Cyprus and Gaara: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Naruto character
{{distinguish|Cypress}}
| image = [[Image:Gaara.jpg|200px|Gaara]]
{{Infobox Country or territory
| caption = Gaara by [[Masashi Kishimoto]]
|native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;"> Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία <small>([[Greek language|Greek]])</small><br/>''Kypriakí Dhimokratía''<br/>''Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'' <small>([[Turkish language|Turkish]])</small></span>
| character_name = Gaara
|conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Republic of Cyprus</span>
| character_name_unicode = 我愛羅
|common_name = Cyprus
| debut = Manga chapter 35 <br> ''Naruto'' episode 20
|image_flag = Flag of Cyprus.svg
| seiyu = [[Akira Ishida]]
|image_coat = Cyprus Coat of Arms.png
| voice_actor = [[Liam O'Brien]]
|image_map = EU_location_CYP.png
| age = 12-13 in Part I <br> 15 in Part II
|map_caption = Location of Cyprus (dark orange) within the EU (orange).
| height = 148.1
|national_motto = none
| weight = 40.2
|national_anthem = <span style="line-height:1.33em;"> Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν<br/>''[[Hymn to Freedom|Imnos is tin Eleftherian]]''{{spaces|2}}([[transliteration]])<br/>''Hymn to Freedom''&nbsp;<sup>1</sup></small></span>
| birthday = [[January 19]]
|official_languages = [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| blood_type = AB
|capital = [[Nicosia]]
| rank = [[Naruto ninja ranks#Kage|Fifth Kazekage]]
|latd=35 |latm=08 |latNS=N |longd=33 |longm=28 |longEW=E
| current_affiliation = [[Land of Wind#Sunagakure|Sunagakure]]
|largest_city = capital
| current_team =
|government_type = [[Republic]]
| previous_affiliation =
|leader_title1 = [[Presidents of Cyprus|President]]
| previous_team = Team Baki ([[Land of Wind#Baki|Baki]], [[Temari (Naruto)|Temari]], [[Land of Wind#Kankuro|Kankuro]], Gaara)
|leader_name1 = [[Tassos Papadopoulos]]
| relatives = [[Land of Wind#Fourth Kazekage|Fourth Kazekage]] (father, deceased) <br> [[Land of Wind#Karura|Karura]] (mother, deceased) <br> [[Temari (Naruto)|Temari]] (sister) <br> [[Land of Wind#Kankuro|Kankuro]] (brother) <br> [[Land of Wind#Yashamaru|Yashamaru]] (uncle, deceased)
|accessionEUdate = [[May 1]] [[2004]] [[Image:European flag.svg|22px]]
|area_rank = 167th
|area_magnitude = 1_E9
|area = 9,251
|areami² = 3,572 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|percent_water = negligible
|population_estimate = 784,301
|population_estimate_year = 2006
|population_estimate_rank = 157th
|population_census = 835,000
|population_census_year = 2005
|population_density = 90
|population_densitymi² = 233 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 105th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2007
|GDP_PPP = $23.74 billion
|GDP_PPP_rank = 113th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $31,053
|HDI_year = 2004
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.903
|HDI_rank = 29th
|HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font>
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from [[United Kingdom]]
|established_event1 = Date
|established_date1 = [[16 August]] [[1960]]
|currency = [[Cypriot pound]]
|currency_code = CYP
|time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +2
|time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|cctld = [[.cy]]<sup>3</sup>
|country_code = CY (ISO 3166)
|calling_code = 357
|footnote1 = "Ymnos pros tin Eleutherian" is also used as the national anthem of [[Greece]].
|footnote2 = UN population estimate for entire island including Turkish-controlled areas.
|footnote3 = The [[.eu]] ___domain is also used, shared with other [[European Union]] member states.
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Gaara'''|我愛羅}} is a [[fictional character]] in the [[anime]] and [[manga]] series ''[[Naruto]]'' created by [[Masashi Kishimoto]]. He is the youngest child of the [[Land of Wind#Fourth Kazekage|Fourth Kazekage]], making him the younger brother of [[Land of Wind#Kankuro|Kankuro]] and [[Temari (Naruto)|Temari]].
 
He is known as "Gaara of the Sand" in the Viz translation, "Gaara of the Desert" in the English anime, and {{nihongo|"Sabaku no Gaara"|砂瀑の我愛羅||Gaara of the Sand Waterfall}} in the original Japanese (''Sabaku'' 砂瀑 means "sand waterfall", but ''sabaku'' 砂漠 means "desert", thus the more common "Gaara of the Desert").
'''Cyprus''' ({{lang-el|Κύπρος, ''Kýpros''}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs}}), officially the '''Republic of Cyprus''' ({{lang-el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, ''Kypriakí Dhimokratía''}}) is a [[Eurasia]]n [[island country]] in the eastern part of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], south of [[Turkey]] ([[Anatolia]]). It is the third largest [[island]] in the Mediterranean and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Mediterranean, attracting over 2.4 million tourists per year.<ref>Invest in Cyprus website - figures do not include tourism to the occupied North [http://www.investincyprus.gov.cy/mcit/iic.nsf/b90df53580542ecbc22570d50050cd1b/d2a6aa26d59fa947c22570d50050dd8f?OpenDocument] </ref> A [[British Empire|former British colony]], it gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1960 and became a [[Commonwealth republic]] in 1961. The Republic of Cyprus is a [[developed country]], and has been a member of the [[European Union]] since 1 May 2004.
 
In the annual Shonen Jump polls for the most popular character, Gaara consistently ranks in the top ten, usually between seventh and tenth spot.
In 1974, following a [[Cyprus Intercommunal violence|period of violence]] between [[Greek Cypriots|Greek]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]] and an attempted [[Greece|Greek]]-sponsored [[coup d'état|coup]], Turkey [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invaded and occupied]] one third of the island; this led to the [[Internally displaced person|displacement]] of thousands of Cypriots and the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriot regime to govern the invaded area in the north. This and the resulting political situation is [[Cyprus dispute|a matter of ongoing dispute]].
 
== Background ==
Cyprus is ''[[de facto]]'' partitioned into four main parts:
Prior to Gaara's birth, [[Land of Wind#Sunagakure|Sunagakure]] saw a series of budget cuts that made it difficult for the village to operate. As a result, Gaara's father ordered [[Land of Wind#Chiyo|Chiyo]] to seal the [[Tailed beasts#One-Tailed Shukaku|One-Tailed Shukaku]] within Gaara during his birth in the hopes that he would become the ultimate weapon for the village. Because a sacrifice was needed, Gaara's mother, [[Land of Wind#Karura|Karura]], was used. Before she died, Karura cursed Sunagakure, hoping Gaara would avenge her death. As the host of Shukaku, Gaara acquired the rings around his eyes.
* the area under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus, the internationally recognized [[state]], in the south of the island;
* the area not under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus, styling itself the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] ([[List of unrecognized countries|recognized only by Turkey]]), in the north;
* the [[United Nations]][[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|-controlled]] [[Green Line (Cyprus)|Green Line]], separating the two; and
* two [[Sovereign Base Areas]] ([[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]), over which the United Kingdom retained jurisdiction after Cypriot independence.
 
Gaara was trained by his father, but raised mainly by his maternal uncle, [[Land of Wind#Yashamaru|Yashamaru]]. Because of the power of Shukaku, the villagers of Sunagakure hated and feared Gaara, seeing him only as the monster sealed within him. For a time, Yashamaru seemed to be the only person who cared about him; when he would mistakenly harm others due to the subconscious abilities granted to him by Shukaku, Yashamaru would be the only one who understood that Gaara hadn't intended to harm anyone. Gaara's father, however, did not see him in the same light, and viewed his frequent attacks upon villagers as a result of a failed experiment that was a threat to the village.
==Etymology==
The name '''Cyprus''' has a somewhat uncertain [[etymology]]. Suggestion is that it comes from the Greek word for the [[Cupressus|Mediterranean cypress tree]] (''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]''), '''κυπάρισσος''' (''kypárissos'') or even from the Greek name of the [[henna|henna plant]] (''[[Lawsonia alba]]''), '''κύπρος''' (''kýpros''). Another school suggests that it stems from the [[Eteocypriot language|Eteocypriot]] word for [[copper]]. Dossin, for example, suggests that it has roots to the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] word for [[copper]] (''zubar'') or even the word for [[bronze]] (''kubar''), due to the large deposits of copper ore found on the island. Through overseas trade, the island has already given its name to the [[Classical Latin]] word for the metal, which appears in the phrase ''aes Cyprium'', "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to ''Cuprum''.<ref>[Fisher, Fred H. '''Cyprus: Our New Colony And What We Know About It'''. London: George Routledge and Sons 1878 pg 13-14.]</ref>Cyprus is also called "the island of Aphrodite", because according to Greek mythology the goddess of love, [[Aphrodite]] ([[Venus]]), was born in Cyprus.
 
Because of the danger Gaara represented, his father began sending assassins to kill him, though when all attempts met with failure, the Kazekage asked Yashamaru to kill Gaara. As a result, Yashamaru tried to assassinate Gaara, though Gaara's abilities defeated him with ease. Although Gaara tried to dismiss this attack as an order of the Kazekage, Yashamaru corrected him by saying that he had willingly accepted the mission. Having never truly loved Gaara, Yashamaru hoped that killing him would avenge the death of his sister, who had named Gaara after the phrase {{nihongo|"a self-loving carnage"|'''我'''を'''愛'''する修'''羅'''|Ware wo ai suru shura}}, a sign of her hate for Gaara. In a last effort to kill him, Yashamaru detonated a number of explosive tags covering his body, asking Gaara to "please die". Gaara survived the blast without injury and lost the only person he thought had cared for him.
==History==
{{main|History of Cyprus}}
 
== Personality ==
===Prehistoric and ancient Cyprus===
While Gaara had initially tried to be friendly towards others despite their fear of him, Yashamaru's actions and words changed him. Realizing that nobody loved him, Gaara used his sand to create the [[kanji]] on his forehead (愛, "Love") as a symbol of a "demon loving only himself". He became emotionally withdrawn, all but silent, and consumed with a bitter loathing for everyone but himself. He learned to find pleasure and eventually a reason to live in annihilating the numerous assassins sent to kill him &ndash; and by extension, anyone who threatened his existence. Gaara's [[insomnia]], forced upon him by the fear that the demon inside him would eat away at his personality if he were to fall asleep, only furthered his instability and desire to kill. In time, Gaara's father came to appreciate Gaara and the uses he could serve, and canceled all assassination orders in the hopes that Gaara would become an effective tool for Sunagakure.
{{main|Cyprus (Prehistory)|Ancient history of Cyprus}}
[[Image:ieron_apollonos_lemesos.jpg|thumbnail|"Temple to Apollon Ilatis" outside the city of [[Limassol]].]]
 
For his first assignment as the village's weapon, Gaara is entered into the Chunin Exams taking place in Konoha to play a key role in the village's eventual invasion. While he enjoys the opportunity to kill others for much of the exam's early stages, he is eventually pitted against [[Rock Lee]] during the preliminaries. With his strength and speed, Lee is able to overcome many of Gaara's defenses, becoming the first person to ever hit Gaara. While Lee is able to deliver a number of ordinarily debilitating blows, Gaara's sand allows him survive each attack and eventually gain the upperhand on Lee. While the match is stopped before further harm can come to Lee, their match allows Gaara a change in ideals; rather than determine his own existence by killing anyone he meets, Gaara finds a drive to kill those strong enough to defeat him, and begins to long to find a formidable opponent.
Over the past twenty years there have been a number of discoveries that have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the early prehistory of Cyprus. Currently, the earliest confirmed site of human activity on the island is ''[[Aetokremnos]]'' situated on the [[Akrotiri Peninsula]] on the south coast. This site indicates that hunter-gatherers were active on the island from around 10,000&nbsp;BC. There is also new evidence that suggests that there may be short lived occupation sites contemporary with Aeotokremnos on the west coast of the island in the area of the [[Akamas]].
 
Gaara's wishes are soon realized and he is matched against [[Sasuke Uchiha]] during the exam's finals. With his [[List of ninjutsu in Naruto (H-R)#Chidori|Chidori]] Sasuke is able to badly injure Gaara near his shoulder, so much so that Gaara is unable to participate in Konoha's invasion as planned. Despite this setback, Gaara's wound magnifies his desire to kill Sasuke and the two soon resume their battle. With Gaara's encouragement Sasuke is able to give additional injuries to Gaara, though his rapidly progressing Shukaku transformation leaves him unfazed by the attacks. When Sasuke is no longer able to battle and Gaara goes in for the kill, [[Naruto Uzumaki]] arrives to save him. With the desire to save his friends from Gaara, Naruto meets him in battle and is eventually able to defeat him despite being in full Shukaku form. Realizing that Naruto's strength stems from his desire to protect others, Gaara abandons his prior ideals and decides to acquire strength by caring for others.
At present the archaeological record presents us with a chronological gap in the use or occupation of the island between the earliest hunter-gatherers and the appearance in the record of more settled village communities at around 8200&nbsp;BC. These people probably practiced a limited form of agriculture and animal husbandry, supplemented by hunting. Important remains from this early-Neolithic period can be found at ''[[Mylouthkia]]'', ''[[Shillourokambos]]'', [[Kastros]], ''[[Tenta]]'' and later towards the end of this period the famous village of ''[[Khirokitia]]''.
 
Gaara's new disposition is first seen when he comes to Rock Lee's aid during the Sasuke Retrieval arc. Upon seeing that the injuries Lee received during their last battle have yet to fully heal, Gaara repeatedly stops him from fighting, concerned that Lee will only harm himself further. These new ideals are seen again during the anime's filler arcs, where Gaara acquires a student named [[Land of Wind#Matsuri|Matsuri]]. As the two begin training, Gaara worries that all of the potential training weapons might cause Matsuri injury, so he has her train with the least harmful weapon present. When she is later kidnapped, Gaara and his siblings go out to rescue her, and with the help of the Konoha ninjas they succeed in their task.
During the Painted-Pottery Neolithic and [[Chalcolithic]] periods that follow small scale settlements and activity areas were in use all over the island. During this period the people of Cyprus produced decorated pottery and figurines of stone quite distinct from the cultures of the surrounding mainland. This has traditionally led some archaeologists to consider the island as being somewhat isolated and insular at this time. More recently this idea is being challenged.
 
[[Image:Salamis_gym_01Sand Siblings.jpgpng|thumb|RuinsTemari, ofGaara, ancientand [[Salamis,Kankuro Cyprus|Salamis]],in nearPart [[Famagusta]].II]]
Over the timeskip, Gaara's personality changes a great deal. While in the past he was fairly hostile to his siblings, he has since come to hold them in a higher regard, and talks to Kankuro about his problems and dreams. As a result of becoming the {{nihongo|Fifth Kazekage|五代目風影|Godaime Kazekage}}, Gaara now acts as the villager's source of protection and values their lives over his own. The villagers, in turn, have also begun to hold Gaara in a more admirable regard, especially amongst the younger females of the village.
[[Image:theatro_kourion.jpg|thumb|[[Kourion]] Theatre outside the city of [[Limassol]].]]
 
== Abilities ==
The [[Bronze Age]] is also rich in finds. The people learned to work the rich copper mines of the island. The [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenæan]] culture seems to have reached Cyprus at around 1600&nbsp;BC and several Greek and [[Phoenician|Phoenicia]] settlements that belong to the [[Iron Age]] can be found on the island. Cyprus came into contact with [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] about 1500&nbsp;BC and became an important trade partner.
As the host of Shukaku, Gaara posses the ability to manipulate sand at will, typically moving it through the air to serve various purposes. The amount of sand he can control at one time is hrrthhrthrtfsdzfa number of miscellaneous attacks that, while capable of being an attack or a shield, are not limited to such purposes. By making a {{nihongo|Sand Clone|砂分身|Suna Bunshin}} of himself, Gaara can have an ally to be used in battle or a mere distraction to be used to buy him time. Unlike most other clone-jutsu in the series, the Sand Clone can retain its shape after more than one attack, and can even reform itself or capture an opponent upon being dispersed. {{nihongo|Sand Drizzle|砂時雨|Suna Shigure}} allows him to collect sand in the air that rains down on the opponent at high speeds in potentially harmful shapes. With {{nihongo|Desert Suspension|砂漠浮遊|Sabaku Fuyū}} Gaara can use sand as a platform to allow himself and others to float in the air. His {{nihongo|Third Eye|第三の眼|Daisan no Me}} also allows him to create a floating eyeball of sand in any ___location that he can see through as a means of spying.
BITCH!!
At some point in time Gaara begins to be able to form weapons in Shukaku's likeness. The first that is seen is {{nihongo|Last Absolute Defense: Shield of Shukaku|最硬絶対防御・守鶴の盾|Saikō Zettai Bōgyo: Shukaku no Tatte}}, which creates a toy-like replica of Shukaku that is roughly twice the size of Gaara. Because the replica is formed under extreme pressure and is built of the strongest minerals it is virtually indestructible, having yet to be penetrated by any force. The anime expands on the idea of having an "ultimate defense" by creating an "ultimate attack": {{nihongo|Ultimate Absolute Attack: Shukaku's Halberd||Saikō Zettai Hōgeki, Shukaku no Hōkō}}. The attack creates a spear under the same conditions as the replica, only the blade resembles one of Shukaku's claws. Like the shield, this attack has yet to meet a defense it can't break.
[[Image:Gaarashukakureupload.jpg|thumb|Gaara in his half Shukaku form.]]
In desperate situations, Gaara can take on the form of Shukaku by layering sand on his body, making him many times more powerful than he already is. Shukaku's personality grows more dominant during this transformation, increasing Gaara's homicidal tendencies. Once finished, Gaara assumes a human-sized version of Shukaku wherein he relies on his brute strength to destroy everything around him. While in this form Gaara can use {{nihongo|Sand Shuriken|砂手裏剣|Suna Shuriken}} or {{nihongo|Sand Halberd|砂戈|Suna Hōkō}} to hurl sand-based forms of the weapons at an opponent. Shukaku also gives him the ability to utilize wind-based attacks such as {{nihongo|Wind Release: Infinite Sand Cloud Great Breakthrough|風遁・無限砂塵 大突破|Fūton: Mugen Sajin Daitoppa|''English'' "Wind Style: Sandstorm Devastation"}}, which spews large amounts of sand from his mouth, devastating both the enemy and a large area around him.
 
If need be, Gaara can almost instantly create a life-sized version of Shukaku should the human-sized form fail. In this form, he remains deep within the Shukaku copy safe from harm though unable to move. Gaara can also unleash the spirit of Shukaku through his {{nihongo|Feigning Sleep Technique|狸寝入りの術|Tanuki Neiri no Jutsu|''English TV'' "Play Possum Jutsu"}}, which forces him to sleep to allow the Shukaku copy to operate at its full potential. To do so, however, Gaara must emerge from within the copy, leaving him open to attack for the duration of the jutsu. While Gaara is initially dependent on waking independently or through someone else's intervention to regain control of his body, he begins to be able to suppress Shukaku by himself towards the end of the anime's filler arcs. By the time Part II begins, Gaara is even capable of using numerous Shukaku arms for attack without losing control of himself.
Around 1200&nbsp;BC, the [[Sea Peoples]] may have arrived in Cyprus, although the nature of their influence is disputed. The Phœnicians arrived at the island in the early first millennium BC. In those times, Cyprus supplied the [[Greeks]] with timber for their fleets.
 
In Part II, Gaara is captured by [[Akatsuki (Naruto)|Akatsuki]] and the Shukaku is extracted from his body, causing his death. Chiyo, regretting the life she gave Gaara when she sealed Shukaku in his body years earlier, gives up her life to revive him. While he no longer possesses the Shukaku, Gaara is still able to manipulate sand, though to what degree has yet to be seen.
In the sixth century BC, [[Amasis]] of [[Egypt]] conquered Cyprus, which soon fell under the rule of the [[Persian Empire|Persians]] when [[Cambyses]] conquered Egypt. In the Persian Empire, Cyprus formed part of the fifth satrapy and in addition to tribute it had to supply the Persians with ships and crews. In their new fate, the Greeks of Cyprus had as companions the Greeks of [[Ionia]] (west coast of [[Anatolia]]) with whom they forged closer ties. When the Ionian Greeks revolted against [[Persia]] (499&nbsp;BC), the Cypriots, except for the city of [[Amathus]], joined in, led by [[Onesilos]] who dethroned his brother, the king of [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]], for not wanting to fight for independence. The Persians reacted quickly, sending a considerable force against Onesilos. The Persians finally won despite Ionian help.
 
== Other media ==
After their defeat, the Greeks mounted various expeditions in order to take Cyprus from Persian rule, but all their efforts bore only temporary results. Eventually, under [[Alexander the Great]] (356-323&nbsp;BC) the island went over to the Macedonians. Later, the [[Ptolemies]] of Egypt controlled it; finally [[Rome]] annexed it in 58-57&nbsp;BC. Cyprus was visited by the Apostles [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] and [[Barnabas]] accompanied by [[Mark the Evangelist|St Mark]] who came to the island at the outset of their first [[missionary]] journey in 45&nbsp;AD. After their arrival at [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]] they proceeded to [[Paphos]] where they converted the Roman Governor [[Sergius Paulus]] to [[Christianity]].
In the [[Naruto the Movie 2: Great Clash! The Illusionary Ruins at the Depths of the Earth|second ''Naruto'' movie]], Gaara helps defend Sunagakure from an onslaught of mysterious knights, killing many of them with his sand until a ship launches projectiles at the battlefield and forces them to retreat. Later, in one of the wrecks of the invading ships, he fights [[List of minor villains in Naruto#Ranke|Ranke]], one of Haido's henchmen that utilizes electricity to fight. Once she transforms into a Frankenstein's monster-like state, she gains the upperhand and becomes virtually immune to the crushing force of Gaara's sand. He eventually uses Thunder God of Sand to create multiple lightning rods out of sand to shoot her electricity back at her. Once she is paralyzed he kills her with Desert Imperial Funeral.
 
== Sources ==
===Cyprus in ancient myth===
* {{Nihongo|First Official Data Book|秘伝・臨の書キャラクターオフィシャルデータBOOK|Hiden:Rin no Sho Character Official Data Book}}
[[Image:Centaur_Floor_Mosaic.jpg|thumb|The Centaur floor mosaic in [[Paphos]].]]
* {{Nihongo|Second Official Data Book|秘伝・闘の書キャラクターオフィシャルデータBOOK|Hiden: Tō no Sho Character Official Data Book}}
* {{Nihongo|Jump's 2nd Great Hero Book's Mini Data Book|秘伝・翔の書オフィシャルキャラクターデータBOOK mini|Hiden: Shō no Sho Official Character Data Book mini}}
* {{Nihongo|Naruto anime and manga Guidebook|秘伝・翔の書オフィシャルキャラクターデータBOOK mini|Hiden: Shō no Sho Official Character Data Book mini}}
* Taken directly from the ''Naruto'' manga chapters and anime episodes.
 
{{Naruto characters}}
Cyprus is the legendary birthplace of the goddess of beauty and love, the beautiful [[Aphrodite]] (also known as ''Kypris'' or ''the Cyprian''). According to [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', the goddess emerged fully grown from the sea where the severed genitals of the god [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] were cast by his son, [[Kronos]], causing the sea to foam (Greek: ''Aphros''). Her birth was famously depicted by the artist [[Sandro Botticelli|Botticelli]] in ''[[The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)|The Birth of Venus]]''. The legendary site of Aphrodite's birth is at [[Petra Tou Romiou]] ("Aphrodite's Rock"), a large [[sea stack]] close to the coastal cliffs near Paphos. Throughout ancient history, Cyprus was a flourishing centre for the cultic worship of Aphrodite.
 
[[Category:Naruto characters]]
Other mythological characters associated to Cyprus are King [[Cinyras]], [[Teucer]] (founder of [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]]), the Cypriot sculptor [[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion]], and (in some versions) [[Adonis]].
[[Category:Fictional orphans]]
[[Category:Fictional murderers]]
 
[[ar:جآرا]]
===Post-classical and modern Cyprus===
[[da:Gaara]]
[[Image:Kolossi Castle 01.JPG|thumb|[[Kolossi Castle]]]]
[[el:Sabaku no Gaara]]
 
[[es:Gaara]]
Cyprus became part of the [[Byzantine Empire]] after the partitioning of the [[Roman Empire]] in 395, and remained so for almost eight hundred years, interrupted by a brief period of [[Arab]] domination and influence.
[[fr:Gaara]]
 
[[it:Gaara]]
After the rule of the rebellious Byzantine Emperor [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus|Isaac Komnenos]], King [[Richard I of England]] captured the island in 1191 during the [[Third Crusade]]. On May 6, 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Lemesos and took the city. When Isaac arrived to stop the Crusaders he discovered he was too late and retired to [[Kolossi Castle]]. Richard called Isaac to negotiations but Isaac broke his oath of hospitality and started demanding Richard's departure. Richard ordered his cavalry to follow him in a battle against Isaac's army in Tremetusia. The few Roman Catholics of the island joined Richard's army and so did the island's nobles who were dissatisfied with Isaac's seven years of tyrannical rule. Though Isaac and his men fought bravely, Richard's army was bigger and better equipped, assuring his victory. Isaac continued to resist from the castles of Pentadactylos but after the siege of his castle of Kantara he finally surrendered. In a fit of sardonic irony, Richard had Isaac confined with silver chains, scrupulously abiding by a previous promise that he would not place Isaac in irons should he be taken prisoner. Richard became the new ruler of Cyprus, gaining for the Crusade a major supply base that was not under immediate threat from the Turks as was Tyre. Richard looted the island and massacred those trying to resist him. He and most of his army left Cyprus for the Holy Land early in June. In his absence Cyprus would be governed by Richard Camville.
[[ms:Gaara]]
 
[[ja:我愛羅]]
In 1192, the [[France|French]] [[knight]] [[Guy of Lusignan]] purchased the island, in compensation for the loss of his kingdom, from the [[Knights Templar|Templars]]. The [[Republic of Venice]] took control in 1489 after the death of the last [[Lusignan]] Queen.
[[no:Gaara]]
 
[[pl:Gaara]]
Throughout the period of [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] rule, [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks raided and attacked the peoples of Cyprus at will. The [[Greeks|Greek]] population of Cyprus were given weapons by the Venetians and fought the attacking [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
[[pt:Sabaku no Gaara]]
 
[[ru:Гаара]]
In [[1489]], the first year of Venetian control, Turks attacked the [[Karpasia Peninsula]], pillaging and taking captives to be sold into slavery. In [[1539]] the Turkish fleet attacked and destroyed [[Limassol]]. Fearing the ever-expanding [[Ottoman Empire]], the Venetians had fortified [[Famagusta]], [[Nicosia]], and [[Kyrenia]], but most other cities were easy prey.
[[fi:Gaara]]
 
[[sv:Gaara]]
In the summer of [[1570]], the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. A fleet commanded by [[Piyale Pasha]] carried about 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of [[Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha]] to the island and landed unopposed near [[Limassol]] on July 2, [[1570]], and laid siege to [[Nicosia]]. In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fell (9 September [[1570]]), 20,000 Nicosian Greeks were put to death, and every [[church]], public building, and palace was looted. Word of the massacre spread, and a few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a heroic defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571.
[[tl:Gaara]]
 
[[th:กาอาระ]]
Ottoman rule brought about two radical results in the history of the island. For the first time since the [[Phoenicians]] in the ninth century BC, a new population group appeared, the Turks. The Ottoman Empire gave ''timars'' &ndash; land grants &ndash; to soldiers under the condition that they and their families would stay there permanently. This event radically changed the demographics of Cyprus. During the seventeenth century the Turkish population grew rapidly. Most of the Turks who had settled on the island during the three centuries of Ottoman rule remained when control of Cyprus &ndash; although not sovereignty (see [[Cyprus Convention]]) &ndash; was ceded to Britain in 1878. Many, however, left for Turkey during the 1920s. By 1970, ethnic Turks represented 18% of the total population of the island, with ethnic Greeks representing the remainder. The distinction between the two groups was by religion and language.
[[vi:Gaara]]
 
[[tr:Gaara (Naruto)]]
[[Image:kykkos,district of nicosia.jpg|thumb|Kykkos monastery in the [[District of Nicosia]].]]
[[zh:我愛羅]]
 
The second important result of the Ottoman conquest benefited the Greek peasants who no longer remained serfs of the land they were cultivating. Now they could acquire it by purchase, thus becoming owners of it. In reality, they were purchasing their own land from invaders and conquerors. The Ottomans also applied the millet system to Cyprus, which allowed religious authorities to govern their own non-Muslim minorities. This system reinforced the position of the Orthodox Church and the cohesion of the ethnic Greek population. Gradually the [[Archbishop of Cyprus]] became not only the religious but the ethnic leader as well. In this way the Church undertook the task of the guardian of Greek cultural legacy, which is partly carried on even now, although diminished after independence. The Church itself paid no taxes to the Ottoman conquerors but was responsible for collecting taxes from the population and passing it on to the rulers.
 
The heavy taxes and the abuses against the population on the part of the Ottoman rulers in the early years after the Ottoman conquest gave rise to opposition, following which the Sultan ordered the Governor (the "Kadi") and the Treasurer to govern with justice.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} While the Sultan's orders indicated his goodwill towards the local population, the local administration proved indifferent, arbitrary and often corrupt, along with imposing a heavy burden of taxes.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Cypriots disappointed at the mismanagement of Ottoman governors, soon turned to Western Europe in search of help for liberation as their motherland, Greece, was also under the Ottomans.
 
Between 1572 and 1668, around twenty-eight bloody uprisings took place on the island and in many of these both Greeks and Turk peasants took part.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} All ended in failure.
 
About 1660, in order to eliminate the mismanagement of the Ottoman administration, the Sultan recognised the Archbishop and the Bishops as "the protectors of people" and the representatives of the Sultan. In 1670, Cyprus ceased to be a "pasaliki" for the Ottoman Empire and came under the jurisdiction of the Admiral of the Ottoman fleet. In his turn, the Admiral sent an officer to govern in his place.
 
In 1703, Cyprus came under the jurisdiction of the Grand Vizier (Anthony Petane) who sent to the island a military and civil administrator. The title and function of this officer were awarded to the person who could raise the highest revenues in exchange. As a result, even heavier taxation was imposed. About 1760 the situation in Cyprus was intolerable. A terrible epidemic of plague, bad crops and earthquakes, drove many Cypriots to emigrate. In addition, what was worse for the Greeks and Turks of the island, the newly- appointed Pasha, doubled the taxes in 1764. In the end, Chil Osman and 18 of his friends were killed by Greek and Turkish Cypriots, but the two ethnic elements had to pay a huge sum of money to the Sultan and the families of the victims. The latter did not accept this judgement and broke into an open rebellion, having Khalil Agha, the commander of the guard of the castle of Kyrenia, as their leader. Finally the uprising was crushed and Khalil Agha was beheaded.
 
Detailed population statistics from Cyprus are available going back to the 1830s. The first large scale census of the Ottoman Empire in 1831 included Cyprus. Only men were counted and information on religion was recorded. The male population at the time was 14,983 Muslims and 29,190 Christians.<ref>"Memalik-i Mahrusa-i Sahanede 1247 senesinde mevcut olan nufus defteri", Istanbul University library, ms.kat d-8 no:8867</ref> This implies a total population of 88,000 for the island.
 
By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000 comprising 44,000 Muslims (mostly Turks) and 100,000 Christians (mostly Greeks).<ref>"Osmanli Nufusu 1830-1914" by Kemal Karpat, ISBN 975-333-169-X and "Die Volker des Osmanischen" by Ritter zur Helle von Samo</ref>
 
Cyprus was placed under [[United Kingdom|British]] control on [[4 June]] [[1878]] as a result of the [[Cyprus Convention]], which granted control of the island to Britain in return for British support of the Ottoman Empire in the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878|Russian-Turkish War]].
 
Famagusta harbour was completed in June 1906; by this time the island was a strategic naval outpost for the [[British Empire]], shoring up influence over the Eastern [[Mediterranean]] and [[Suez Canal]], the crucial main route to [[India]].
 
Cyprus was formally annexed by the [[United Kingdom]] in 1913 in the run-up to the [[World War I|First World War]], since former British ally (Turkey) had joined the Central Powers. Many Cypriots, now British subjects, signed up to fight in the British Army, promised by the British that when the war finished Cyprus would be united with Greece. This happened twice both in the First and in the [[World War II|Second World War]].
 
During the 1900s and 1950s, Greek Cypriots began to demand [[Enosis|union with Greece]]. Various referenda were held, mainly organised by the church of Cyprus. In January 1950, a clear majority of Cypriots voted in a referendum in support of ''enosis'' (union). Turkish Cypriots claim that the ''enosis'' movement largely ignored the Turkish Cypriots minority presence on the island, but all peoples of Cyprus recognize that the British sought to quell any movement which could threaten their possession of the island. In 1955, the struggle against British rule erupted with the foundation of [[EOKA]], which lasted until 1959. In this struggle the overwhelming majority of the island (the Greek Cypriots) took part.
 
Independence was attained in 1960 after exhaustive negotiations between the United Kingdom, as the colonial power, and Greece and Turkey, the cultural 'motherlands' for both the majority and minority communities in Cyprus. The UK ceded the island under a constitution allocating government posts and public offices by ethnic quota, but retained two small [[Sovereign Base Areas]].
 
===Post-independence (1960-1974)===
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[[Image: Makarios Statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Makarios III]] at the Archiepiscopal Palace in [[Nicosia]].]]
 
Cyprus was declared an independent state on August 16, 1960. The constitution of the new state, which was defined by the [[Zürich and London Agreement]]s, was drawn up in terms that explicitly defined the two main ethnic communities in Cyprus, the numerically larger Greek Cypriot community at approximately 80% of the total Cypriot population and the numerically smaller Turkish Cypriot community at approximately 18% of the total Cypriot population. These agreements were atypical in that they granted the numerically smaller Turkish Cypriot community political rights within the new republic greater than those of just an ethnic minority community. They were also atypical in that they placed certain limits within the constitution on the absolute independence of the new republic, with certain articles deemed unalterable as well as granting rights and responsibilities to the external guarantor states of Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The complexity and limits on the new Republic’s independence of these agreements was a reflection of the complex situation in Cyprus pre-independence, where there was little or no cohesive pan Cypriot national identity, with each of the two main ethnic communities seeking to pursue purely ethnic based visions for Cyprus' future. Pre-independence the Greek Cypriot community, on the whole considering themselves Greeks that happened to live in Cyprus rather than Cypriots with a Greek ethnic background, sought a Cypriot future based on [[Enosis]], the ceding of Cyprus to Greece, as a natural stage after the end of British rule and a fulfillment of the Greek nationalist [[Megali Idea]]. For the Turkish Cypriot community who also on the whole tended to see themselves as Turks that happened to live in Cyprus rather than Cypriots with a Turkish ethnic background, the idea of Cyprus being handed over to Greece after the end of [[British Empire|British]] rule and of them becoming Greek citizens in a Hellenic republic, with them having no effective say as a community in this fundamental matter related to their own lives, was an anathema. Largely in response to calls from the Greek Cypriots community for enosis the Turkish Cypriot community developed the concept of [[Taksim]], the partition of Cyprus into a Greek Cypriot controlled part, which would be free to pursue enosis as it saw fit and a Turkish Cypriot controlled part, despite the fact that the two ethnic communities were geographically intermingled throughout Cyprus and taksim by its very nature would have required mass population movements.<ref>http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html</ref> It is against this background that the [[Zürich and London Agreement]]s were drawn up after lengthy negotiation principally by [[Greece]]- [[Turkey]] and the [[United Kingdom]] and why they ended up being both complex and atypical granting the Turkish Cypriot community political rights disproportionate to their numerical numbers and containing permanent restrictions on the pursuit of both enosis and taksim alike. It is a common Greek Cypriot position that these agreements were imposed on them against their will by external powers and that despite Archbishop Makarios, as the recognized leader of the Greek Cypriot community putting his signature on them he did so only because he was forced too. There is no real doubt that great pressure was placed on Archbishop Makarios by both the United Kingdom and by Greece to sign the agreements, however it should also be pointed out that there is also little doubt that had the agreements been put before the two communities in referendum, which was not a legal requirement for them to carry legal validly, the two communities would have given their support to these agreements, as even the pro enosis authors of the Akritas plan were to admit.<ref>http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/akritas_plan.html</ref>
 
In the period from independence in 1960 to 1963 a series of disputes arose between the two communities over the implementation and interpretation of the agreements and constitution. These disputes centered on 70:30 ratio of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in the public service mandated by the constitution but never achieved in practice, the establishment of separate municipalities as required by the constitution also not achieved, the use by the Turkish Cypriot leadership of its veto on tax legislation as a means of gaining leverage on the other areas of dispute and the status of the Turkish Cypriot vice president who constitutionally had a veto on foreign policy but complained of frequently not being informed of foreign policy initiatives by the Greek Cypriot foreign minister. Relations between the two communities became increasingly strained in this period and distrust on both sides grew with both sides preparing for physical confrontation with the establishment of armed irregulars as well as military officers from the two communities respective 'motherlands'.<ref>http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-2.html#The%20%crisis%20%of%20%1963</ref> In November 1963 Archbishop Makarios, by then the first President of the Republic of Cyprus, proposed [[Zürich and London Agreement#13 Amendments proposed by Makarios III|thirteen amendments]] to the constitution. It is claimed then and now that the intent of these amendments was simply to try and make the cumbersome 60's agreements and constitution more workable and remove causes of friction. Whilst it is true that the amendments did address these issues they also removed nearly all of the political protections the Turkish Cypriot community had gained in the 1960 agreements and essentially represented a fundamental altering of the entire basis of the 1960 agreements.<ref>http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/13_points.html</ref> The proposed amendments were immediately reject first by Turkey and then later by the Turkish Cypriot Vice-President Dr. Kutchuk. On 21 December 1963 a street brawl in a Turkish quarter in Nicosia between a Turkish Cypriot crowd and Yorgadjis', the Greek Cypriot interior minister, plainclothes special constables was followed immediately by a major Greek Cypriot attack by the various para-military forces against the Turkish Cypriots in Nicosia and in Larnaca.<ref>http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html</ref> Against this background of a breakdown of internal security in Cyprus and inter-communal violence that threaten to bring into direct conflict the two [[NATO]] members of Greece and Turkey during the height of the cold war, the United Kingdom and the USA first tried to implement a neutral NATO force to be stationed within Cyprus to prevent further inter-communal conflict. The Makarios government blocked this move and the United Kingdom then raised the matter with the UN security council in a letter of 15 February 1964. The Makarios government also raised issues of alleged preparation by Turkey for an imminent and obvious invasion of Cyprus in a letter to the Security Council also on the 15 February 1964. The Security Council debated the unfolding crisis in Cyprus at its 1094th to 1103rd meetings from the 17 February to 4 March 1964,<ref>http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/repertoire/64-65_08.pdf</ref> the result of which was UN Security Council resolution 186 of the 4th March 1964,<ref>http://www.un.int/cyprus/scr186.htm</ref> which established a UN peacekeeping force in Cyprus that remains to this day.
 
===Turkish Invasion (1974)===
{{main|Turkish invasion of Cyprus}}
 
By [[1974]], dissatisfaction among Greek nationalist right-wing elements in favour of the long-term goal of [[Enosis|unification with Greece]] precipitated a [[coup d'etat]] against President Makarios which was sponsored by [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|the military government of Greece]] and led by Greek officers in the Cypriot National Guard. The Greek military junta and their supporters attempted to assassinate President Makarios. The new regime replaced Makarios with [[Nikos Sampson|Nikos Giorgiades Sampson]] as president, and Bishop Gennadios as head of the [[Cypriot Orthodox Church]]. Seven days after these events [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkey invaded Cyprus]] by sea and air on [[20 July]] [[1974]]. At the time Turkey claimed it was invading to uphold its obligation under the [[1960 Treaty of Guarantee]] "to re-instate the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus". The coup was dissolved after strong resistance by the Greek Cypriot people, however the constitution was replaced only in the free areas of Cyprus, not under the Turkish occupation army. Talks in [[Geneva]] involving Greece, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the two Cypriot factions stalled and on [[August 12]] Turkey offered a proposal for a communal system, with confederate cantons, and gave Greece 24 hours to accept.<ref>{{cite news |first=Craig R. |last=Whitney |title=Turkish Plan for Cyprus Disrupts Talks in Geneva |url= |work=[[New York Times]] |page=3 |date=[[1974-08-13]] |accessdate= 2007-03-06 }}</ref> The talks soon collapsed after Turkish planes attacked [[Nicosia]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Cyprus Fighting Continues as Peace Talks Collapse; U.N. Called Into Session |url= |work=[[New York Times]] |page=1 |date=[[1974-08-14]] |accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> and Turkish forces subsequently moved from the previous cease-fire lines to gain control of 37% of the island's territory. During the invasion, 200,000 Greek Cypriots<ref>http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa.nsf/FEB4D72828085695C2256FD50031BF1E/$FILE/MEMOResponse10.3.05.doc</ref> were displaced from their home land. While this was happening, the entire Turkish Cypriot male population of Tokhni was massacred by Greek Cypriot paramilitaries in reprisal for the landings. Further mass graves were uncovered in Aloa, Sandalaris and Maratha.<ref>http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative%20-%20part%204.htm</ref> As of today, there are still 1,468 Greek Cypriots and 502 Turkish Cypriots unaccounted for as well as over 150,000 Greek Cypriot refugees and over 60,000 Turkish Cypriot displaced persons.<ref>http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1</ref> The events of the summer of 1974 have dominated Cypriot politics ever since and have been a major point of contention between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, as well as Greece and Turkey.
 
[[Image:Lemesos'.jpg|thumb|[[Limassol]] seafront]]
 
Since 1974, there have been continual efforts to negotiate a settlement, which met with varying levels of disagreement from either side. The Turkish government arranged an influx of settlers from Turkey whose exact numbers are disputed, but believed to be in the range of over 100,000, thus altering the demographics of the island against the rules of the [[Geneva Convention]]. Turkey counters that the Turkish Cypriots - before 1963 - owned and farmed 33% of Cypriot land before being forced into enclaves by the TMT (the Turkish Cypriot counter organization to [[EOKA]] and later [[EOKA#EOKA-B|EOKA-B]]), thus the take-over of one-third of Cyprus was seen as compensating the Turkish Cypriots for their lost land. These figures are rejected by both the Colonial land registry and the Cyprus Republic Authorities as fictional. According to the records held by the Cyprus Land Registry, only 12.3% of all Cypriot land, or 16.7% of privately owned land was owned by Turkish Cypriots. Of the 3,240 square kilometers of the occupied area, 60.27% is owned by Greek Cypriots, 16.39% is owned by Turkish Cypriots and 23.09% is state owned land.
 
Turkish Cypriots proclaimed a separate state, the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (TRNC), under [[Rauf Denktaş]] on [[November 15]] [[1983]]. The UN [[Security Council]], in its Resolution 541 of [[November 18]] [[1983]], declared the action legally invalid and called for a withdrawal of Turkish troops. The above-mentioned Resolutions also asked all states to refrain from recognizing the declaration, which was created through secessionist actions, and not to facilitate or in any other way aid the secessionist entity. Turkey is the only country to date that recognizes the administration on the northern third of Cyprus in violation of the resolution. Turkey does not recognize the Republic of Cyprus's authority over the whole island, and refers to it as the Greek Cypriot administration.
 
===Modern Era (1974-present)===
{{main|Cyprus dispute}}
 
In [[2004]], the UN-backed [[Annan Plan for Cyprus]] sought to reunify the island before EU accession. Turkish Cypriots accepted the plan whilst Greek Cypriots rejected it, with the result that the island entered the EU as a divided country. EU countries recognize the official government and still officially treat the North as a militarily occupied area: although this has affected discussions with [[Turkey]] over [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession]], it has not prevented them, and [[European Union|EU]] ministers have repeatedly stressed their intention to open direct trade links with the occupied area. The EU [[Acquis]] communautaire applies only to those (Greek) areas under the control of the Republic of Cyprus.
 
Since the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invasion]], the economy of Cyprus has grown greatly and citizens of the Republic in particular enjoy a high standard of living. The north maintains a lower standard of living due to international embargoes, and is still reliant on Turkey for aid, though increased revenues through tourism and a recent construction boom have led to rapid economic development in recent years. The [[Turkish]] Cypriot administration has allowed the illegal sale of real estate, consisting almost entirely of property and land still owned by [[Greek]] Cypriots from before the 1974 Turkish invasion, to private buyers from overseas. In [[2005]], the UK's ''Guardian'' newspaper reported that up to 10,000 Europeans had invested in property in the north of Cyprus, a trend that still causes concern in the south. This concern was highlighted by the UK's ''Daily Telegraph'' newspaper in [[2006]] when [[Cherie Blair]], the wife of Britain's prime minister, touched a diplomatic nerve; Mrs Blair, in her capacity as an advocate at law, represented a UK couple, the Orams, who had been taken to court by Greek Cypriots who claimed ownership of the land on which the Orams had built a house. President [[Tassos Papadopoulos]] referred to Blair's decision to represent the Orams as "a provocative action".
 
On [[5 December]] [[2006]], the [[United Nations]] Secretary-General Kofi Annan recommended a further six-month extension in the [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|mandate of the UN mission]] that has been deployed on the island for over four decades. Mr. Annan said that while the situation remained “calm and stable with no major violations of the ceasefire lines,” he regretted the continued stalemate in the political process and the “missed opportunities” over the past 10 years. In July of 2006, the island served as a safe haven for Lebanese displaced by the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200607/21/eng20060721_285223.html |title= |date=2006 |publlisher= english.peopledaily.com.cn |work= People Daily |accessdate= }}</ref>
 
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Cyprus}}
{{seealso|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}}
[[Image:modis_cyprus_lrg.jpg|thumb|[[MODIS]] satellite image of Cyprus.]]
[[Image:Cyprus_topo.png|thumb|Topography of Cyprus.]]
 
The third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]]), Cyprus is geographically situated in the eastern Mediterranean and just south of the [[Anatolia]]n [[peninsula]] (or Asia Minor) of the [[Asia]]n mainland; thus, it is commonly included in the [[Middle East]] (see also [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]] and [[Near East]]). [[Turkey]] is 75 kilometres (47 miles) north; other neighbouring countries include [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]] to the east, [[Israel]] to the southeast, [[Egypt]] to the south, and [[Greece]] to the west-north-west.
 
Historically, politically and culturally, however, it is closely aligned with [[Europe]] – the [[Greeks|Greek]] Cypriots in the internationally recognised Government controlled area with Greece and the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] Cypriots in the occupied North with Turkey. Historically, Cyprus has been at the [[crossroads]] between Europe, Western Asia, and [[North Africa|Northern Africa]], with lengthy periods of mainly Greek and intermittent Anatolian, [[Levant]]ine, and [[British Empire|British]] influences. Thus, it is generally considered a [[transcontinental nation|transcontinental island]].
 
The central plain ([[Mesaoria]]) with the [[Kyrenia]] and [[Pentadactylos]] mountains to the north and the [[Troodos Mountains|Troodos mountain range]] to the south and west. There are also scattered, but significant, plains along the southern coast.
 
The climate is temperate and [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] with dry summers and variably rainy winters. Summer temperatures range from warm at higher elevations in the Troodos mountains to hot in the lowlands. Winter temperatures are mild at lower elevations, where snow rarely occurs, but are significantly colder in the Troodos mountains, where there is sufficient snow for a seasonal ski facility. Dust storms are frequent throughout the year.
 
==Districts==
{{main|Districts of Cyprus}}
 
The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts:<ref>[http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm EUROPA - The EU at a glance - Maps - Cyprus]</ref> [[Nicosia]] (the capital; {{lang-el|Λευκωσία, ''Lefkosia''}}; {{lang-tr|Lefkoşa}}; Latin:&nbsp;''Nicosia''), [[Famagusta]] ({{lang-el|Αμμόχωστος, ''Ammochostos''}}; {{lang-tr|Mağusa}}), [[Kyrenia]] ({{lang-el|Κερύνεια, ''Keryneia''}}; {{lang-tr|Girne}}), [[Larnaca]] ({{lang-el|Λάρνακα, ''Larnaka''}}; {{lang-tr|İskele}}), [[Limassol]] ({{lang-el|Λεμεσός, ''Lemesos''}}; {{lang-tr|Limasol}}), and [[Paphos]] ({{lang-el|Πάφος, ''Páfos''}}; {{lang-tr|Baf}}).
 
{| class="wikitable"
! !! [[Greek language|Greek]] !! [[Turkish language|Turkish]] !! Districts !! Municipalities</tr>
| [[Famagusta District|Famagusta]] || Αμμόχωστος (Ammochostos) || Gazimağusa</tr>
| rowspan=6 | [[Image:Cyprus_districts_named.png|left|thumb|300px|Map of Cyprus showing districts, British Military Bases, Buffer Zone, and Occupied North]]
| rowspan=6 | [[Image:Cyprus municipalities.png|left|thumb|250px|Municipalities of Greek-controlled Cyprus area]]</tr>
| [[Kyrenia District|Kyrenia]] || Κερύvεια (Keryneia) || Girne</tr>
| [[Larnaca District|Larnaca]] || Λάρνακα (Larnaka) || Larnaka</tr>
| [[Limassol District|Limassol]] || Λεμεσός (Lemesos) || Limasol/Leymosun</tr>
| [[Nicosia District|Nicosia]] || Λευκωσία (Lefkosia) || Lefkoşa</tr>
| [[Paphos District|Paphos]] || Πάφος (Pafos) || Baf</tr>
|}
 
==Politics==
[[Image:presidential-palace.jpg|thumb|The Presidential Palace (Residence) in [[Nicosia]]]]
{{main|Politics of Cyprus}}<!--Please add new information to the relevant series of articles-->
{{seealso|Foreign relations of Cyprus|List of political parties in Cyprus|Military of Cyprus}}
 
After independence, Cyprus became a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] despite all three guarantor powers (Greece, Turkey and the UK) being [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] members. Cyprus left the Non-Aligned Movement in 2004 to join the [[European Union]], though it retains special observer status.
 
The 1960 Cypriot Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as a complex system of checks and balances, including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive, for example, was headed by a Greek Cypriot president, Archbishop [[Makarios III]], and a Turkish Cypriot vice president, [[Fazil Kucuk|Dr. Fazıl Küçük]], elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions.
 
The House of Representatives was elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls. Since 1964, following clashes between the two communities, the Turkish Cypriot seats in the House remained vacant, while the Greek Cypriot Communal Chamber was abolished. The responsibilities of the chamber were transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Education.
 
By 1967, when a [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|military junta]] had seized power in Greece, the political impetus for enosis had faded, partly as a result of the non-aligned foreign policy of Cypriot President Makarios. Enosis remained an ideological goal, despite being pushed significantly further down the political agenda. Dissatisfaction in Greece with Makarios's perceived failure to deliver on earlier promises of enosis convinced the Greek colonels to sponsor the 1974 coup in Nicosia.
 
Turkey responded by launching a military operation on Cyprus, the "Cyprus Peace Operation". Turkish forces captured the northern part of the island. Many thousands of others, from both sides, left the island entirely. In addition to many of the Greek Cypriot refugees (a third of the population), many Turkish Cypriots also moved to the UK and other countries where for the past 30 years they have lived as neighbours with the Greek Cypriots. In the meantime Turkey illegally imported Turkish colonists to populate the occupied territories, thereby altering the ethnic make up of the occupied north. Under the [[Geneva conventions|Geneva Conventions]] of 1949, it is a war crime to transfer, directly or indirectly, the civilian population of a country power onto land under that country's military occupation.
 
Subsequently, the Turkish Cypriots established their own separatist institutions with a popularly elected ''[[de facto]]'' President and a Prime Minister responsible to the National Assembly exercising joint executive powers. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriots declared an independent state called the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (TRNC), an action opposed by the United Nations Security Council. In 1985, the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections.
 
===Political division===
[[Image:buffer_zone.jpg|thumb|The capital Nicosia remains divided since 1974. The UN buffer zone separates the two sectors.]]
 
<!--Please add new information to the relevant series of articles-->
Cyprus gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1960, with the UK, Greece and Turkey retaining limited rights to intervene in internal affairs.
 
In July 1974, after an attempted coup against the Makarios government by extreme right-wing factions aided by the Greek junta, Turkey invaded Cyprus. The coup had been quashed before the arrival of Turkish paratroopers. Turkey has ever since occupied the northern part by a massive military force, estimated at 35 to 60 thousand troops {{Fact|date=April 2007}}. Cyprus has been divided, ''de facto'', into the Greek-Cypriot controlled rump of the Republic, somewhat less than two-thirds of the island and the Turkish-occupied approximately one third in the north. Further, British sovereign bases under the term of the establishment of the Republic in 1960, occupy 99 square miles (256 square kilometers). The '''Republic of Cyprus''' is the legitimate internationally-recognised government of Cyprus. Turkey aside, all foreign governments and the United Nations recognise the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the whole island of Cyprus.
 
The Turkish Cypriot administration of the northern part of the island, together with Turkey, rejects the Republic's rule over the whole island and refers to it as the "Greek Authority of Southern Cyprus". Its territory, known as the "occupied area", extends over the northern 36<ref> calculated from the data provided on this page and [[TRNC]] (i.e. 3355/9251 km²]] </ref> percent of the island.
 
The other power with territory on Cyprus is the United Kingdom. Under the independence agreement, the UK retained entitlement to lease two extensive areas on the southern coast of the island, around [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], known collectively as the [[Sovereign Base Areas|UK sovereign base]] areas. They are used as military bases.
 
===Exclaves and enclaves===
<!--Please add new information to the relevant series of articles-->
Cyprus has four [[exclave]]s, all in territory that belongs to the [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia]]. The first two are the villages of [[Ormidhia]] and [[Xylotymvou]]. Additionally there is the [[Dhekelia Power Station]], which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is an enclave, like the two villages, whereas the southern part is located by the sea and therefore not an enclave —although it has no territorial waters of its own [http://geosite.jankrogh.com/cyprus.htm].
 
The UN buffer zone separating the territory controlled by the Turkish Cypriot administration from the rest of Cyprus runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side, off [[Ayios Nikolaos (Cyprus)|Ayios Nikolaos]] (connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor). In that sense, the buffer zone turns the south-east corner of the island, the [[Paralimni]] area, into a ''de facto'', though not ''[[de jure]]'', exclave.
 
===Reunification, the Annan Plan and EU entry===
<!--Please add new information to the relevant series of articles-->
 
The results of early negotiations between Greek and Turkish politicians led to a broad agreement in principle for reunification as a bi-cameral, bi-zonal [[federation]] with territory allocated to the Greek and Turkish communities within a united island. However, agreement was never reached on the finer details, and negotiations were often deadlocked over the following points, among others:
 
The Greek side:
* took a strong line on the right of return for refugees to properties vacated in the 1974 displacement of Cypriots on both sides, which was based on both UN Resolutions and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights;
* took a dim view of any proposals which did not allow for the repatriation of Turkish settlers from the mainland who had emigrated to Cyprus since 1974; and
* supported a stronger central government.
 
The Turkish side:
* favoured a weak central government presiding over two sovereign states in voluntary association, a legacy of earlier fears of domination by the majority Greek Cypriots; and
* opposed plans for demilitarisation, citing security concerns.
 
The continued difficulties in finding a settlement presented a potential obstacle to Cypriot entry to the [[European Union]], for which the government had applied in 1997. UN-sponsored talks between the Greek and Turkish leaders, [[Glafkos Klerides]] and [[Rauf Denktash]], continued intensively in 2002, but without resolution. In December 2002, the EU formally invited Cyprus to join in 2004, insisting that EU membership would apply to the whole island and hoping that it would provide a significant enticement for reunification resulting from the outcome of ongoing talks. However, weeks before the UN deadline, Klerides was defeated in presidential elections by centre candidate [[Tassos Papadopoulos]]. Papadopoulos had a reputation as a hard-liner on reunification and based his stance on international law and human rights. By mid-March, the UN declared that the talks had failed.
 
A [[United Nations]] plan sponsored by [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[Kofi Annan]] was announced on [[31 March]] [[2004]], based on what progress had been made during the talks in [[Switzerland]] and fleshed out by the UN, was put for the first time to civilians on both sides in separate referenda on [[24 April]] [[2004]]. The Greek side overwhelmingly rejected the [[Annan Plan for Cyprus|Annan Plan]], and the Turkish side voted in favour. In considering the outcome it is interesting to note that whilst the Turkish settlers (who make up the majority in the occupied north) were allowed to vote, the refugees who had fled Cyprus had no right to vote in a referendum which would ultimately determine their future (their right to return and right to their property).
 
In May 2004, Cyprus entered the [[European Union]], although in practice membership only applies to the southern part of the island which is in the control of the Republic of Cyprus, but this reality does not concern the personal rights of native Turkish Cypriots as EU citizens, as they are considered as citizens of the Member State Republic of Cyprus.&nbsp;<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/comm/enlargement/turkish_cypriot_en.htm</ref>
 
In 2005, Turkish Cypriots demolished the part of the wall along the boundary that for decades has split Europe's last divided capital. The demolished wall had cut across Ledra Street, which runs through the heart of the city's tourist area and is seen as the strongest symbol of the island's 32-year partition.
 
In March 2007, Greek Cypriots demolished the part of the wall on the Greek side.
 
{{seealso|Annan Plan for Cyprus|Cyprus reunification referendum, 2004|United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus}}
 
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Cyprus}}
Economic affairs in Cyprus are dominated by the division of the country.
 
The Cypriot economy is prosperous and has diversified in recent years. Cyprus has been sought as a basis for several offshore businesses, due to its highly developed infrastructure. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union.
 
Recently, oil has been discovered in the sea south of Cyprus (between Cyprus and Egypt) and talks are under way with Egypt to reach an agreement as to the exploitation of these resources. The level of the oil field in terms of production (barrels per day) that the two countries will be able to produce is still a matter of speculation.
 
The economy of the Turkish Cypriot North is dominated by the services sector including the public sector, trade, tourism and education, with smaller agriculture and light manufacturing sectors. The economy operates on a free-market basis, although it continues to be handicapped by the political isolation of Turkish Cypriots, the lack of private and governmental investment, high freight costs, and shortages of skilled labor. Despite these constraints, the Turkish Cypriot economy turned in an impressive performance in 2003 and 2004, with growth rates of 9.6% and 11.4%. Over the same period, per capita income almost doubled. This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the [[New Turkish Lira|Turkish Lira]] and by a boom in the education and construction sectors. The most vital reason for the sudden increase of the per capita income of the Turkish Cypriot economy was the conditional “opening” of the borders. This event gave the Greek Cypriots the chance to visit the northern part of Cyprus and see their homes and properties that they were forced to abandon 33 years ago. By visiting the “other” part the people were forced to pay entrance fees and car insurance, which contributed to a great degree in the improvement of the economy. The northern part of the island has also been undeveloped and as a result most goods and services remained relatively cheap. This was appealing to the Greek Cypriots that spend a lot of money buying products from the Northern part contributing greatly to the amazing increase of the per capita income by spending millions of pounds only in the first year.
 
Eventual adoption of the [[euro]] as a national currency is required of all new countries joining the European Union, and the Cyprus government currently intends to adopt the currency on [[1 January]] [[2008]].
 
The largest bank on the island is the [[Bank of Cyprus]].
 
==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Cyprus}}
 
According to the last census carried out by the Republic, [[Greek Cypriots]] comprise 77% of the island's population, [[Turkish Cypriots]] 18%, while the remaining 5% are of other ethnicities.
 
However, after the Turkish invasion of 1974, about 150,000 Turks from Anatolia were transferred or decided to settle in the north. This has changed the actual demographic structure of the island. Northern Cyprus now claims 265,100 inhabitants,<ref>http://www.observercyprus.com/observer/NewsDetails.aspx?id=1180</ref> closer to 30% of the population of the island. The TRNC has granted citizenship to these immigrants: however, as the TRNC is not recognised by the Republic or the international community (with the exception of Turkey), its power to create new citizens is not recognised and the newcomers retain Turkish passports. The result of this situation is that percentage population estimates vary widely.
 
In the years since the census data was gathered in 2000, Cyprus has also seen a large influx of [[guest workers]] from countries such as [[Thailand]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Sri Lanka]], as well as major increases in the numbers of permanent British residents. The island is also home to a significant [[Armenians in Cyprus|Armenian]] minority, as well as a large refugee population consisting of people mainly from [[Serbia]], [[Palestine]] and [[Lebanon]].
 
Since the country joined the [[European Union]], a significant [[Poland|Polish]] population has also grown up, joining sizeable communities from [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]] (mostly [[Pontic Greeks]], immigrating after the fall of the [[Eastern Bloc]]), [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and Eastern European states.
 
===Religion===
Most Greek Cypriots, and thus the majority of the population of Cyprus, belong to the Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Cyprus ([[Cypriot Orthodox Church]]), whereas most Turkish Cypriots are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]. Church attendance is relatively high and Cyprus is known, along with [[Malta]] and [[Greece]], as one of the most religious countries in the [[European Union]]. In addition, there are also small [[Protestant]], [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Maronite Church|Maronite]] and [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] communities in Cyprus.
 
==Culture==
===Language===
[[Greek language|Greek]] is the predominant language in the south, while [[Turkish language|Turkish]] is spoken in the north . This delineation is only reflective of the post-1974 division of the island, which involved an expulsion of Greek Cypriots from the north and the analoguous move of Turkish Cypriots from the south. Historically, the Greek language was largely spoken by all Greek Cypriots and by many Turkish Cypriots too, given the fact that the Greek Cypriots formed the majority of the population. Turkish Cypriots use Turkish as [[VO language]] and as a rather distinctive dialect of Turkish.
 
[[English language|English]] is widely understood, and is taught in schools from the primary age. Many official documents are published in English as well as the official languages of Greek
 
==Human rights==
The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues. Prostitution is rife in both the government-controlled and the Turkish-occupied part, and the island has been criticised<ref>[http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1]</ref> as forming one of the main routes of [[human trafficking]] of girls from Eastern Europe for the sex trade.<ref>[http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9]</ref> The regime in the North has been the focus of occasional [[freedom of speech]] criticisms<ref>[http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1168350896599]</ref> regarding heavy-handed treatment of newspaper editors. [[Domestic violence]] legislation in the Republic remains largely unimplemented,<ref>[http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Cyprus95.html#Section5]</ref> and has not yet been passed into law in the North. Reports on mistreatment of maids (often immigrant workers from Third World countries) are frequent in the Greek Cypriot press.
 
[[Amnesty International]] has criticised the Cypriot government over the treatment of foreign nationals, particularly asylum seekers, in Cypriot police stations and prisons. The 2005 report also restated Amnesty's long concern over discrimination towards [[Roma people|Roma]] peoples in Cyprus.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/cyp-summary-eng]</ref>
 
Both Turkish Cypriots living in the Republic of Cyprus, and Greek Cypriots in the occupied areas, report racism directed towards them.
 
==Education==
Cyprus has a well-developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private sector institutions. Although they don't offer A-level examinations, their end of year reports are partly recognized by the British universities. Graduates of public schools are required to take an entrance examination in order to enroll at the [http://www.ucy.ac.cy University of Cyprus] or other Universities in Greece ([[List of universities in Greece]]). Private school students usually study in Britain and the USA although some of them go to the [http://www.ucy.ac.cy University of Cyprus] or other Greek Universities. The main problem faced in public education is the need of extended extra lessons, while students in private schools need virtually no extra lessons. Neither for their entrance to the university nor for the school syllabus. The government is trying to eliminate this problem but this seems impossible at its current state.
 
The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities, while there are also sizeable emigrant communities in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Private colleges and state-supported universities have been developed by both the Turkish and Greek communities.
 
According to the 1960 constitution, education is under the control of the two communities (the communal chambers). State education was based on nationalisation of existing community supported schools from the colonial period. Thus following 1974 the Cypriot system follows the Greek system in the area under the Republic's effective control, in other words providing their students with an [[apolytirion]], and the Turkish system in the area not under the Republics effective control. A large number of students after sitting for A-levels and/or SATs study abroad, mainly in English speaking countries such as the [[United Kingdom]] or the [[United States]], but also in other European destinations such as [[France]] and [[Germany]]. Traditionally the communist party [[AKEL]] provided scholarships for its members to study in [[Eastern Europe]]. Eastern European countries, especially [[Bulgaria]] and [[Hungary]], are still popular destinations for students.
 
In the north there are several universities, which are mostly attended by Turkish Cypriot and Turkish students. These institutions are not regulated by the Republic of Cyprus, but are regulated by the Turkish higher education council [http://www.yok.gov.tr/universiteler/uni_web.htm] and Turkish Cypriot Educational Administrations. The qualifications issued by the universities are not formally recognised by the Republic, the EU or American institutions.
 
===Educational institutions===
{{MultiCol}}
====Tertiary education====
*[[Cyprus College]] (taught in English) situated in Nicosia
*[[The Cyprus Institute of Marketing]] situated in Nicosia
*[[Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health]] in association with Harvard School of Public Health (taught in English) situated in Nicosia
*[[Cyprus University of Technology]] situated in Limassol
*[[Frederick Institute of Technology]] (taught in English and Greek) situated in Nicosia and Limassol
*[[Higher Technical Institute]] (taught in English and Greek) situated in Nicosia
*[[Intercollege]] (taught in English) situated in Nicosia, Limassol and Larnaca
*[[Open University of Cyprus]], open-access university).
*[[University of Cyprus]] situated in Nicosia
* [[Cyprus International Institute of Management]] [http://www.ciim.ac.cy/]
*[[Eastern Mediterranean University]] situated in Famagusta
*[[Girne American University]] situated in Kyrenia
*[[Near East University]] situated in Nicosia
*[[Cyprus International University]] situated in Nicosia
*[[Lefke European University]] situated in Lefka
*[[University of Northern Virginia Campus in Cyprus]] situated in Kyrenia
{{ColBreak}}
====Private secondary schools====
*[[The Falcon School]] (Nicosia)
*[[The American Academy]] (Nicosia and Larnaca)
*[[Eastern Mediterranean College]] (Famagusta)
*[[The English School, Nicosia|The English School]] (Nicosia)
*[[GC School of Careers]] (Nicosia)
*[[Levent College]] (Nicosia)
*[[PASCAL English School]] (Nicosia, Larnaka, and Limassol)
*[[PASCAL Greek School]] (Ελληνική Σχολή ΠΑΣΚΑΛ)
*[[Foleys Grammar School]] (Limassol)
*[[The Heritage Private School]] (Limassol)
*[[The American International School]] (Nicosia)
*[[The Grammar School]] (Nicosia)
*[[Lyçée Français Arthur Rimbaud]] (The Only French school of Cyprus)
{{EndMultiCol}}
 
==International membership==
The [[island nation]] Cyprus is member of: [[Australia Group]], [[Council of Europe|CE]], [[EBRD]], [[European Investment Bank|EIB]], [[EU]], [[FAO]], [[IAEA]], [[IBRD]], [[ICAO]], [[International Chamber of Commerce|ICC]], [[International Criminal Court|ICCt]], [[International Trade Union Confederation|ITUC]], [[International Development Association|IDA]], [[IFAD]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], [[IHO]],[[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[IMF]], [[International Meteorological Organization|IMO]], [[Interpol]], [[IOC]], [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]], [[Inter-Parliamentary Union|IPU]], [[ITU]], [[MIGA]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]], [[Nuclear Suppliers Group|NSG]], [[OPCW]], [[OSCE]], [[Permanent Court of Arbitration|PCA]], [[UN]], [[UNCTAD]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNHCR]], [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]], [[UPU]], [[World Confederation of Labour|WCL]], [[WCO]], [[WFTU]], [[WHO]], [[WIPO]], [[WMO]], [[WToO]], [[WTO]].&nbsp;[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cy.html]
 
==Notables==
<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD GEORGE MICHAEL, CAT STEVENS, ANTHONY COSTA, OR OTHER PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT CYPRIOT. This should be a list of notable Cypriots, not notable people who happen to have a Cypriot parent. This list is alphabetical by surname. Please don't add links to nonexistent articles - thanks!-->
* [[Mehmet Nazım Adil]], [[Sufi]] religious leader.
* [[Marcos Baghdatis]] (born 1985), tennis player.
* [[Michael Cacoyiannis]] (born 1922), film director known for the movies [[Stella (film)|''Stella'']] (1955) and ''[[Zorba the Greek]]'' (1964).
* [[Hüseyin Çağlayan]], fashion designer.
* [[Hüseyin Çakmak]], cartoonist/journalist.
* [[Rauf Denktaş]], Turkish Cypriot leader.
* [[Evridiki]] (born 1968), singer.
* [[Mustafa Halilsoy]] (born 1949), physicist
* Sir [[Stelios Haji-Ioannou]] (born 1967), owner of [[easyGroup]] and self-styled "serial entrepreneur".
* [[Mick Karn]] (born 1958), [[bassist]] for the new-wave band [[Japan (band)|Japan]].
* [[Michalis Konstantinou]] (born 1978), football player for [[Olympiakos CFP]] and the [[Cyprus national football team]]'s all-time leading goalscorer.
* [[Giannos Kranidiotis]] (1947-1999), former deputy Minister of State.
* Dr. [[Fazil Küçük]] (1906-1984), the first and only Turkish Cypriot Vice President of the 1960 Republic of Cyprus.
*[[Michalis Hatzigiannis]] (born 1978), famous singer and songwriter.
* [[Makarios III|Archbishop Makarios]] (1913-1977), first President of the Republic of Cyprus.
* [[Asil Nadir]], international businessman most active during the 1970s and 1980s.
* [[Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou]] (born 1946), [[Scripps Research Institute]] synthetic organic and natural products chemist.
* [[Ioannis Okkas|Giannis Okkas]] (born 1977), football player for [[Olympiakos CFP]] and the [[Cyprus national football team]].
* [[Kıbrıslı Mehmet Emin Pasha]], three-times the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[grand vizier]] during the mid-[[19th century|nineteenth century]]
* [[Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Pasha]], five-times the Ottoman grand-vizier during the late nineteenth and early [[20th century|twentieth century]]
* [[Stel Pavlou]] (born 1970), author and screenwriter.
* [[Peter Polycarpou]], actor.
* [[Ziynet Sali]] (born 1975), singer.
* [[Alparslan Türkeş]], leading Turkish politician.
* [[Anna Vissi]] (born 1957), singer.
* [[Vamik Volkan]], [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]] and author.
* [[Garo Yepremian]], [[American football]] player.
* [[Zeno of Citium]] (333&nbsp;BC&nbsp;- 264&nbsp;BC), [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic]] philosopher, founder of [[Stoicism]]; possibly [[Phoenicia]]n.
 
==International Rankings==
{{expand}}
 
==See also==
* [[Annan Plan for Cyprus]]
* [[Communications in Cyprus]]
* [[Culture of Cyprus]]
* [[Cypriot Civil War]]
* [[Cypriot Orthodox Church]]
* [[Cypriot refugees]]
* [[History of Cyprus]]
* [[Holidays in Cyprus]]
* [[Islam in Cyprus]]
* [[List of Cypriots]]
* [[List of Cypriot companies]]
* [[List of football clubs in Cyprus]]
* [[Military of Cyprus]]
* [[Music of Cyprus]]
* [[Roman Catholicism in Cyprus]]
* [[Tourism in Cyprus]]
* [[Transport in Cyprus]]
* [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite book | author=Hitchens, Christopher| title=Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger | publisher=Verso | year=1997 | id=ISBN 1-85984-189-9}}
*{{cite book | author=Brewin, Christopher| title=European Union and Cyprus | publisher=Eothen Press | year=2000 | id=ISBN 0-906719-24-0}}
*{{cite book | author=Dods, Clement (ed.)| title=Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives | publisher=The Eothen Press | year=1999 | id=ISBN 0-906719-23-2}}
*{{cite book | author=Durrell, Lawrence| title=Bitter Lemons | publisher=Faber and Faber | year=1957 | id=ISBN 0-571201-55-5}}
*{{cite book | author=Gibbons, Harry Scott| title=The Genocide Files | publisher=Charles Bravos Publishers | year=1997 | id=ISBN 0-9514464-2-8}}
*{{cite book | author=Hannay, David| title=Cyprus: The Search for a Solution | publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] | year=2005 | id=ISBN 1-85043-665-7}}
*{{cite book | author=Ker-Lindsay, James| title=EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | year=2005 | id=ISBN 1-4039-9690-3}}
*{{cite book | author=Mirbagheri, Farid| title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking | publisher=Hurst | year=1989 | id=ISBN 1-85065-354-2}}
*{{cite book | author=Nicolet, Claude| title=United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954-1974 | publisher=Bibliopolis | year=2001 | id=ISBN 3-933925-20-7}}
*{{cite book | author=Oberling, Pierre| title=The Road to Bellapais | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=1982 | id=ISBN 0-88033-000-7}}
*{{cite book | author=O'Malley, Brendan and Ian Craig| title=The Cyprus Conspiracy | publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] | year=1999 | id=ISBN 1-86064-737-5}}
*{{cite book | author=Palley, Claire| title=An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-General's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus, 1999-2004 | publisher=Hart Publishing | year=2005 | id=ISBN 1-84113-578-X}}
*{{cite book | author=Papadakis, Yiannis| title=Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide | publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] | year=2005 | id=ISBN 1-85043-428-X}}
*{{cite book | author=Plumer, Aytug| title=Cyprus, 1963-64: The Fateful Years| publisher=Cyrep (Lefkosa) | year=2003 ID=ISBN 975-6912-18-9}}
*{{cite book | author=Richmond, Oliver| title=Mediating in Cyprus | publisher=Frank Cass | year=1998 | id=ISBN 0-7146-4431-5}}
*{{cite book | author=Richmond, Oliver and James Ker-Lindsay (eds.)| title=The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | year=2001 | id=ISBN 0-333-91271-3}}
*{{cite book | author=Tocci, Nathalie| title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus? | publisher=Ashgate | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-7546-4310-7}}
*{{cite book | author=Anastasiou, Harry| title=Broken Olive Branch: Nationalism Ethnic Conflict and the Quest for Peace in Cyprus | publisher=Author House | year=2006 | id=ISBN 1-4259-4360-8}}
 
==External links==
{{wikiatlas|Cyprus}}
; Government
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
* [http://www.cyprustrade.info/ Cyprus Trade Centres Worldwide]
* [http://www.cyprustrade.co.uk/ Cyprus High Commission Trade Centre - London]
* [http://www.cypriotdiaspora.com/ Cypriot Diaspora Project]
* [http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/ Republic of Cyprus]
* [http://www.kypros.org/Constitution/English/index.htm Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus]
* [http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/index_en/index_en?opendocument# Press and Information Office]
* [http://www.centralbank.gov.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a_name=home Central Bank of Cyprus]
 
; General information
* [http://www.cyprusmeteo.com/ Cyprus weather station and webcams - ''Cyprus'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cy.html CIA World Factbook - ''Cyprus'']
* [http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/cy/ US State Department - ''Cyprus''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [http://www.cyprus-conflict.net "The Cyprus Conflict"] An extensive educational web site dedicated to the Cyprus Conflict
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Cyprus/ Open Directory Project - ''Cyprus''] directory category
* [http://www.cips.com.cy News and information about both parts of Cyprus]
 
; Miscellaneous
* [http://www.agora-cyprus.com Cyprus Guide] Everything about Cyprus
* [http://www.cypriotdirectory.com Cyprus Business Guide] Everything and Links about Cyprus
* [http://www.nobetty.net/sensesofcyprus/ Senses of Cyprus] A Bicommunal Art Project
 
; Official publications
*[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/113/11302.htm The British government's Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus].
*[http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/E570E4948868A105C2256EAE003CAAE0?OpenDocument Letter by the President of the Republic, Mr Tassos Papadopoulos, to the U.N. Secretary-General, Mr Kofi Annan, dated [[June 7]], which circulated as an official document of the U.N. Security Council]
*[http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument Legal Issues arising from certain population transfers and displacements on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus in the period since 20 July 1974]
*[http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cna/2004/04-04-08.cna.html#01 Address to Cypriots by President Papadopoulos (FULL TEXT)]
*The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office, [http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/a_problem_en/a_problem_en?OpenDocument Aspects of the Cyprus Problem]
*Noitiki Antistasis, [http://www.noitikiantistasis.com/wordpress] Non-affiliated news website focusing mainly on the effect of globalization and foreign interests on the Cyprus problem
*[http://www.hr-action.org/chr/ECHR01.html 1st Report of the European Commission of Human Rights; Turkey's intervention in Cyprus and aftermath ([[20 July]] [[1974]] - [[18 May]] [[1976]])]
*[http://www.hr-action.org/chr/ECHR02.html 2nd Report of the European Commission of Human Rights; Turkey's intervention in Cyprus and aftermath ([[19 May]] [[1976]] to [[10 February]] [[1983]])]
*[http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/5CFDB55E726D86C1C2256DC3007953BB/$file/Application%20no%2025781_94.pdf?OpenElement European Court of Human Rights Case of Cyprus v. Turkey (Application no. 25781/94)]
*[http://www.visiteuropes.com/ccm/vacation/downloads/?lang=en_US&33019=205 Cyprus Tourism Brochures] - Official Publications
{{Geolinks-buildingscale|35°9'41|33°21'40}}
 
{{Template group
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{{Template group
|title = International membership
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