even one reactor, let alone the 10 or more tons needed to make enough plutonium for a nuclear weapon. The Hydro shipment on 20 February 1944 was probably destined for an experimental reactor project.

<gallery>

Image: Broken Boy Soldiers.jpg|<center>'''''[[Broken Boy Soldiers]]'''''<br><center> [[May 15]], [[2006]]<br>[[V2 Records]]<br>US #7, UK #2<br><br><center>

</gallery>

They have also released live performance albums in limited quantities at their respective concerts.

===Canada===

As part of its contribution to the [[Manhattan Project]], Canada built and operated a 6 tonnes per year electrolytic heavy water plant at [[Trail, British Columbia|Trail, BC]], which started operation in 1943.

===Singles===

The [[Atomic Energy of Canada Limited]] (AECL) design of power reactor requires large quantities of heavy water to act as a [[neutron moderator]] and coolant. AECL ordered two heavy water plants which were built and operated in [[Atlantic Canada]] at [[Glace Bay, Nova Scotia|Glace Bay]] (by Deuterium of Canada Limited) and [[Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia|Port Hawkesbury]], [[Nova Scotia]] (by General Electric Canada). These plants proved to have significant design, construction and production problems and so AECL built the Bruce Heavy Water Plant, which it later sold to [[Ontario Hydro]], to ensure a reliable supply of heavy water for future power plants. The two Nova Scotia plants were shut down in 1985 when their production proved to be unnecessary.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|Year

!align="left" valign="top"|Song

!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. Hot 100]]<small>

!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|<small>[[Modern Rock Tracks chart|U.S. Modern Rock]]<small>

!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|<small>[[UK singles chart]]<small>

!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|<small>[[UK Download Chart]]<small>

!align="center" valign="top" width="40"|<small>[[UK singles chart|UK Indie Singles]]<small>

!align="left" valign="top"|Album

|-

|align="center" valign="top"|2006

|align="left" valign="top"|"[[Steady, As She Goes]]"

|align="center" valign="top"|55

|align="center" valign="top"|'''1'''

|align="center" valign="top"|4

|align="center" valign="top"|5

|align="center" valign="top"|1

|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Broken Boy Soldiers]]''

|-

|align="center" valign="top"|2006

|align="left" valign="top"|"[[Hands (Raconteurs song)|Hands]]"

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="center" valign="top"|29

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="center" valign="top"|2

|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Broken Boy Soldiers]]''

|-

|align="center" valign="top"|2006

|align="left" valign="top"|"[[Broken Boy Soldier (Raconteurs song)|Broken Boy Soldier]]"

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="center" valign="top"|22

|align="center" valign="top"|39

|align="center" valign="top"|2

|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Broken Boy Soldiers]]''

|-

|align="center" valign="top"|2007

|align="left" valign="top"|"[[Level (Raconteurs song)|Level]]"

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="center" valign="top"|7

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="center" valign="top"|-

|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Broken Boy Soldiers]]''

|-

|}

==Live performances==

The Bruce Heavy Water Plant in [[Ontario]] was the world's largest heavy water production plant with a capacity of 700 tonnes per year. It used the [[Girdler sulfide process]] to produce heavy water, and required 340,000 tonnes of feed water to produce one tonne of heavy water. It was part of a complex that included 8 [[CANDU reactor]]s which provided heat and power for the heavy water plant. The site was located at [[Douglas Point]] in [[Bruce County]] on [[Lake Huron]] where it had access to the waters of the [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]].

The Raconteurs first performed live at the Academy in [[Liverpool]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], on [[March 20]], [[2006]], launching a short British tour. Their first American date was the next month, on [[April 20]] at [[New York City|New York]]'s [[Irving Plaza]]. Nearly nonstop touring followed, bringing the band to audiences around North America and Europe. The high profile of [[Jack White]] meant that even though the band was new, they were able to sell out mid-size venues — a rarity for a band's first tour.

The band has played a number of music festivals in Europe, Asia, and North America (including Lollapalooza in Chicago, IL and [[Austin City Limits Music Festival]] in [[Austin, Texas]]), headlining many.

The Bruce plant was commissioned in [[1979]] to provide heavy water for a large increase in Ontario's nuclear power generation. The plants proved to be significantly more efficient than planned and only three of the planned four units were eventually commissioned. In addition, the nuclear power programme was slowed down and effectively stopped due to a perceived oversupply of electricity, later shown to be temporary, in [[1993]]. Improved efficiency in the use and recycling of heavy water plus the over-production at Bruce left Canada with enough heavy water for its anticipated future needs. Also, the Girdler process involves large amounts of [[hydrogen sulfide]], raising environmental concerns if there should be a release. The Bruce plant was finally shut down in [[1997]]. The plant was gradually dismantled and the site cleared.

In November [[2006]], the Raconteurs played eight dates as the opening act for [[Bob Dylan]] on the northeastern leg of his U.S. tour.

[[Atomic Energy of Canada Limited]] (AECL) is currently researching other more efficient and environmentally benign processes for creating heavy water. This is essential for the future of the CANDU reactors since heavy water represents about 20% of the capital cost of each reactor.

The band has performed a number of covers during live shows. For instance, the set list usually includes renditions of "[[Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)]]" (a song written by [[Sonny Bono]] and popularized by both [[Cher]] and [[Nancy Sinatra]]) and "Headin' For the Texas Border" by [[The Flamin Groovies]]. Other songs the band has covered include [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s "[[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]]", [[Bo Diddley]]'s "Who Do You Love?", [[The Undertones]]' "[[Teenage Kicks]]," [[David Bowie]]'s "[[It Ain't Easy (song)|It Ain´t Easy]]", and [[Love (band)|Love]]'s "A House Is Not A Motel".

===India===

[[India]] is the world's second largest producer of heavy water through its Heavy Water Board [http://www.heavywaterboard.org/].

===Iran= The Saboteurs ==

The Raconteurs were forced to rename themselves as "The Saboteurs" for the Australian market when it was discovered that a [[Queensland]] band was already using the name "Raconteurs". The Queensland band refused to give up their name for the amount they were offered, and instead tried to extract a higher price from the Raconteurs' record company.<ref name="HeraldSunNameChange">[http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,18734967%255E28957,00.html Double-up forces switch], ''[[Herald Sun]]'', [[2006-04-07]]</ref>

On [[August 26]], [[2006]], Iranian President [[Ahmadinejad]] inaugurated an expansion of the country's heavy-water plant near [[Arak, Iran|Arak]]. Iran has indicated that the heavy-water production facility will operate in tandem with a 40 MW research reactor that has a scheduled completion date in [[2009]]. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/26/uiran.xml]

A member of the Queensland band has said that they hadn't been informed of who was trying to buy their name and asked for the larger sum of money to see what would happen.<ref name="TripleJNameChange">[http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s1613948.htm Saboteurs of Raconteurs], ''[[Triple J|Triple J Music News]]'', [[2006-04-11]]</ref>

In an interview which aired on the Iranian News Channel (IRINN) on August 27, 2006, Iranian Nuclear Chief Mohammad Sa'idi claimed that heavy water could be used to treat AIDS and cancer. Daily consumption was recommended. *[http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=1251 "Iranian Nuclear Chief Mohammad Sa'idi Explains Why Iran Produces Heavy Water: Drinking It Helps Fight Cancer and AIDS"]aired on the Iranian News Channel (IRINN) on [[August 27]], [[2006]]

===OtherAudio countries=sample==

{{Listen|filename=Steady_as_she_goes.ogg|title="Steady, As She Goes"|description=25-second clip of the chorus of [[Steady, As She Goes]] by The Raconteurs|format=[[Ogg]]}}

[[Argentina]] is another declared producer of heavy water, using an ammonia/hydrogen exchange based plant supplied by Switzerland's Sulzer company.

==References==

[[Romania]] also produces heavy water at the Drobeta Girdler Sulfide plant and has exported from time to time.

{{reflist}}

==External links==

[[France]] operated a small plant during the 1950s and 1960s.

*[http://www.theraconteurs.com/ TheRaconteurs.com], Official website ([[Adobe Flash|Flash]] required)

*[http://www.candycanechildren.com/ CandyCaneChildren.com] news, message board, chat room

*[http://www.billboard.com/bb/daily/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000944462 "White, Benson Make A Racket With Greenhornes"], from Billboard.com

*[http://www.brokenboysoldiers.net/"BrokenBoySoldiers.net"], Raconteurs tablatures and lyrics

*[http://stream.qtv.apple.com/qtv/v2music/steady_ref.mov "Steady as She Goes" video (.MOV)]

*[http://www.avclub.com/content/node/52559 The Onion A.V. Club's interview with The Raconteurs], September 7th, 2006

*[http://www.theraconteursfans.com/ theRaconteursFans.com] - the Raconteurs fan site

* [http://www.videology-tv.com/viewclip.php?id=38#info Music Video for 'Broken Boy Soldier' + interview with director Floria Sigismondi]

* [http://www.albumofthemonth.com/magazineindex.html British music magazine album of the year lists]

*[http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2007/07/20/weekend-rock-list-best-live-bands-playing-today/ One of Rolling Stones Best Bands to See Live]

==Applications==

===Nuclear magnetic resonance===

Deuterium oxide is used in [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) spectroscopy when the solvent of interest is water and the [[nuclide]] of interest is hydrogen. This is because the signal from the water solvent would interfere with the signal from the molecule of interest. Deuterium has a different [[magnetic moment]] from [[hydrogen]] and therefore does not contribute to the NMR signal at the hydrogen resonance frequency.

===Neutron moderator===

Heavy water is used in certain types of [[nuclear reactors]] where it acts as a [[neutron moderator]] to slow down neutrons so that they can react with the [[uranium]] in the reactor.

The [[CANDU reactor]] uses this design. Light water also acts as a moderator but because light water absorbs more [[neutrons]] than heavy water, reactors using light water must use [[enriched uranium]] rather than natural uranium, otherwise [[Critical mass|criticality]] is impossible. The use of heavy water essentially increases the efficiency of the nuclear reaction.

Because of this, [[heavy water reactor]]s will be more efficient at breeding [[plutonium]] (from [[uranium-238]]) or [[uranium-233]] (from [[thorium-232]]) than a comparable light-water reactor, leading them to be of greater concern in regards to [[nuclear proliferation]]. The breeding and extraction of plutonium can be a relatively rapid and cheap route to building a [[nuclear weapon]], as chemical separation of plutonium from fuel is easier than [[isotopic separation]] of U-235 from natural uranium. Heavy water moderated research reactors or specifically-built plutonium breeder reactors have been used for this purpose by most, if not all, states which possess [[nuclear weapon]]s.

There is no evidence that civilian heavy water power reactors, such as the [[CANDU]] or [[Atucha I nuclear power plant|Atucha]] designs, have been used for military production of fissile materials. In states which do not already possess nuclear weapons, the nuclear material at these facilities is under [[IAEA]] safeguards to discourage any such diversion.

Due to its potential for use in [[nuclear weapons]] programs, the possession or import/export of large industrial quantities of heavy water are subject to government control in several countries. Suppliers of heavy water and heavy water production technology typically apply [[IAEA]] - International Atomic Energy Agency - administered safeguards and material accounting to heavy water. (In [[Australia]], the ''Nuclear Non-Proliferation (Safeguards) Act 1987''). In the U.S. and Canada, non-industrial quantities of heavy water (i.e., in the gram to kg range) are routinely available through chemical supply dealers, and directly from the world's major producer [[Ontario Hydro]], without special license. Current (2006) cost of a kg of 99.98% reactor-purity heavy water, is about $600 to $700. Smaller quantities of reasonable purity (99.9%) may be purchased from chemical supply houses at prices of roughly $1 per gram.

It is worth noting that plutonium or uranium-233 can be produced as a consequence of the operation of any nuclear reactor; heavy water is not a pre-requisite. In fact, in the U.S., the first experimental atomic reactor (1942), as well as the [[Manhattan Project]] Hanford production reactors which produced the plutonium for the [[Trinity test]] and [[Fat Man]] bombs, all functioned with neither enriched uranium nor heavy water.

===Neutrino detector===

The [[Sudbury Neutrino Observatory]] (SNO) in [[Sudbury, Ontario]] uses 1000 tonnes of heavy water on loan from [[Atomic Energy of Canada Limited]]. The [[neutrino detector]] is 6800 feet underground in an old mine, in order to shield it from [[muons]] produced by [[cosmic rays]]. SNO was built to answer the question of whether or not electron-type neutrinos produced by fusion in the Sun might be able to turn into other types of neutrinos on the way to Earth. SNO detects the [[Cherenkov effect|Cherenkov radiation]] in the water from high-energy electrons produced from electron-type [[neutrino]]s as they undergo reactions with [[neutron]]s in [[deuterium]]. SNO also detects the same radiation from neutrino< — >electron scattering events. The use of deuterium is critical to the SNO function, because all three "flavours" (types) of neutrinos [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/sno2.html] may be detected in a third type of reaction, neutrino-disintegration, in which a neutrino of any type (electron, muon, or tau) scatters from a deuterium nucleus ([[deuteron]]), transferring enough energy to break up the loosely-bound deuteron into a free [[neutron]] and [[proton]]. This event is detected when the free neutron is absorbed by ³⁵Cl present in NaCl dissolved in the heavy water, causing emission of characteristic capture gamma rays. Thus, in this experiment, heavy water not only provides the transparent medium necessary to produce and visualize [[Cherenkov effect|Cherenkov radiation]], but it also provides deuterium to detect exotic mu type (μ) and tau (τ) neutrinos, as well as a non-absorbent moderator medium to preserve free neutrons from this reaction, until they can be absorbed by an easily-detected neutron-activated isotope.

===Metabolic rate testing in physiology/biology===

Heavy water is employed as part of a mixture with H₂¹⁸O for a common and safe test of mean metabolic rate in humans and animals undergoing their normal activities. This metabolic test is usually called the [[doubly-labeled water test]].

===Space-based non-toxic cooling systems===

Heavy water (D₂O) has a similar high heat of fusion to regular water, but freezes at a slightly higher temperature. It has been proposed as a non-toxic heatsink for space based cooling applications, where D₂O ice acts as a heatsink to remove water vapor in air, but without danger that the water vapor will freeze to water-ice, because D₂O ice maintains temperatures too high for this to occur. See {{US patent|5246061}}. Such a system has not yet been tested.

===Tritium breeding starting material===

[[Tritium]] is produced in heavy water-moderated reactors when deuterium captures a neutron. While this reaction has a small [[Neutron cross-section|cross-section]] and produces useful amounts of tritium only in reactors with very high neutron fluxes, this method of tritium production requires less technological sophistication than the usual production of tritium by neutron transmutation of lithium-6. Tritium is an important material in nuclear weapons programs, since it is useful for boosting the yields of fission weapons, as well as for constructing [[thermonuclear]] devices.

==Trivia==

{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}

* The fictional superhero [[Jay Garrick]], "The Flash" acquired his powers of superspeed in a laboratory mishap involving experiments with Heavy Water. He fell asleep working late at night and inhaled the heavy water fumes until morning.

* The novel Specific Gravity by J. Matthew Neal (2007) features a victim who is slowly poisoned by deuterium oxide placed in his drinking water.

*Heavy water is shown as a part of a secret Nazi experiment in a Hogan's Heroes episode, "Go Light on the Heavy Water".

*[[Chaplain Tappman]] from Jospeh Heller's novel ''[[Closing Time]]'' mysteriously excretes Heavy Water instead of urine.

==See also==

{{portalpar|Water|Drinking water.jpg}}

* [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage]]

* [[Fictional applications of real materials]]

* [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]]

==References==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raconteurs, The}}

== External links ==

*[http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/heavy.htm Federation of American Scientists article] on the production of heavy water

*[http://www.cns-snc.ca/Bulletin/A_Miller_Heavy_Water.pdf Heavy Water: A Manufacturer’s Guide for the Hydrogen Century] (PDF file)

*[http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mheavywater.html Straight Dope Staff Report: Is "heavy water" dangerous?]

*[http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science/Heavy+Water Annotated bibliography for heavy water from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]

*[http://www.popsci.com/popsci/how20/a07160a72252c010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html Ice is supposed to float, but with a little heavy water, you can make cubes that sink]

[[Category:FormsAmerican ofrock watermusic groups]]

[[Category:NuclearMichigan materialsmusical groups]]

[[Category:Supergroups]]

[[Category:American indie rock groups]]

[[arda:ماءThe ثقيلRaconteurs]]

[[de:The Raconteurs]]

[[be:Цяжкая вада]]

[[es:The Raconteurs]]

[[be-x-old:Цяжкая вада]]

[[bgfr:ТежкаThe водаRaconteurs]]

[[cait:AiguaThe pesantRaconteurs]]

[[csnl:TěžkáThe vodaRaconteurs]]

[[ja:ラカンターズ]]

[[da:Tungt vand]]

[[depl:SchweresThe WasserRaconteurs]]

[[espt:AguaThe pesadaRaconteurs]]

[[eosv:PezaThe akvoRaconteurs]]

[[th:เดอะ รัคคอนเทอร์ส]]

[[fa:آب سنگین]]

[[fr:Eau lourde]]

[[ko:중수]]

[[hsb:Ćežka woda]]

[[it:Acqua pesante]]

[[he:מים כבדים]]

[[hu:Nehézvíz]]

[[nl:Zwaar water]]

[[ja:重水]]

[[no:Tungtvann]]

[[nn:Tungtvatn]]

[[pl:Ciężka woda]]

[[pt:Água pesada]]

[[ro:Apă grea]]

[[ru:Тяжёлая вода]]

[[sk:Ťažká voda]]

[[sl:Težka voda]]

[[sr:Тешка вода]]

[[fi:Raskas vesi]]

[[sv:Tungt vatten]]

[[tr:Ağır su]]

[[zh:重水]]