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'''Extrajudicial punishment''' is [[physical]] punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, and as such, constitutes a violation of basic human rights (such as the right to [[due process]] and [[humane]] treatment). [[Agents]] of a [[state apparatus]] may sometimes carry out this type of punishment if they come to the conclusion that a person is an imminent threat to security. The existence of extrajudicial punishment is considered proof that some governments will break their own [[legal code]] if deemed necessary. [[Non-governmental]] or non-state actors, including private individuals, have also resorted to different forms of extrajudicial punishment, though such actions are more properly called [[assassination]], [[murder]] or [[vigilantism]] instead.
{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = [[Image:Clashlogo.png|150px]]
| Img = Theclash.jpg
| Img_capt = Left to right: Jones, Simonon, Headon, Strummer
| Img_size =
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = {{flagicon|England}} [[London]], [[England]]
| Genre = [[Punk rock]]<br />[[Rock music|Rock]]<br/>[[New Wave Music]]<br />[[Ska]]<br />[[Alternative]]<br />[[Rockabilly]]
| Years_active = 1976–1986
| Label = [[Columbia Records|CBS Records]]
| Associated_acts = [[The 101ers]]<br/>[[London SS]]<br/>[[Big Audio Dynamite]]<br/>[[Havana 3am]]<br/>[[Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros]]<br/>[[Carbon/Silicon]]<br/>[[The Good, the Bad and the Queen]]
| URL = [http://www.theclashonline.com/ www.theclashonline.com]
| Current_members = [[Joe Strummer]] (deceased)<br />[[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]]<br />[[Paul Simonon]]<br />[[Topper Headon]]
| Past_members = [[Nick Sheppard]]<br />[[Keith Levene]]<br />Pete Howard<br />[[Terry Chimes]]<br />Vince White
}}
==Existence==
'''The Clash''' were an [[England|English]] [[punk rock]] band who were active from 1976 to 1986. They were one of the most successful and iconic bands from the original wave of punk rock in the late [[1970s]], and went on to incorporate punk with [[reggae]], [[rockabilly]], [[dance music|dance]], [[jazz]], [[ska]], and eventually many other music styles into their repertoire. The Clash were legendary for their intense stage performances.
Although the legal use of [[capital punishment]] is generally decreasing around the world, individuals or groups deemed immediately threatening — or even, in times of comparative stability, simply "undesirable" — to a government's ability to govern may nevertheless be targeted for killing [[extra-judicially]] by some regimes or their representatives. Such killing typically happens quickly, with skilled secret security forces on a covert basis, performed in such a way as to avoid massive public outcry and international criticism that would reflect badly on the state.
Another possibility is for [[overt]], [[uniformed security forces]] to kill the target, but often under circumstances that make it appear as [[self-defense]], such as by planting recently-fired weapons near his body, or [[fabricating evidence]] suggesting [[suicide by cop]]. In such cases, it can be surprisingly difficult to prove that the shooters acted wrongly. Because of the dangers inherent in any armed confrontation, even police or soldiers who would strongly, genuinely prefer to take their target alive may still kill him to protect themselves or civilians. Only in the most obvious cases, such as the [[Operation Flavius]] triple killing or the shooting of [[Jean Charles de Menezes]] will the authorities admit that [["kill or capture"]] was replaced with [["shoot on sight"]].
From their earliest days as a band, the Clash stood apart from their punk peers with their musicianship, as well as their lyrics; the passionate, left wing political idealism in the lyrics of frontmen [[Joe Strummer]] and [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]] contrasted with the [[nihilism]] of the [[Sex Pistols]] and the three-chord simplicity of the [[Ramones]]. Although they were a major success in the UK from the release of their first album in 1977, they did not become popular in the US until 1980.
Extrajudicial punishment is a typical feature of [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] and other [[political repression|politically repressive]] regimes using [[death squad]]s for this purpose, but even self-proclaimed or internationally recognized [[democracies]] have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain circumstances. In some cases, extrajudicial punishment may be planned and carried out [[covertly]] by a particular branch of a state and its specific agents, without previously informing other sectors or even without having been secretly ordered to commit such acts. The other branches of the state can tacitly approve of it after the fact, but they can also directly disagree with it depending on the circumstances, especially when complex intragovernment or internal policy struggles exist within a state's policymaking apparatus.
Their third album, the late 1979 release ''[[London Calling]]'' is considered by many critics to be one of the greatest albums in the history of rock music; it was released in the US in January 1980, and a decade later ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine declared it the best album of the 1980s. Rolling Stone also placed it at #8 on their list in 2003 of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
In times of [[war]], [[natural disaster]], [[societal collapse]], or in the absence of an established system of [[criminal justice]], there may be an increased incidence of extrajudicial punishment. In such [[extreme circumstances]], police or military personnel may be authorised to [[summary execution|summarily execute]] individuals involved in [[rioting]], [[looting]] or [[violent acts]], especially if caught '' [[in flagrante delicto]]''.
The Clash's attitude and style, as much as their music, strongly influenced countless other bands. In 2003 they were inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]. In 2004, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' ranked The Clash #30 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.<ref>{{cite web| title = The Immortals: The First Fifty| work = Rolling Stone Issue 946| publisher = Rolling Stone| url =http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty}}</ref>
A [[forced disappearance|"disappearance"]] occurs where someone who is believed to have been targeted for [[extrajudicial execution]] does not reappear alive. Their ultimate fate is thereafter unknown or never fully confirmed.
==History==
===(1976-1978) Formation and British success ===
==Around the world==
Originally composed of [[Joe Strummer]], [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]], [[Paul Simonon]], [[Keith Levene]] and [[Terry Chimes]] (credited, as a [[pun]], on their first [[LP (format)|LP]] as "Tory Crimes"), the Clash formed in [[Ladbroke Grove]], west [[London]] in 1976, during the first wave of British punk. Levene (later of [[Public Image Ltd.]]) was a friend of Mick Jones and served as [[guitar|guitarist]] and [[songwriter]] with The Clash, but never recorded with the band and, according to Mick Jones in the 1999 Clash documentary ''[[Westway to the World]]'', was kicked out for never showing up to practice.
See [[NKVD troika]] and [[Special Council of the NKVD]] for examples from the history of the Soviet Union , where extrajudicial punishment "[[by administrative means]]" was part of the state policy. Most Latin American dictatorships have regularly instituted extrajudicial killings of their enemies; for one of the better-known examples, see ''[[Operation Condor]].''
<ref> http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860 </ref>
Some consider the killing of [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] [[Fred Hampton]] to have been an extrajudicial killing ordered by the [[United States]] government. Also, the U.S. has been accused of exercising a covert prison system set up by the [[CIA]] in several countries, especially [[Egypt]], to evade [[U.S. jurisdiction]]. <ref> http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110101644.html </ref> The deaths of the leaders of the leftist urban guerilla group Red Army Faction [[Ulrike Meinhof]], [[Andreas Baader]], [[Gudrun Ensslin]], and [[Jan-Carl Raspe]] is by some regarded as extrajudicial killings, a theory partly based on the testimony of [[Irmgard Möller]] .
The government of Israel has also been accused of carrying out extrajudicial killings, which they term "targeted assassinations," against leaders of organisations involved in carrying out attacks against Israel. The Israeli government and its defenders, however, consider these people to be [[enemy combatant]]s and not [[civilians]]; claiming they are legitimate military targets as per the [[Laws of war|rules of engagement]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Strummer had previously been in the [[Pub rock (UK)|pub rock]] act [[The 101ers|The 101'ers]] (his stage name at this point was Woody Mellor; soon he would rename himself "Joe Strummer" after his rudimentary strumming skills on the ukulele as a busker in the London Underground); Jones, Simonon, and Tony James (later of Generation X) were (briefly) in legendary proto-punk band [[London SS]]. At the behest of their manager [[Bernie Rhodes]], Jones, Levene, and Simonon recruited the slightly older Strummer from the 101'ers. "You're great," they told him, "but your group is shit". [http://trakmarx.com/2003_01/09.htm] Rhodes then allegedly gave Strummer a couple of days to think about joining. Strummer agreed, and the group became The Clash, the name being supplied by Simonon after seeing the word repeatedly in the [[Evening Standard]].
During the [[apartheid]] years [[South Africa|South Africa's]] security forces were also accused of using extra-judicial means to deal with their political opponents. After his release, [[Nelson Mandela]] would refer to these acts as proof of a [[Third force (South Africa)|Third Force]] . This was denied vehemently by the administration of [[F.W. de Klerk]]. Later the [[South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], led by Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] would find that both military and police agencies such as the [[Civil Cooperation Bureau]] and [[C10]] based at [[Vlakplaas]] were guilty off gross [[human rights violations]]. This led the [[International Criminal Court]] to declare apartheid a [[crime against humanity]].
The new band had their first gig on [[July 4]] [[1976]], supporting the Sex Pistols, and that autumn the band was signed to [[Columbia Records|CBS Records]]. In early September, Levene left. Chimes left in late November (briefly replaced by Rob Harper for the Anarchy Tour in December 1976) but was soon drafted back to enable the band to record their debut album. The band released their first [[Single (music)|single]] ([[White Riot]]/1977") and first album (''[[The Clash (album)|The Clash]]'') in 1977 to considerable success in the UK. However, CBS initially declined to release either in the [[United States]], waiting until 1979 before releasing a modified version of the first album in the US, after the UK original had become the best-selling import album of all time in the United States.
==Extra-judicial killings==
Following the release of their first album, Chimes left amicably due to personal differences with the remaining members. In the documentary ''Westway to the World'', Mick Jones referred to him as one of "the best drummers around". But Chimes, who had no great wish to make a career from music, said, "The point was that I wanted one kind of life - they wanted another, and why are we working together, if we want completely different things?" Chimes later joined the [[glam punk]] group [[Hanoi Rocks]].
:''For extrajudicial executions see also [[Assassination]] ''
The band experienced a period of changing drummers. Mick Jones recruited Nicholas Bowen Headon, who was nicknamed "Topper" by the band, due to his resemblance to a cartoon monkey, and "The Human Drum Machine" by the producer of ''[[Give 'Em Enough Rope]]'', [[Sandy Pearlman]], due to his impeccable timing and skills. The musically-gifted Headon was planning to stay only briefly with the band in order to gain a reputation so that he might find a better group. In the process, the band's potential became apparent to him and he changed his plans and decided to stay.
Extrajudicial killings are the illegal killing of leading political, trades union, dissident and/or social figures by either the state government, [[state authorities]] like the armed forces and police (as in [[Liberia]] under [[Charles G. Taylor]] ), or by [[criminal outfits]] like the [[Italian]] [[Mafia]].
Initially, The Clash were notable for their strident [[leftist]] political outlook and distinctive clothes, self painted with [[Jackson Pollock]]-style paint splashes and [[revolution]]ary slogans, such as "Sten Guns in Knightsbridge," "Under Heavy Manners," and "Heavy Discipline". Throughout 1977, Strummer and Jones were in trouble with the police for a range of minor crimes ranging from petty [[vandalism]] to stealing a pillowcase, while Simonon and Headon were briefly arrested for shooting racing pigeons with air guns from the roof of their rehearsal studio.
Extrajudicial killings and [[death squads]] are most common in the Middle East (mostly in Palestine and [[Iraq]]) <ref> http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051124&articleId=1315 </ref> <ref> http://www.electronicintifada.net/bytopic/extrajudicial-killings.shtml </ref> <ref> http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engamr510792005 </ref> <ref> http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm </ref> <ref> http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html </ref>, Central America<ref>http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/deathsquads_ElSal.html</ref>
=== (1978-1982) US success ===
<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR290151996?open&of=ENG-SLV</ref>
The band's second album, the [[Sandy Pearlman]]-produced ''[[Give 'Em Enough Rope]]'', was the first to feature Headon on all cuts. It was released in 1978 and debuted at number two on the British charts, though it failed to enter the Top 100 in the United States. In the UK, it met with a disappointing reaction from critics, who felt it was too over-produced and slick in comparison to the raw excitement of the debut album. However, it was still received well by the British public.
<ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/elsalvador2/index.html</ref> , [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]] <ref> http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist </ref>
, [[India]] and Kashmir <ref> http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/44302 </ref>
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm </ref>
<ref> http://www.gharib.demon.co.uk/reports/ustates.htm </ref>
<ref> http://sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/09-19_Extrajudicial_Killings.php?uid=1954 </ref> <ref> http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/us/060529ustamils.htm </ref>
<ref> http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF71.htm </ref> several nations or regions in [[Equatorial Africa]]<ref>http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30001/story.htm</ref>
, many parts of [[South America]] <ref> http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR190082007 </ref>, [[Chechnya]] , <ref> http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece </ref>, [[Russia]]<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm</ref>
, [[Uzbekistan]], [[North Ossetia]], parts of [[Thailand]] <ref> http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/ </ref>
<ref> http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 </ref> and in the [[Philippines]] <ref> http://www.pinoyhr.net/ </ref> <ref> http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/ </ref> <ref> http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2692483.ece} </ref> <ref> http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592} </ref>
<ref> http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm </ref> <ref> http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 </ref>.
The 3 different modern examples are listed in the sub-headings below, along with the 'Cold War' to help to illustrate the point.
''Give 'Em Enough Rope'' was the first Clash album officially released in the U.S., and the Clash went on their first tour of the U.S. to support it in early 1979. Their first album eventually got an official release in the U.S. in July 1979, in a changed form, dropping the tracks: "48 Hours", "Cheat", "Protex Blue", "Deny" and instead including some singles released between its original 1977 release and ''Give 'Em Enough Rope''. These included a version of [[Sonny Curtis]]'s "[[I Fought The Law]]" (later released on their ''Cost Of Living'' [[Extended play|EP]]), "Clash City Rockers", "Complete Control" and "[[(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais|White Man in Hammersmith Palais]]".
===Cold war usage===
The third album ''London Calling'', a double album sold at the price of a single album at the insistence of the band, was released in 1979 and marked the height of their commercial success. Initially, it was greeted by their original fans in the UK with suspicion, since double albums were associated with [[progressive rock|prog rock]] groups. It featured a wider array of musical styles and influences than the earlier albums, including American-style [[rockabilly]] and Jamaican reggae works that resonated with the [[dub music|dub]] and [[ska]] styles popular in Britain. The album is considered one of the best rock albums ever produced, appearing at #8 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'''s recent "Top 500 albums of all time." It was also named #1 on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' 's "Top 25 Albums of the last 25 Years". Tracks such as "[[Train in Vain]]", "[[Clampdown]]" and "[[London Calling (song)|London Calling]]" show up regularly on rock stations to this day; "Train in Vain" also became the band's first American Top 40 hit, although it was initially an uncredited extra track at the end of the original vinyl release. The lettering font on the album cover is an homage to [[Elvis Presley]]'s self-titled debut [[RCA]] [[LP (format)|LP]], while the photo is of Simonon smashing his malfunctioning [[bass guitar]] in frustration at a show at the Palladium in New York, 1979, taken by renowned rock photographer [[Pennie Smith]]. According to Simonon, who initially was reluctant to have the picture used as the album cover, it was the only time he smashed a guitar on stage. He still has the pieces; the bass guitar is currently on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in an exhibit entitled "Revolution Rock: The Story of the Clash." The exhibit is open from October 28, 2006 until April 15, 2007.
[[Image:Nguyen.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[General]] [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan]] summarily executes [[Nguyễn Văn Lém]].]]
In late 1980, The Clash followed the double ''[[London Calling]]'' with a triple album entitled ''[[Sandinista!]]'', (with the catalog number FSLN1, from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] initials of the [[Sandinista]] political movement, ''[[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional]]''). Again, the band insisted it should be released at the same price as a single album - paying the difference out of their own royalties.
The former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Communist Bloc]] country used to also killed dissidents this way to, during the [[Cold War]]. Those who were not killed were sent to '[[Gulag]]' prison camps.
Titled after the Nicaraguan political movement, ''Sandinista!'' was stylistically varied, and was met with a more mixed reaction by critics and fans, some of whom felt the album was messy, unfocused and very self-indulgent. Despite this, it still topped ''[[The Village Voice]]'''s annual [[Pazz & Jop]] list of the best albums of the year. Recording every idea they had, the band became less interested in the traditional punk stance as they delved further in their experimentation with reggae and [[dub music|dub]] ("One More Time") and expanded into other musical styles and production techniques that included [[jazz]] ("Look Here"), [[hip-hop]] ("The Magnificent Seven"), [[chamber music]] ("Rebel Waltz"), [[gospel]] ("Hitsville UK" & "The Sound of the Sinners"), vocals by keyboard player [[Mickey Gallagher]]'s baby son, and "Mensforth Hill" is track 6, "Something About England," played backwards.
[[Nguyễn Văn Lém ]] (referred to as Captain Bay Lop) (died 1 [[February 1968]] in Saigon ) was a member of the [[Viet Cong]] who was summarily executed in [[Saigon]] during the [[Tet Offensive]]. The picture of his death would became one of may an anti- [[Vietnam War]] icons in the [[Western World]]. <ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%C3%A9m </ref>
"That's why it had to be a triple album," says Strummer in ''Westway to the World'' interview, which devotes twice as much screen time to ''Sandinista!'' as it does to ''London Calling''. "Even though it would have been better as just a double album...or a single album...or maybe an EP! Who knows? The fact is that we recorded all that music, in one spot, at one moment. In a single three-week blast. For better or worse, ''Sandinista!'' is the document."
During the 1960s throughout the 1970s death squads were used against the [[Viet Cong]] cadre as well as supporters in neighbouring countries notably [[Cambodia]]. See also [[Phoenix Program]] (also known as Phung Hoang). The [[Viet Cong]] also used death squads of their own against civilians for political reasons. {{Facts|date=February 2007}}
Although fans were confused and sales were down, they fared better in the U.S. than in the past, mainly on the back of the previous success of ''London Calling''. Following the release of ''Sandinista!'', The Clash went on their first world tour, including venues in eastern [[Asia]] and [[Australia]]. The combination of an exhaustive tour schedule and the recording of a new album saw escalating friction between band members.
The use of computers by the American forces to compile lists of 'suspects' as well as the indefinite detention of 'suspects' in 'black' locations as well as their detention, torture, and execution without judicial oversight or protection is typical of American [[black ops]] in the Post World War II era.
[[Argentina]] used extrajudicial killings as way of crushing the [[liberal]] and [[communist]] opposition to the military [[Junta]] during the '[[Dirty war]]' <ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_War </ref> of the late [[1960's]] and most of the [[1970's]]. The [[Chilean]] Junta of [[1972]] to [[1992]] also committed such killings to. See [[Operation Condor]] for examples.
Tensions and conflicts within the band lead to considerations of disbanding, especially since drummer Topper Headon was rapidly becoming unreliable due to heroin addiction. However, the band managed to record more, while touring and their next album ''[[Combat Rock]]'' turned out to be the best-selling worldwide of all of their records. Featuring the singles "[[Rock the Casbah]]" and the double a-side "[[Should I Stay or Should I Go]]/[[Straight to Hell (song)|Straight to Hell]]", it broke into the American and British top ten. "Ghetto Defendant" featured [[beat poet]] [[Allen Ginsberg]], and "Red Angel Dragnet" referenced the film ''[[Taxi Driver]]''.
Also during the [[Communist]] versus [[Capitalist]] [[Salvadoran civil war]], death squads achieved notoriety when [[far-right]] [[vigilantes]] [[assassinated]] [[Archbishop Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in [[March 1980]]. In [[December 1980]], three [[United States|American]] [[nuns]] and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a [[military unit]] later found to have been acting on specific orders. [[Death squads]] were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the [[Salvadoran military]], which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisers during the Carter administration. <ref> http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/deathsquads_ElSal.html</ref>During the [[El Salvador Civil War|Salvadoran civil war]], death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in March 1980 . In December 1980, three American nuns and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration.
=== (1982-1983) Tensions and disintegration ===
After ''Combat Rock'', the Clash began to slowly disintegrate. Topper Headon was asked to leave the band just prior to the release of the album. The band was unable to cope with his ongoing [[heroin]] addiction, which had a disastrous effect on both his health and drumming. The true reason for Headon's departure was covered up by manager Bernie Rhodes as a "political difference". The band's original drummer, Terry Chimes, was brought back for the next few months. (For a period, Headon sank into severe depression, only to resurface with a solo album, then entering prison briefly for fraud, before finally cleaning up and kicking the addiction by the end of the decade.)
One of the earliest cases of extradudical killings was in Wiemar [[Germany]] <ref> http://econ161.berkeley.edu/movable_type/2003_archives/001832.html </ref>.
The loss of Headon brought much friction, as he was an essential part of the band and well-liked by the others. Jones and Strummer began to feud, although it is often said that some of the friction between the two arose because manager Bernie Rhodes disliked Jones and thought him arrogant, and was promoting Strummer against him. The band, although still touring arenas and opening up for [[The Who]] in stadiums on their tour in 1982, barely spoke to or even glanced at each other, both during the concerts and backstage. Indeed, the original dates for the UK leg of the ''Combat Rock'' tour were cancelled when Strummer disappeared on the eve of the gigs. The band continued to tour but by 1983, after years of constant touring and recording, the strain took its toll. They were growing as musicians and individuals, but as said in interviews were still quite young - Paul and Mick were still only 26 and 27 respectively and Strummer was 30 - and inexperienced to cope with such difficult and tension-plagued situations. Simonon, a long-term friend of Jones, felt inclined to side with Strummer because he became frustrated with Jones' musical experimentation.
===Middle east===
Chimes left the band after the 1982-1983 ''Combat Rock'' tour, convinced that the band could not continue with in-fighting and turmoil. In 1983, after an extensive search for a new drummer, Pete Howard was recruited and performed with the trio at several low-key US dates and finally at the [[US Festival]] in [[San Bernardino, California]]. The Clash were one of the headliners of this festival, along with [[David Bowie]] and [[Van Halen]]. The crowd of roughly half a million was by far the biggest of the Clash's career. This was Jones' last appearance with The Clash.
The [[Israeli intelligence]] and [[Hamas]] [[Militants]] have been in a steady war of attrition with each other, regularly killing local officials since the [[Fatah]] / Hamas [[civil war]] began in early [[2007]]. [[Iraq]] has also suffered badly since the post-invasion insurgency of [[2005]].
In September 1983, prompted by Rhodes, Strummer and Simonon sacked Jones from the band, citing his problematic behaviour and divergent musical aspirations. (Jones went on to found [[Big Audio Dynamite]] (BAD) with [[Don Letts]], and both Strummer and Simonon collaborated with BAD at various times.)
===Philippines===
After a series of auditions, the band announced [[Nick Sheppard]], formerly of the [[Bristol]]-based [[The Cortinas (punk band)|Cortinas]], and Vince White would be the band's new guitarists. Howard continued to be the drummer, although there were rumours that Headon or Chimes might return to replace him. The band played its first shows in January 1984 with a batch of new material and launched into a self-financed tour, dubbed the Out of Control tour.
Death squads were especially active in this country during the American invasion of the [[1950s]] and the regime in the 1980s; they continue to be active as of 2007.
The band toured heavily over the winter and into early summer. At a striking miners' benefit show ("Scargill's Christmas Party") in December 1984, it was announced that a new record would be released early in the new year.
The [[New People's Army]] ('''NPA''') groups known as "[[Sparrow Units]]" were active in the mid-1980s, killing government officials, police personnel, military members, and anyone else they targeted for elimination. They were also supposedly part of an NPA operation called "[[Agaw Armas]]" ([[Filipino]] for "[[Stealing Weapons]]
=== (1983-1986) ''Cut the Crap'' and the final demise ===
"), where they raided government armories as well as stealing weapons from slain military and police personnel. A low level [[civil war]] with south [[Moslems]], [[Al-Qaeda]] sympathizers and [[communist]] insurgents has lead to a general break down of [[law and order]]. The [[Politics_of_the_Philippines#National_Government_of_the_Philippines|Philippines government]] has promised to curb the killings, but is itself implicated in many of the killings. <ref>http://www.pinoyhr.net/</ref>
[[Image:The Clash postMJ.jpg|right|frame|Left to right: Simonon, Howard, Strummer, White, Sheppard]]
The recording sessions for ''[[Cut the Crap]]'' were chaotic, with manager Bernie Rhodes and Strummer working in [[Munich, Germany]]. Most of the parts were played by studio musicians, with Sheppard and later White flying in to come up with guitar parts. Struggling with Rhodes for control of the band, Strummer wiped his hands of the project and returned home.
====Extrajudicial Killings Summit====
Around this time the band went on a [[busking]] tour. Applying strict rules that allowed them to carry only 10 pounds and one change of underwear, the band travelled separately or in pairs and met at public spaces in cities throughout the UK where they played acoustic versions of their hits along with covers like "[[Twist and Shout]]" and "[[Stepping Stone]]".
The 22nd [[PUNO Supreme Court]] is set to hold a [[National Consultative Summit on extrajudicial killings]] on July 16 and 17, [[2007]] at the [[Manila Hotel]]. Invited representatives from the three branches of the government will participate (including the [[AFP]], the [[PNP]], [[CHR]], [[media]], [[academe]], [[civil society]] and [[other stakeholders]]).
After a gig in Athens, Strummer fled to Spain to clear his mind. When he returned he effectively broke up the band. While Strummer was gone, the first single from ''Cut the Crap'', "This is England" was released to mostly negative reviews. The song, much like the rest of the album that came out later that year, had been drastically re-engineered by Rhodes, with synths, drum machines, and football-style chants being added to Strummer's incomplete recordings. Other songs played on the tour remain unreleased to this day: "Ammunition", "Glue Zombie", and "In the Pouring Rain". Although Howard was an adept drummer, virtually all of the percussion tracks were produced by drum machines.
[[Puno]] will give the [[keynote speech]] and [[closing remarks]]. [[Puno]] searches for major solutions to solve forced disappearances.
== Post-Clash careers ==
=== Joe Strummer ===
In 1986, Strummer collaborated with ex-bandmate Jones on BAD's second album, ''[[No. 10 Upping St.]]'', co-producing the album and co-writing seven of its songs. Strummer acted in a few movies, notably [[Alex Cox]]'s ''Walker,'' and [[Jim Jarmusch]]'s ''[[Mystery Train]]'', as well as a cameo in [[Aki Kaurismäki]]'s ''I hired a Contract Killer'', in which he sings "Burning Lights/Afro-Cuban Be-Bop". He became known in this period for his work on movie [[soundtrack]]s (notably "Love Kills" for the film ''[[Sid and Nancy]]''), and later for co-producing the successful ''[[Grosse Pointe Blank]]'' soundtracks with [[John Cusack]]) and experimented with different backing bands with limited success. In 1989, he resurfaced in the music scene, releasing the first of his solo albums. ''[[Earthquake Weather (album)|Earthquake Weather]]'' was neither a commercial nor critical success. He did however tour with a new backing band, The [[Latino Rockabilly War]], and released the single, "Trash City". In 1991/92 Strummer joined [[The Pogues]] after their split with former frontman [[Shane MacGowan]] for a series of concerts across Europe.
During the first day of the summit, the speakers will present their respective papers comprising significant inputs from their respective sectors, while on the second day, the participants will break out into 12 groups (chaired by a Justice) and take part in a workshop. Local and international observers (the diplomatic corps and representatives from various international organizations) will be accredited.
Finally in the late 1990s, Strummer gathered top-flight musicians into a backing band he called [[The Mescaleros]]. Strummer signed with the California punk label [[Hellcat Records]] (a sub label of parent label Epitaph), owned by [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] frontman [[Tim Armstrong]], and issued an album co-written with Anthony Genn, called ''Rock Art and the X-Ray Style''. A tour of Britain and North America soon followed; sets included several Clash-fan favourites. Genn left The Mescaleros in the middle of recording sessions for the second album, ''Global A Go-Go'', which included violinist, guitarist, and longtime friend/ busking mentor of Strummer's [[Tymon Dogg]], who contributed the song "Lose This Skin" to ''Sandinista!''. Following the release of ''[[Global A Go-Go]]'', Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros mounted a 21-date tour of North America, Britain, and Ireland. Portions of the tour (as well as shows in Japan) are chronicled in the documentary [[Let's Rock Again!]], which was filmed by [[Dick Rude]] in the 18 months leading up to Strummer's death. Once again, these concerts featured Clash material ("London Calling", "Rudie Can't Fail"), as well as classic covers of reggae hits ([[Jimmy Cliff]]'s "The Harder They Come", [[The Specials]]' "A Message To You, Rudy") and regularly closed the show with a nod to the late [[Joey Ramone]] by playing The Ramones' "Blitzkrieg Bop".
Puno announced that "the summit highlight will be a plenary session where each of the 12 groups shall report to the body their recommended resolutions. The reports and proposals will be synthesized and then transmitted to the concerned government agencies for appropriate action".
On November 15 2002 Joe Strummer & the Mescaleros performed a benefit gig for the striking Firefighters of London (FBU) at the Acton Town Hall, London (later referred to as "The Last Night London Burned"). For the encores, Mick Jones joined the band. They were: "Bankrobber", "White Riot" and "London’s Burning". There is a popular myth that this was the last concert Joe Strummer played, but in fact his final gig was at Liverpool Academy on 22 November 2002.
The earlier slated [[Malacañang]]-sponsored "Mindanao Peace and Security Summit (July 8-10, 2007 at Cagayan de Oro City), focussed on how to make the anti-terror law, or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007, more acceptable to the public. <ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=75094 Inquirer.net, SC slates summit on extrajudicial killings]</ref><ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/49959/SC-slates-summit-on-extrajudicial-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Chief Justice unfazed by Palace meet]</ref>
In December 2002, Strummer died suddenly of a congenital heart defect at the age of 50. The Mescaleros’ album he was working on at the time, ''[[Streetcore]]'', was released posthumously to critical acclaim in 2003. It was very unfortune for The Clash, as Jones commented in the press that after the brief reunion on ''Westway to the World'' in 2001 the foursome were seriously considering reuniting for a tour, and that it looked likely to happen.
On July 16, 2007, Justices, activists, militant leaders, police officials, politicians and prelates attended the Supreme Court's two-day summit at the Manila Hotel in [[Manila City]] to map out ways to put an end to the string of extrajudicial killings in the [[Philippines]]. Bayan was set to launch their "[[silent protest]]", but expressed support for the high court's initiative. Director Geary Barias, chief of the police's anti-killings Task Force Usig, Sen. Panfilo Lacson, [[Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim]], Caloocan Bishop Deogracias Yñiguez, re-elected party-list Representatives Satur Ocampo (Bayan Muna) and Crispin Beltran (Anakpawis) attended. Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno said that the "National Consultative Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and Forced Disappearances: Searching for Solutions," would help stop the murders. Delegates were given 12 to 15 minutes each to share their insights and knowledge about the matter. Yniguez accused the government of failing to actively pursue investigations on the hundreds of killings and the Catholic Church was alarmed that victims have been denied their "fundamental right" to live.
=== Mick Jones ===
After his expulsion from The Clash, Jones formed [[Big Audio Dynamite]] (often shortened to B.A.D.) in 1984 with film director Don Letts who directed various Clash videos and ''[[Westway to the World]]''. The band's debut album, ''[[This is Big Audio Dynamite]]'', was released the following year with the song "E=MC²" receiving heavy rotation in dance clubs. The next album, ''[[No. 10 Upping St.]]'', reunited Jones with Strummer. Jones released three more albums with Big Audio Dynamite before reshuffling the line-up and renaming the band Big Audio Dynamite II. The band was later renamed Big Audio in the mid-90s. Jones featured on the two studio albums by [[The Libertines]] as producer and also produced the debut [[Babyshambles]] album. Jones is currently touring and recording with his new band, [[Carbon/Silicon]].
Based on Yniguez-church's count, the number of victims of extrajudicial killings has reached 778, while survivors of "political assassinations," was pegged at 370. He also noted 203 "massacre" victims, 186 people who involuntarily disappeared, 502 tortured, and others who were illegally arrested. Yniguez similarly criticized the government's alleged insistence on implementing its Oplan Bantay Laya I and II (the military's counter-insurgency operation plans which militants have said consider legal people's organizations as targets).
=== Paul Simonon ===
Following the break-up of The Clash, Simonon formed a group called [[Havana 3am]], which recorded only one album in Japan and quickly folded. Then Simonon returned to his roots as a visual artist, mounting several art-gallery shows and contributing the cover for Jones' third BAD album, ''Tighten Up Vol. 88''. Simonon's reluctance to play music again has largely been cited as the reason why The Clash were one of the few 1970s British punk bands that did not reform to cash in on the punk-nostalgia craze of the late 1990s. [[Bruce Springsteen]] reportedly offered to stand in for Simonon for their induction into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], but the performance never materialized. It is widely speculated that Simonon has not played the bass in more than a decade and he was quoted in ''Westway to the World'' as saying that The Clash are over and that "suits him fine". He is currently collaborating with [[Damon Albarn]], of [[Blur (band)|Blur]] and virtual band [[Gorillaz]], [[Simon Tong]] of [[The Verve]], and [[Tony Allen]], main founder of the [[afrobeat]] and drummer of [[Fela Kuti]] to form [[The Good, the Bad and the Queen]]. Their first gig took place on the [[26 October]], [[2006]] at the [[Roundhouse]].
Meanwhile, Bayan urged the Supreme Court to "check serious threats to civil liberties and basic freedoms" including the anti-terror law or the Human Security Act of 2007, which took effect on July 15 despite protests from leftist groups.
=== Topper Headon ===
Headon's contribution to The Clash was by no means limited to his drumming for the band; he composed and performed the music for "Ivan Meets G.I. Joe" (which he also sang) and "[[Rock The Casbah]]" almost entirely by himself, the latter becoming the band's biggest hit in the U.S. when it reached #8 on the Billboard charts in 1982. By this time, however, Headon had been dismissed by the rest of the band due to the heroin addiction which has dogged him for most of his adult life. His addiction stood in the way of any musical alliances he tried to form, and eventually landed him in jail for supplying a user who later overdosed and died. Except for forming a short-lived [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] band (in 1986 he recorded a LP called ''Waking Up'' as well as a 12" E.P. titled ''Drumming Man''), Headon disappeared from the music business until the filming of Letts' retrospective [[Documentary film|documentary]] about The Clash, ''[[Westway to The World]]'', where he sincerely apologised for his addiction. Headon also attended a subsequent presentation to Strummer, Jones, Simonon, and Headon of a Lifetime Achievement British Music Award. After many years of unsuccessfully trying different forms of rehabilitation, he has now apparently kicked his habit and is performing live again. It was after one of his live performances that he heard the news of Strummer's death, in 2002.
Vice President Teofisto Guingona Jr. will join Bayan and other leftist groups as petitioners in their formal pleading before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the law. Human rights lawyer Atty. Edre Olalia of the International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) will serve as lead counsel. Bayan chair Carol Araullo said the respondents will include members of the Anti-Terrorism Council headed by Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita and Raul Gonzalez. Earlier, [CBCP president Angel Lagdameo] pointed out at least 5 provisions of the law that may threaten civil liberties: Sec. 19 allows detentions of mere suspects for more than three days in the event of an actual or terrorist attack, while Section 26 allows house arrest despite the posting of bail, and prohibits the right to travel and to communicate with others; Sec. 39 allows seizure of assets while Sec. 7 allows surveillance and wiretapping of suspects; Sec. 26 allows the investigation of bank deposits and other assets. <ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/51197/Justices-activists-prelates-map-out-ways-to-end-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Justices, activists, prelates map out ways to end killings]</ref>
=== Terry Chimes ===
Chimes played with various other bands between and after his stints with the Clash. He was [[Black Sabbath]]'s drummer for a couple of years in the mid-1980s. He eventually retired from the music industry to become a [[chiropractor]]. Since 1994, he has had his own practice in London's [[South Woodford]] neighborhood.
===United Pete HowardKingdom (UK)===
In [[Northern Ireland]], various [[paramilitary]], [[terrorist]], [[quasi-political]], [[pseudo-religious]], and ''ad hoc'' state institutions killed without lawful excuse during [[The Troubles]].
Howard was in the [[Fiction Records]] band Eat, before forming Vent 414 with [[Miles Hunt]] in 1996. He joined [[Queen Adreena]] in 2002.
<ref> http://www.btinternet.com/~chief.gnome/gordon16.htm </ref>
<ref> http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-09.htm </ref> <ref> http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/24/Opinion/A_grim_lesson_from_Ul.shtml </ref> <ref> http://naclaoimhtesolais.com/Reject%20The%20PSNI.htm </ref>
In [[England]] ''ad hoc'' [[racist]] and [[criminal]] [[gangs]] are also believed to behind most of the recent [[racist]] and [[Black-on-Black urban killings]]. The British state has apparently paid little attention to either the problems of [[gangland]] or [[racist killing]]s in the UK. <ref> http://customxml.com/rssnews/index.php?blog=3&title=damilola_killer_loses_attempt_to_quash_c&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 </ref> <ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2773771.stm </ref>
==Discography==
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1792334.stm </ref>
{{main|The Clash discography}}
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4791094.stm </ref>
<ref> http://kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=982 </ref>
== Human rights groups==
<big>'''Studio albums'''</big>
Many [[human rights]] organisations like [[Amnesty International]] along with the [[UN]] are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment . <ref>
# ''[[The Clash (album)|The Clash]]'' - ([[April 8]], [[1977]]) #12 UK, #126 U.S.<ref name="fn_1">The 1979 USA release of the debut album was significantly different from the original 1977 UK release. See ''[[The Clash (album)|The Clash]]'' for a discussion of those differences.</ref> <ref name="fn_2">All of The Clash's albums and singles were originally issued on CBS Records; subsequent re-issues and CD releases have been through Epic.</ref>
http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/ </ref>
# ''[[Give 'Em Enough Rope]]'' - ([[November 10]], [[1978]]) #2 UK, #128 U.S.
<ref> http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22046&Cr=rights&Cr1=council </ref>
# ''[[London Calling]]'' (2LP) - ([[December 14]], [[1979]]) #9 UK, #27 U.S.
<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR290151996?open&of=ENG-SLV</ref>
# ''[[Sandinista!]]'' (3LP) - ([[December 12]] [[1980]]) #19 UK, #24 U.S.
<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6814001/site/newsweek/</ref>
# ''[[Combat Rock]]'' - ([[May 14]], [[1982]]) #2 UK, #7 U.S.
<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/</ref>
# ''[[Cut the Crap]]'' - ([[November 4]], [[1985]]) #16 UK, #88 U.S.
==In Politicspopular culture==
The subject of extrajudicial punishment was examined in the stage play and subsequent film '' [[A Few Good Men]] ''. In this film, two marines are put on trial for the death of another marine due to their administering of a ''[[Code Red]]'' (a [[military colloquial speech]] term for [[extrajudicial punishment]]) on him. The [[film]] sees the [[U.S. Marines]] acquitted of the crime, as it is shown that they were [[acting under orders from their superiors]], and therefore [[could not be held responsible for the consequences]].
Like many early punk bands, The Clash protested against [[monarchy]] and [[aristocracy]]. However, unlike many early punk bands, The Clash rejected the overall sentiment of [[nihilism]], which led them to be criticized by influential punk bands such as [[Crass]] and [[Angelic Upstarts]]. Instead, they found solidarity with a number of contemporary liberation movements. Their politics were expressed explicitly in their lyrics, in early recordings such as "White Riot," which encouraged disaffected white youths to become politically active like their black counterparts, "[[Career Opportunities]]," which expressed discontent about the alienation of low-paid, production line style employment and the lack of alternatives, and "London's Burning," about political complacency.
== See also ==
In 1978 at a [[Rock Against Racism]] show organized by the [[Anti-Nazi League]], Strummer wore a controversial t-shirt bearing the words "[[Brigate-Rosse]]" with the [[Red Army Faction]] (Baader-Meinhof) insignia in the middle. He later said in an interview that he wore the shirt not to support the left-wing [[terrorism|terrorist]] factions in [[Germany]] and [[Italy]], but to bring attention to their existence. In the song "Tommy Gun" his stance was ambiguous. [[Caroline Coon]] stood up for what The Clash were doing during this period: "Those tough, militaristic songs were what we needed as we went into Thatcherism". (''Passion is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash'', p. 190)
* [[Assassination]]
* [[Death squad]]
* [[Extraordinary rendition]]
* [[Lynching]]
* [[Outlaw]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Summary execution]]
* [[Posse]]
* [[Prison rape]]
* [[Selective assassination]]
* [[Summary execution]]
* [[Summary justice]]
* [[Terrorism]]
* [[Vigilante]]
The group also supported other musicians' charity concerts, most notably at the December 1979 [[Concerts for the People of Kampuchea]], presented by [[Paul McCartney]]. [[Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album and EP)|The benefit album]] released from the concerts features one song by The Clash, "Armagideon Time."
The Clash offered some support to the Sandinista and other [[Marxism|Marxist]] movements in [[Latin America]] (hence the title of their 1980 album, ''Sandinista!''). They were also involved directly with the Anti-Nazi League and Rock Against Racism.
By the time of the December 1979 album ''[[London Calling]]'', the Clash were trying to maintain punk energy while developing musically. They were especially wary of their own emerging stardom: they always welcomed fans backstage after shows and showed open-mindedness, genuine interest and compassion in their relationships with them.
The title of ''London Calling'' evokes American radio newsman [[Edward R. Murrow]]'s catchphrase during [[World War II]], and the title song announces that "...war is declared and battle come down..." It warns against expecting them to be saviours — "... now don't look to us / Phoney [[Beatlemania]] has bitten the dust..." — draws a bleak picture of the times — "The [[ice age]] is coming, the [[sun|sun's]] zooming in / Engines stop running, the wheat is growing thin" — but calls on their listeners to come out of their drugged stupor and take up the fight without constantly looking to London, or to The Clash themselves, for cues — "Forget it, brother, we can go it alone... Quit holding out and draw another breath... I don't want to shout / But while we were talking I saw you nodding out..." — finally asking, "After all this, won't you give me a smile?"
The Clash are generally credited with pioneering the advocacy of radical politics in punk rock, and were known as the "Thinking Man's Yobs" by many simply for voicing a political slant other than anarchism. They were never driven entirely by [[money]]; even at their peak, tickets to shows and souvenirs were reasonably priced. The group insisted that CBS sell their double and triple album sets ''London Calling'' and ''Sandinista!'' for the price of a single album each (then £5), succeeding with the former and compromising with the latter by agreeing to sell it for £5.99 and forfeit all their [[royalties]] on its first 200,000 sales. These "VFM" (Value For Money) principles meant that they were constantly in [[debt]] to CBS, and only started to break even around 1982.
== Trivia ==
* For the first 3 years of their career The Clash were based in what is now [[Stables Market|'The Stables' Market]] in [[Camden Town]], [[London]]. "Guns On The Roof" (from the band's "[[Give Em Enough Rope]]" album) was written about an incident which took place here.
* [[Babyshambles]], [[The Paddingtons]], [[Dirty Pretty Things (band)|Dirty Pretty Things]], [[Guillemots (band)|Guillemots]], [[The Kooks]] and around 20 other artists released a cover of "Janie Jones" for the [[Strummerville|Strummerville Music Charity]].<ref name="StrummervilleSingle">{{cite news
| title=Barat and Doherty reunite
| date=19 September, 2006
| publisher=[[Yahoo]]
| url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/060919/340/gmjua.html&e=l_news_dm
}}</ref>
* Martin Munsch, American producer and owner of [[Punk Rock Records]], had worked with Strummer on a final dub version mix of "[[Revolution Rock]]". The mechanical version was acknowledged in 2002. [http://punkrockrecords.com/flashphotographic/HTML/biography.htm]
* The Clash recycled the riff from [[The Who]]'s classic single "[[I Can't Explain]]" at least 5 times during their career, most notably with "Guns On The Roof". Slight variations on the same riff appear as the backbone of "Capital Radio" and "Clash City Rockers", and two tracks only available on live bootleg from 1976, "I Know What I Think About You" and "Deadly Serious".
* Clash members appear in the 1983 [[Martin Scorsese]] film [[The King of Comedy (1983 film)|"The King Of Comedy"]] (starring [[Robert De Niro]]). Strummer, Jones and Simonon can be glimpsed during a crowd scene. The movie's credits bill them as "street scum".
* [[Joe Strummer]], [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]], [[Paul Simonon]] and [[Topper Headon]], along with others, are credited on the 1981 [[CBS]] recording "[[Spirit of St. Louis]]" by Mick Jones' then girlfriend, [[Ellen Foley]]. The producer credit is attributed to "My Boyfriend".{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
* During the production of "Armagideon Time" the voice that interupts the song at 2:59 was the producer telling them the song was running long. Strummer's response "Don't push us when we're hot" was improvised and the recording continued.
== Members ==
<big>'''Main lineup'''</big>
* [[Joe Strummer]] - vocals, rhythm guitar (1976-1986)
* [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]] - lead guitar, vocals (1976-1983)
* [[Paul Simonon]] - bass, vocals (1976-1986)
* [[Topper Headon]] - drums, percussion (1977-1982)
<big>'''Other members'''</big>
* [[Terry Chimes]] - drums (1976-1977, 1982-1983)
* [[Keith Levene]] - guitar (1976)
* Rob Harper - drums (1976-1977)
<small>''' Appeared in "New Clash" or "[[Cut The Crap]] Clash", after Jones quit:'''</small>
* [[Nick Sheppard]] - vocals, guitar (1983-1986)
* Vince White - guitar (1983-1986)
* [[Pete Howard]] - drums (1983-1986)
==Filmography==
* ''[[Rude Boy (film)|Rude Boy]]'' (1980) (directed by Jack Hazan and David Mingay)
* ''[[Westway to the World]]'' (2000) (directed by Don Letts)
==Bibliography==
* Gilbert, Pat. 2004. ''Passion is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash'', Aurum Press Ltd. Hardback: ISBN 1-84513-017-0. Paperback: ISBN 1-84513-113-4. US Paperback: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81434-X.
* Gray, Marcus. 2001 ''Return of The Last Gang In Town'', Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-16-1.
* Gray, Marcus. 1995. ''Last Gang In Town: The Story and Myth of The Clash'', Fourth Estate Limited. ISBN 1-85702-146-0.
* Green, Johnny; Barker, Garry; & Lowry, Ray (Ill.). 1999. ''A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash'', Indigo. ISBN 0-575-40080-3.
* [[Pennie Smith|Smith, Pennie]]. 1980. ''The Clash: Before and After / photographs by Pennie Smith ; with passing comments by Joe Strummer...[et al.]'', Boston : Little, Brown. ISBN 0-31680-169-0
* Yewdall, John Leonard. 1992. ''Joe Strummer with the 101'ers and the Clash, 1974-1976'', Image Direct. ISBN 0-9519216-0-6
==See also==
*[[Blackhill Enterprises]] ([[Peter Jenner]] and [[Andrew King]])
*[[Live At Bond's Casino]]
*[[The Vanilla Tapes]]
==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>
==External links==
===Monitoring organizations===
*[http://www.blackmarketclash.com/ Blackmarketclash.com]
*[[Amnesty International]]
*[http://clashphotorockers.free.fr Clash Photo Rockers]
*[http://www.revolutionrockansarburney.co.ukorg/ RevolutionAnsar Rock:Burney ATrust] Punk(Pakistan Historyand Ofthe TheMiddle Clash]East)
*[[Human Rights Watch]]
*[http://www.theclashonline.com/ The Clash Online]
*[http://lyriki.com/index.php?title=The_Clash Clash lyrics]
{{The Clash}}
{{Link FA|it}}
==References==
[[Category:English musical groups|Clash, The]]
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