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'''Extrajudicial punishment''' is [[physical]] punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, and as such, constitutes a violation of basic human rights (such as the right to [[due process]] and [[humane]] treatment). [[Agents]] of a [[state apparatus]] may sometimes carry out this type of punishment if they come to the conclusion that a person is an imminent threat to security. The existence of extrajudicial punishment is considered proof that some governments will break their own [[legal code]] if deemed necessary. [[Non-governmental]] or non-state actors, including private individuals, have also resorted to different forms of extrajudicial punishment, though such actions are more properly called [[assassination]], [[murder]] or [[vigilantism]] instead.
{{redirect|Flashman|the Japanese television series|[[Choushinsei Flashman]]}}
[[Image:Flashmancover.jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Flashman'']]
'''[[Brigadier-General]] Sir Harry Paget Flashman [[V.C.]] [[K.C.B.]] [[K.C.I.E]]''' is a [[fictional character]] originally created by the author [[Thomas Hughes]] in his semi-autobiographical work ''[[Tom Brown's Schooldays]]'', first published in 1857. The book is set at [[Rugby School]], where Flashman is a notorious bully who persecutes its eponymous hero, [[Tom Brown (character)|Tom Brown]]. In Hughes' book, Flashman is finally expelled for drunkenness.
==Existence==
20th century author [[George MacDonald Fraser]] had the [[conceit]] of writing a series of further fictional memoirs of the cowardly, bullying Flashman as he cuts a swathe through the Victorian wars and uproars (and the boudoirs and harems) of the [[19th century]], portraying Flashman as an [[antihero]]. Though Flashman - a self-described and unapologetic 'cad' - constantly betrays acquaintances, runs from danger or hides cowering in fear, he arrives at the end of each volume with medals, the praise of the mighty and the love of one or more beautiful and enthusiastic women. Flashman becomes one of the most notable and honoured figures of the [[Victorian era]]. Fraser gives Flashman's life as 1822 to 1915 and gives a birth date of [[5 May]].
Although the legal use of [[capital punishment]] is generally decreasing around the world, individuals or groups deemed immediately threatening — or even, in times of comparative stability, simply "undesirable" — to a government's ability to govern may nevertheless be targeted for killing [[extra-judicially]] by some regimes or their representatives. Such killing typically happens quickly, with skilled secret security forces on a covert basis, performed in such a way as to avoid massive public outcry and international criticism that would reflect badly on the state.
Another possibility is for [[overt]], [[uniformed security forces]] to kill the target, but often under circumstances that make it appear as [[self-defense]], such as by planting recently-fired weapons near his body, or [[fabricating evidence]] suggesting [[suicide by cop]]. In such cases, it can be surprisingly difficult to prove that the shooters acted wrongly. Because of the dangers inherent in any armed confrontation, even police or soldiers who would strongly, genuinely prefer to take their target alive may still kill him to protect themselves or civilians. Only in the most obvious cases, such as the [[Operation Flavius]] triple killing or the shooting of [[Jean Charles de Menezes]] will the authorities admit that [["kill or capture"]] was replaced with [["shoot on sight"]].
In ''Tom Brown's Schooldays'' he is only ever called Flashman or Flashy and his [[forename]]s were wholly invented by Fraser. In the novel ''[[Flashman]]'', the [[eponymous]] character mentions that his christian name of Henry and his middle name of Paget are from his father's former commanding officer, '''Henry William Paget, 2nd [[Earl of Uxbridge]] and Marquess of Anglesey''', a famous cavalry officer and general of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. (This was done to curry favor with a powerful patron. The father was a bankrupt, dissolute drunkard who had to rely on favors and loans from friends to pay his debts and get young Harry into school and pay his expenses. The father would afterwards only visit him to borrow money).
Extrajudicial punishment is a typical feature of [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] and other [[political repression|politically repressive]] regimes using [[death squad]]s for this purpose, but even self-proclaimed or internationally recognized [[democracies]] have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain circumstances. In some cases, extrajudicial punishment may be planned and carried out [[covertly]] by a particular branch of a state and its specific agents, without previously informing other sectors or even without having been secretly ordered to commit such acts. The other branches of the state can tacitly approve of it after the fact, but they can also directly disagree with it depending on the circumstances, especially when complex intragovernment or internal policy struggles exist within a state's policymaking apparatus.
== Style and layout of the stories ==
The series is a classic use of [[false document]]s. The books describe the discovery of the [[nonagenarian]] General Flashman's memoirs in a [[Leicestershire]] saleroom in 1965. Posing as the editor of the papers, Fraser produces a series of [[historical novel]]s that give a racy, colourful, and decidedly cynical view of [[History of Britain|British]] and [[History of the United States|American history]] in the [[19th century]]. Dozens of major and minor characters from history flit in and out of the books, often in an inglorious or hypocritical guise. Other fictional characters, such as [[Sherlock Holmes]] can also be found in the tales, complementing Flashman and sundry figures from ''[[Tom Brown's Schooldays]]'' and ''[[Tom Brown at Oxford]]''. Because of this, he is a strong member of the [[Wold Newton family]].
In times of [[war]], [[natural disaster]], [[societal collapse]], or in the absence of an established system of [[criminal justice]], there may be an increased incidence of extrajudicial punishment. In such [[extreme circumstances]], police or military personnel may be authorised to [[summary execution|summarily execute]] individuals involved in [[rioting]], [[looting]] or [[violent acts]], especially if caught '' [[in flagrante delicto]]''.
Fraser's research is extensive and the books illuminate the historical events they depict. The books are heavily annotated, with end notes and appendices, as Fraser (in accordance with the fictional existence of the memoirs) attempts to "confirm" (and in some cases "correct") the elderly Flashman's recollections of events; in many cases, the footnotes serve to aid the reader by indicating that a particularly outlandish character really existed or that an unlikely event actually occurred.
A [[forced disappearance|"disappearance"]] occurs where someone who is believed to have been targeted for [[extrajudicial execution]] does not reappear alive. Their ultimate fate is thereafter unknown or never fully confirmed.
The half-scholarly tone has occasionally led to misunderstandings; when first released in the United States, ten of 34 reviews published took it to be a real, albeit obscure, memoir. Several of these were written by academics - to the delight of ''[[The New York Times]]'', which published a selection of the more trusting reviews.<ref> Gen. Sir Harry Flashman And Aide Con the Experts, by Alden Whitman, ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[July 29]], [[1969]] </ref>
==Around the world==
For the purposes of [[United States|American]] publication, Fraser created a fictional entry of the [[1909]] edition of [[Who's Who]]. This lists Flashman's laurels as: [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]], [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]; [[Chevalier]] of the [[Légion d'Honneur]]; [[Medal of Honor|Congressional Medal of Honor]]; San Serafino Order of Purity and Truth, 4th Class.
See [[NKVD troika]] and [[Special Council of the NKVD]] for examples from the history of the Soviet Union , where extrajudicial punishment "[[by administrative means]]" was part of the state policy. Most Latin American dictatorships have regularly instituted extrajudicial killings of their enemies; for one of the better-known examples, see ''[[Operation Condor]].''
<ref> http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860 </ref>
Some consider the killing of [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] [[Fred Hampton]] to have been an extrajudicial killing ordered by the [[United States]] government. Also, the U.S. has been accused of exercising a covert prison system set up by the [[CIA]] in several countries, especially [[Egypt]], to evade [[U.S. jurisdiction]]. <ref> http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110101644.html </ref> The deaths of the leaders of the leftist urban guerilla group Red Army Faction [[Ulrike Meinhof]], [[Andreas Baader]], [[Gudrun Ensslin]], and [[Jan-Carl Raspe]] is by some regarded as extrajudicial killings, a theory partly based on the testimony of [[Irmgard Möller]] .
The government of Israel has also been accused of carrying out extrajudicial killings, which they term "targeted assassinations," against leaders of organisations involved in carrying out attacks against Israel. The Israeli government and its defenders, however, consider these people to be [[enemy combatant]]s and not [[civilians]]; claiming they are legitimate military targets as per the [[Laws of war|rules of engagement]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
[[Image:Flashforfreedom.JPG|thumb|'''Book Cover:''' ''Flash For Freedom !'']]
During the [[apartheid]] years [[South Africa|South Africa's]] security forces were also accused of using extra-judicial means to deal with their political opponents. After his release, [[Nelson Mandela]] would refer to these acts as proof of a [[Third force (South Africa)|Third Force]] . This was denied vehemently by the administration of [[F.W. de Klerk]]. Later the [[South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], led by Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] would find that both military and police agencies such as the [[Civil Cooperation Bureau]] and [[C10]] based at [[Vlakplaas]] were guilty off gross [[human rights violations]]. This led the [[International Criminal Court]] to declare apartheid a [[crime against humanity]].
==Flashman the man==
Harry Paget Flashman described himself as a large man, six feet tall and close to 13 [[stone (weight)|stone]] (about 180 pounds). In ''Flashman and the Tiger'', he mentions that one of his grandchildren has black hair and eyes, resembling him in his younger years. A gifted horseman and linguist, Flashman had the means to impress important people he met, usually with excessive [[sycophant|toadying]]. His other gift was his success with women. The list of his sexual conquests (see below) is long and includes not a few famous women. Despite his natural abilities and imposing figure, Flashman was a coward, running from the danger he constantly found himself in. He was also a bully to his (supposed) inferiors and found joy in creating trouble for people he did not like.
==Extra-judicial killings==
After his expulsion from [[Rugby School|Rugby]] for drunkenness, (documented as per Hughes), Flashman looked for a way to an easy life. He joined the military, picking the [[11th Hussars|11th Regiment of Light Dragoons]] commanded by [[James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan|Lord Cardigan]], later of [[Charge of the Light Brigade|Light Brigade]] fame because the 11th had just returned from India and were not likely to go back soon. Flashman threw himself into the social life that the 11th offered and became a leading light of Canterbury society.
:''For extrajudicial executions see also [[Assassination]] ''
A duel over a lady of questionable morals led to his being stationed in Scotland, where he met and deflowered the love of his life, Elspeth Morrison. Blackmailed by her family into a [[shotgun wedding]], their marriage caused his forced resignation from the 11th Lights and he was sent to India to make a career. This he did in Afghanistan, unwittingly becoming a hero by being known as the defender and surviving officer of Piper's Fort. When found by the relieving troops, he lay wrapped in the flag and surrounded by dead enemy troops. The fact that he had been trying to surrender the colours rather than defend them was lost to history.
Extrajudicial killings are the illegal killing of leading political, trades union, dissident and/or social figures by either the state government, [[state authorities]] like the armed forces and police (as in [[Liberia]] under [[Charles G. Taylor]] ), or by [[criminal outfits]] like the [[Italian]] [[Mafia]].
Needless to say Flashman arrived at the Fort by accident, tried to avoid all suggestions of involvement in the conflict, had to be bullied into holding a rifle by his sergeant and had been 'rumbled,' for a complete coward. Happily all inconvenient witnesses perished in the battle.
Extrajudicial killings and [[death squads]] are most common in the Middle East (mostly in Palestine and [[Iraq]]) <ref> http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051124&articleId=1315 </ref> <ref> http://www.electronicintifada.net/bytopic/extrajudicial-killings.shtml </ref> <ref> http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engamr510792005 </ref> <ref> http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm </ref> <ref> http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html </ref>, Central America<ref>http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/deathsquads_ElSal.html</ref>
This incident set the tone for Flashman's life. He spent the next seventy-five years meeting the most famous people of his time and shirking his duty in the most famous conflicts and events of the 19th century. Flashman died in 1915.
<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR290151996?open&of=ENG-SLV</ref>
<ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/elsalvador2/index.html</ref> , [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]] <ref> http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist </ref>
, [[India]] and Kashmir <ref> http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/44302 </ref>
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm </ref>
<ref> http://www.gharib.demon.co.uk/reports/ustates.htm </ref>
<ref> http://sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/09-19_Extrajudicial_Killings.php?uid=1954 </ref> <ref> http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/us/060529ustamils.htm </ref>
<ref> http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF71.htm </ref> several nations or regions in [[Equatorial Africa]]<ref>http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30001/story.htm</ref>
, many parts of [[South America]] <ref> http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR190082007 </ref>, [[Chechnya]] , <ref> http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece </ref>, [[Russia]]<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm</ref>
, [[Uzbekistan]], [[North Ossetia]], parts of [[Thailand]] <ref> http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/ </ref>
<ref> http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 </ref> and in the [[Philippines]] <ref> http://www.pinoyhr.net/ </ref> <ref> http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/ </ref> <ref> http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2692483.ece} </ref> <ref> http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592} </ref>
<ref> http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm </ref> <ref> http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 </ref>.
The 3 different modern examples are listed in the sub-headings below, along with the 'Cold War' to help to illustrate the point.
== Flashman stories ==
To date, the following extracts (in publication order) from the Flashman Papers have been published:
* ''[[Flashman (novel)|Flashman]]'' (1969) — the [[European influence in Afghanistan#The First Anglo-Afghan War|First Anglo-Afghan War]], 1839-1842 - Retreat from Kabul, Last Stand at [[Gandamak]] and Siege of Jelalabad.
* ''[[Royal Flash]]'' (1970) — a [[pastiche]] of [[Anthony Hope]]'s ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' set during the [[Revolutions of 1848]]. The story features [[Lola Montez]], and [[Otto von Bismarck]] as major characters, and fictionalizes elements of the [[Schleswig-Holstein Question]], 1843, 1847 and 1848. The episode is presented as if Hope fictionalized the "true" story he heard from Flashman.
* ''[[Flash for Freedom!]]'' (1971) — the pre-[[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[slavery#Slavery in North America|slave trade]] and the [[Underground Railroad]], 1848 and 1849.
* ''[[Flashman at the Charge]]'' (1973) — the [[Crimean War]]'s [[Charge of the Light Brigade]] and [[Tuva]], 1854.
* ''[[Flashman in the Great Game]]'' (1975) — the [[Indian Mutiny]], the [[Rani Lakshmibai|Rani of Jhansi]], [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]]. 1856-1858. At times, Flashman behaves heroically in this novel and is awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], but the publishing of ''[[Tom Brown's Schooldays]]'' humiliates him and temporarily ruins his chances for a [[knighthood]].
* ''[[Flashman's Lady]]'' (1977) — Bumps into Tom Brown again; scores the first "hat trick" in [[Cricket]] 1843, meets [[James Brooke]] in [[Borneo]] and Queen [[Ranavalona I]] of [[Madagascar]] 1843-1845. Parts are written as if drawn from the writings of his wife, Elspeth Rennie Morrison Flashman and edited by her spiteful sister, Grizel Morrison De Rothchild.
* ''[[Flashman and the Redskins]]'' (1982) — the [[Wild West|American West]]: the [[California Gold Rush|Forty-niners]] 1849-1850, and the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]], 1875-1876.
* ''[[Flashman and the Dragon]]'' (1986) — the Anglo-Chinese [[Second Opium War]] 1860 and [[Taiping Rebellion]], 1900.
* ''[[Flashman and the Mountain of Light]]'' (1991) — the [[Koh-i-Noor diamond]] and the [[First Sikh War]], 1845 and 1846.
* ''[[Flashman and the Angel of the Lord]]'' (1996) — [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] and the [[Harper's Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]] Raid, 1858 and 1859.
*''[[Flashman and the Tiger]]'' (1999) incorporating:
** ''The Road to Charing Cross'' — the [[Congress of Berlin]] and the [[Franz Josef of Austria|Emperor Franz Josef]], 1877-1878.
** ''The Subleties of Baccarat'' — the [[Royal Baccarat Scandal]], 1890 and 1891.
** ''Flashman and the Tiger'' — The defence of [[Rorke's Drift]], 1879 and [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s short story ''[[The Adventure of the Empty House]]'' 1894. Flashman meets the villainous [[Sebastian Moran|Colonel Sebastian "Tiger Jack" Moran]].
*''[[Flashman on the March]]'' (2005) — Escape from Mexico at the end of the French occupation, invasion of [[Abyssinia]], 1868 and rescue of British hostages.
===Cold war usage===
Flashman also plays a small part in Fraser's novel ''[[Mr American]]'' (1970). His father has a similar cameo appearance in ''Black Ajax''.
[[Image:Nguyen.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[General]] [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan]] summarily executes [[Nguyễn Văn Lém]].]]
At one point, it is also mentioned that a member of the Flashman family was present at the Battle of Culloden, 1746.
The former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Communist Bloc]] country used to also killed dissidents this way to, during the [[Cold War]]. Those who were not killed were sent to '[[Gulag]]' prison camps.
Fraser has confirmed that Flashman died in 1915 but the circumstances of his death have never been related.
[[Nguyễn Văn Lém ]] (referred to as Captain Bay Lop) (died 1 [[February 1968]] in Saigon ) was a member of the [[Viet Cong]] who was summarily executed in [[Saigon]] during the [[Tet Offensive]]. The picture of his death would became one of may an anti- [[Vietnam War]] icons in the [[Western World]]. <ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%C3%A9m </ref>
In early 2006 Fraser confirmed that he plans to write another installment of the Flashman Papers. According to Fraser, he has chosen three possible subjects to write about, though what these are he was not willing to say. This will fuel speculation among fans that he will be writing about Flash's continuing escapades in the [[American Civil War]], the [[French intervention in Mexico]] (from which Flashman escapes at the beginning of ''Flashman on the March''), the [[Franco-Prussian War]] or the Australian Gold Rush, all of which are mentioned in the canon. However at the [[Oxford]] [[Literary festival]] in 2006, when asked if he ever planned to document Flashman's adventures in Australia, Fraser replied that ''"Australia is on Flashman's CV, but I don't think I will get around to writing about it."''
During the 1960s throughout the 1970s death squads were used against the [[Viet Cong]] cadre as well as supporters in neighbouring countries notably [[Cambodia]]. See also [[Phoenix Program]] (also known as Phung Hoang). The [[Viet Cong]] also used death squads of their own against civilians for political reasons. {{Facts|date=February 2007}}
He estimated that it takes him roughly 3-5 months to research and write a Flashman novel.
The use of computers by the American forces to compile lists of 'suspects' as well as the indefinite detention of 'suspects' in 'black' locations as well as their detention, torture, and execution without judicial oversight or protection is typical of American [[black ops]] in the Post World War II era.
[[Argentina]] used extrajudicial killings as way of crushing the [[liberal]] and [[communist]] opposition to the military [[Junta]] during the '[[Dirty war]]' <ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_War </ref> of the late [[1960's]] and most of the [[1970's]]. The [[Chilean]] Junta of [[1972]] to [[1992]] also committed such killings to. See [[Operation Condor]] for examples.
==Flashman's ladies==
Flashman's stories are dominated by his numerous amorous encounters. The women he gets involved with are not window dressing against the backdrop of Flashy's life, but pivotal characters in the unpredictable twists and turns of the books. Several of them are prominent historical personages.
*Aphrodite, one of Miss Susie's "gels" in ''Flashman and the Redskins''.
*Mrs Bomfomtabellilaba, a woman in [[Madagascar]], in ''Flashman's Lady''.
*Phoebe Carpenter, a missionary's wife in Hong Kong, ''Flashman and the Dragon''.
*Cassy, a slave who Flashman escorts up the Mississippi in ''Flash for Freedom''.
*Cleonie Grouard/Mrs Arthur B. Candy, another of "Miss Susie's gels" in ''Flashman and the Redskins.''
*[[Fanny Duberly]]
*Elspeth Rennie Morrison, aka Mrs. Harry Paget Flashman.
*Fetnab, a dancing girl who Flashy buys in Calcutta in ''The Flashman Papers''.
*Lady Geraldine
*Duchess Irma of Strackenz in ''Royal Flash''.
*[[Jind Kaur]], Maharani of Punjab.
*Josette
*Judy, his father's live-in girlfriend.
*Mrs. Leo Lade in ''Flashman's Lady''.
*[[Rani Lakshmi Bai]] of [[Jhansi]] in ''Flashman in the Great Game''.
*Lady Caroline Lamb, an [[African]] [[slavery|slave]] on board the [[slaver]] ''Balliol College'' in ''Flash for Freedom!''.
*[[Lily Langtry]]
*Mrs. Leslie, relative of Duff Mason, in ''Flashman in the Great Game''.
*Kitchen staff of Duff Mason in ''Flashman in the Great Game''.
*Mrs. Madison
*Mrs. Annette Mandeville, ''Flash for Freedom'' and ''Flashman and the Angel of the Lord''.
*Mangla
*[[Lola Montez]] Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna Gilbert in ''Royal Flash''.
*Nareeman, a dancing girl.
*Fanny Paget
*Mrs. Betty Parker
*Baroness Pechmann, German aristocrat in ''Royal Flash''.
*Penny/Jenny
*Lady Plunkett in ''Flashman and the Angel of the Lord''.
*Mrs Popplewell
*[[Ranavalona I]], Queen of [[Madagascar]] in ''Flashman's Lady''.
*Aunt Sara (not related to Flashman) in ''Flashman at the Charge''.
*"The Silk One" (aka Ko Dali's daughter) in ''Flashman at the Charge''.
*Sonsee-Array (aka Takes-Away-Clouds-Woman), an [[Apache]] princess, daughter of [[Mangas Coloradas]] (Red Sleeves) in ''Flashman and the Redskins''.
*Miranda Spring, daughter of John Charity Spring, in ''Flashman and the Angel of the Lord''.
*Szu-Zhan, chinese bandit in ''Flashman and the Dragon''.
*Valla Valentina, the daughter of [[Count Pencherchevsky]] in ''[[Flashman at the Charge]]''
*White Tigress, one of Whampoa's beauties in ''Flashman's Lady''.
*Honey and Milk, two of Whampoa's beauties in ''Flashman's Lady''.
*Susie Willinck, [[New Orleans]] madam (aka "Miss Susie") in ''Flash for Freedom!'' and ''Flashman and the Redskins''.
*[[Yehonala]], Imperial concubine who later becomes the [[Dowager Empress]] [[Ci Xi]] of the [[Manchu Dynasty]] in ''Flashman and the Dragon''.
*Gertrude (Austrian Admiral's Great Neice) in ''Flashman on the March''.
Also during the [[Communist]] versus [[Capitalist]] [[Salvadoran civil war]], death squads achieved notoriety when [[far-right]] [[vigilantes]] [[assassinated]] [[Archbishop Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in [[March 1980]]. In [[December 1980]], three [[United States|American]] [[nuns]] and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a [[military unit]] later found to have been acting on specific orders. [[Death squads]] were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the [[Salvadoran military]], which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisers during the Carter administration. <ref> http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/deathsquads_ElSal.html</ref>During the [[El Salvador Civil War|Salvadoran civil war]], death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in March 1980 . In December 1980, three American nuns and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration.
==Adaptations==
A [[Royal Flash (film)|film version]] of ''[[Royal Flash]]'' was released in 1975. It was directed by [[Richard Lester]] and starred [[Malcolm McDowell]] as Flashman, [[Oliver Reed]] as [[Otto von Bismarck]] and [[Alan Bates]] as Rudi von Sternberg. It received moderate acclaim, though most Flashy fans avoid it, as Lester chose to focus on bawdy buffoonery and slapstick and gave short shrift to the historical context of the story.
One of the earliest cases of extradudical killings was in Wiemar [[Germany]] <ref> http://econ161.berkeley.edu/movable_type/2003_archives/001832.html </ref>.
American military historian [[Raymond M. Saunders]] created an homage to the Flashman persona in a series of [[Fenwick Travers]] novels, set among the US military adventures in the Indian wars, Spanish-American war in Cuba, Boxer Rebellion in China, piracy and Muslim terrorism in the Philippines, and the creation of the Panama Canal. These novels never received the popularity or acclaim of the original Flashman.
===Middle east===
The noisy, boastful and sexually insatiable [[Lord Flashheart]] in the ''[[Blackadder]]'' series may be named in homage to Flashman.
The [[Israeli intelligence]] and [[Hamas]] [[Militants]] have been in a steady war of attrition with each other, regularly killing local officials since the [[Fatah]] / Hamas [[civil war]] began in early [[2007]]. [[Iraq]] has also suffered badly since the post-invasion insurgency of [[2005]].
Eric Nicol's ''Dickens of the Mounted'', a fictional biography of [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002281 Francis Jeffrey Dickens], the real life third son of novelist [[Charles Dickens]] and who joined the North West Mounted Police in 1874, has an alternate and less than flattering take on Flashman - the book itself is something of an homage to the Flashman series.
===Philippines===
Fraser has said that further film adaptations of the Flashman books have not been made because he "will not let anyone else have control of the script... and that simply does not happen in Hollywood." He also points to a lack of a suitable British actor to portray Flashman, [[Errol Flynn]] was always his favourite for the role: "It wasn't just his looks and his style. He had that shifty quality." However, [[Saul David]]'s suggestion of [[Daniel Day-Lewis]] struck a chord with him and he says that although "He's probably getting on a bit," he "might make a Flashman... He's big, he's got presence and he's got style." <ref> [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/04/09/bofraser.xml Flash man] by [[Saul David]], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', [[16 April]], [[2006]] </ref>
Death squads were especially active in this country during the American invasion of the [[1950s]] and the regime in the 1980s; they continue to be active as of 2007.
==Historical characters referenced in the Flashman novels==
The Flashman books are littered with references to a vast number of notable historical figures. Although many have but a brief mention, some feature prominently and are portrayed "warts-and-all". They include the following: <!--I think page references might be an idea-->
The [[New People's Army]] ('''NPA''') groups known as "[[Sparrow Units]]" were active in the mid-1980s, killing government officials, police personnel, military members, and anyone else they targeted for elimination. They were also supposedly part of an NPA operation called "[[Agaw Armas]]" ([[Filipino]] for "[[Stealing Weapons]]
*'''''Flashman'''''
"), where they raided government armories as well as stealing weapons from slain military and police personnel. A low level [[civil war]] with south [[Moslems]], [[Al-Qaeda]] sympathizers and [[communist]] insurgents has lead to a general break down of [[law and order]]. The [[Politics_of_the_Philippines#National_Government_of_the_Philippines|Philippines government]] has promised to curb the killings, but is itself implicated in many of the killings. <ref>http://www.pinoyhr.net/</ref>
**[[Thomas Hughes]], [[Thomas Arnold]], [[James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan|Lord Cardigan]], [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Lord Auckland]], [[Robert Henry Sale|Sir Robert Henry Sale]], [[Paolo Di Avitabile]], <!--[[Willoughby Cotton]],--> [[Alexander Burnes]],<!--[[Sher Afzul]],--> [[John Nicholson (general)|General John Nicholson]], [[William Hay Macnaghten]], [[William Elphinstone (major-general)|General Elphinstone]], [[Akbar Khan]], [[William Nott]], [[Henry Havelock]], [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]], [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Thomas Babington Macaulay]], [[Robert E. Lee]]
*'''''Royal Flash'''''
====Extrajudicial Killings Summit====
**[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Prince Edward]], [[Lillie Langtry]], [[Lola Montez]], [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]], <!--[[Thomas Heron Jones, 7th Viscount Ranelagh|Lord Ranlegh]], -->[[John Gully]], [[Nicholas Ward]], [[Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham|Lord Conyngham]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Henry Irving]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], [[Anthony Hope]], [[Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel|Viscount Peel]], [[Jefferson Davis]]
*'''''Flash for Freedom!'''''
The 22nd [[PUNO Supreme Court]] is set to hold a [[National Consultative Summit on extrajudicial killings]] on July 16 and 17, [[2007]] at the [[Manila Hotel]]. Invited representatives from the three branches of the government will participate (including the [[AFP]], the [[PNP]], [[CHR]], [[media]], [[academe]], [[civil society]] and [[other stakeholders]]).
**[[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|John Russell]], [[Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield|Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Lord George Bentinck]], [[Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux|Henry Brougham]], [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Thomas Babington Macaulay]], [[John Mitchel]], <!--[[Fanny Locke]], --> [[William Ewart Gladstone]], [[Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne|Marquess of Lansdowne]], [[James Brooke]], [[Lady Caroline Lamb]], [[Ghezo|King Gezo]], [[Dahomey Amazons]], [[Abraham Lincoln]]
*'''''Flashman at the Charge'''''
[[Puno]] will give the [[keynote speech]] and [[closing remarks]]. [[Puno]] searches for major solutions to solve forced disappearances.
**[[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]], [[FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan|Lord Raglan]], [[James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan|Lord Cardigan]], [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], [[George Brown (soldier)|George Brown]], [[Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud]], [[William Howard Russell]], [[Louis Edward Nolan]], [[George de Lacy Evans]], [[François Certain Canrobert]], [[Richard Airey, 1st Baron Airey|Richard Airey]], [[George Charles Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan|Lord Lucan]], [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]], [[James Yorke Scarlett]], [[Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev]], [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I]], [[Yakub Beg]]
*'''''Flashman in the Great Game'''''
During the first day of the summit, the speakers will present their respective papers comprising significant inputs from their respective sectors, while on the second day, the participants will break out into 12 groups (chaired by a Justice) and take part in a workshop. Local and international observers (the diplomatic corps and representatives from various international organizations) will be accredited.
**[[James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan|Lord Cardigan]], [[Florence Nightingale]], [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]], [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]], [[Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev]], [[John Nicholson (general)|General John Nicholson]], [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]], [[Nana Sahib]], [[Tantya Tope]], [[Azimullah Khan]], [[Henry Havelock]], [[James Outram (British officer)|James Outram]], [[Thomas Henry Kavanagh]], [[Robert Cornelis Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]], [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]], [[Sam Browne]], [[William Howard Russell]], [[Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Fred Roberts]], [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson]], [[Hugh Henry Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Rose]], [[Harry Hammon Lyster]], [[Clement Walker Heneage]], [[James Hope Grant]], [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], [[Thomas Hughes]]
*'''''Flashman's Lady'''''
Puno announced that "the summit highlight will be a plenary session where each of the 12 groups shall report to the body their recommended resolutions. The reports and proposals will be synthesized and then transmitted to the concerned government agencies for appropriate action".
**[[Fuller Pilch]], [[Richard Harris Barham]], [[Henry Keppel]], [[James Brooke]], [[Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts|Angela Burdett-Coutts]], [[Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke]], [[Jean Laborde]], [[Ranavalona I]], [[Radama II of Madagascar]]
*'''''Flashman and the Redskins'''''
The earlier slated [[Malacañang]]-sponsored "Mindanao Peace and Security Summit (July 8-10, 2007 at Cagayan de Oro City), focussed on how to make the anti-terror law, or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007, more acceptable to the public. <ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=75094 Inquirer.net, SC slates summit on extrajudicial killings]</ref><ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/49959/SC-slates-summit-on-extrajudicial-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Chief Justice unfazed by Palace meet]</ref>
**[[Helen Hunt Jackson]], [[Jim Bridger]], [[Alexander MacKenzie]], [[Spotted Tail]], [[Charley Reynolds]], [[William Bent]], [[Ceran St. Vrain]], [[John Joel Glanton]], [[Mangas Coloradas]], [[Geronimo]], [[Kit Carson]], [[Philip Sheridan]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], [[John Pope (military officer)|John Pope]], [[George Crook]], [[Crazy Horse]], [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William B. Allison]], [[Alfred Terry]], [[Red Cloud]], [[Hamilton Fish]], [[George Armstrong Custer]], [[Elizabeth Bacon Custer]], [[Thomas Custer]], [[Boston Custer]], [[Lawrence Barrett]], [[Sitting Bull]], [[William W. Belknap]], [[Rufus Ingalls]], [[Marcus Reno]], [[Frederick Benteen]], [[Myles Keogh]], [[James Calhoun (soldier)|James Calhoun]], [[Henry Armstrong Reed]], [[John Gibbon]], [[George Yates]], [[Chief Gall]], [[Wild Bill Hickock]]
*'''''Flashman and the Dragon'''''
On July 16, 2007, Justices, activists, militant leaders, police officials, politicians and prelates attended the Supreme Court's two-day summit at the Manila Hotel in [[Manila City]] to map out ways to put an end to the string of extrajudicial killings in the [[Philippines]]. Bayan was set to launch their "[[silent protest]]", but expressed support for the high court's initiative. Director Geary Barias, chief of the police's anti-killings Task Force Usig, Sen. Panfilo Lacson, [[Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim]], Caloocan Bishop Deogracias Yñiguez, re-elected party-list Representatives Satur Ocampo (Bayan Muna) and Crispin Beltran (Anakpawis) attended. Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno said that the "National Consultative Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and Forced Disappearances: Searching for Solutions," would help stop the murders. Delegates were given 12 to 15 minutes each to share their insights and knowledge about the matter. Yniguez accused the government of failing to actively pursue investigations on the hundreds of killings and the Catholic Church was alarmed that victims have been denied their "fundamental right" to live.
**[[James Hope Grant]], [[Richard Cobden]], [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], [[Frederick Townsend Ward]], [[Hong Xiuquan]], [[Harry Smith Parkes]], [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher|John Arbuthnot Fisher]], [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Joseph Wolseley]], [[Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao|Charles Montauban]], [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]], [[Li Xiucheng]], [[Chen Yucheng]], [[Hong Rengan]], [[Ch'en Yu-ch'eng]], [[Charles George Gordon]], [[Dighton MacNaghton Probyn]], [[Henry Brougham Loch, 1st Baron Loch|Henry Loch]], [[John C Heenan]], [[Thomas Sayers]], [[Anthony Trollope]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Felice Beato]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Zaiyuan, 6th Prince Yi|Prince Yi]], [[Sushun]], [[Xianfeng Emperor]], [[Empress Dowager Ci'an]], [[Empress Dowager Cixi]], [[Tongzhi Emperor]], [[Yixin, Prince Gong|Prince Gong]]
*'''''Flashman and the Mountain of Light'''''
Based on Yniguez-church's count, the number of victims of extrajudicial killings has reached 778, while survivors of "political assassinations," was pegged at 370. He also noted 203 "massacre" victims, 186 people who involuntarily disappeared, 502 tortured, and others who were illegally arrested. Yniguez similarly criticized the government's alleged insistence on implementing its Oplan Bantay Laya I and II (the military's counter-insurgency operation plans which militants have said consider legal people's organizations as targets).
**[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], [[Buffalo Bill]], [[Abdul Karim]], [[Ranjit Singh]], [[Kharak Singh]], [[Nau Nihal Singh]], [[Sher Singh]], [[Chand Kaur]], [[Duleep Singh]], [[Jind Kaur]], [[Robert Henry Sale]], [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Hugh Gough]], [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]], [[Henry Havelock]], [[Harun al-Rashid]], [[Josiah Harlan]], [[Alexander Gardner (soldier)|Alexander Gardner]], [[Thomas Love Peacock]], [[Lars Porsena]], [[Harry Smith (army)|Harry Smith]], [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence]], [[James Hope Grant]], [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes]], [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]], [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson]], [[Koh-i-Noor]]
*'''''Flashman and the Angel of the Lord'''''
Meanwhile, Bayan urged the Supreme Court to "check serious threats to civil liberties and basic freedoms" including the anti-terror law or the Human Security Act of 2007, which took effect on July 15 despite protests from leftist groups.
**[[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], [[Julia Ward Howe]], [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[James Outram (British officer)|James Outram]], [[George Edward Grey]], [[Moshoeshoe I]], [[Richard Francis Burton]], [[John Brown (servant)]], [[David Rice Atchison]], [[Charles Sumner]], [[Hugh Forbes]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Denmark Vesey]], [[Nat Turner]], [[Stephen A. Douglas]], [[Allan Pinkerton]], [[Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons|Richard Lyons]], [[William H. Seward]], [[Franklin Sanborn]], [[William Wilberforce]], [[Robert Marcellus Stewart]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Henry Wilson]], [[Samuel Gridley Howe]], [[George Luther Stearns]], [[John Henrie Kagi]], [[Dangerfield Newby]], [[Barclay Coppock]], [[Frederick Douglass]], [[J.E.B. Stuart]], [[Robert E. Lee]], [[Henry A. Wise]]
*'''''Flashman and the Tiger'''''
Vice President Teofisto Guingona Jr. will join Bayan and other leftist groups as petitioners in their formal pleading before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the law. Human rights lawyer Atty. Edre Olalia of the International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) will serve as lead counsel. Bayan chair Carol Araullo said the respondents will include members of the Anti-Terrorism Council headed by Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita and Raul Gonzalez. Earlier, [CBCP president Angel Lagdameo] pointed out at least 5 provisions of the law that may threaten civil liberties: Sec. 19 allows detentions of mere suspects for more than three days in the event of an actual or terrorist attack, while Section 26 allows house arrest despite the posting of bail, and prohibits the right to travel and to communicate with others; Sec. 39 allows seizure of assets while Sec. 7 allows surveillance and wiretapping of suspects; Sec. 26 allows the investigation of bank deposits and other assets. <ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/51197/Justices-activists-prelates-map-out-ways-to-end-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Justices, activists, prelates map out ways to end killings]</ref>
**''The Road to Charing Cross''
***[[Henri Blowitz]], [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield|Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta|Patrice MacMahon]], [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[W. S. Gilbert]], [[Arthur Sullivan]], [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], [[Gyula Andrássy]], [[William Henry Waddington]], [[Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov]], [[Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov]], [[Chlodwig, Prince Hohenlohe]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]], [[Charles George Gordon]], [[William Hicks]], [[Muhammad Ahmad]], [[Wilhelm I of Germany]], [[Georges Nagelmackers]], [[Valentine Baker]], [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]], [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]], [[Maximilian I of Mexico]], [[Lajos Kossuth]], [[Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria]], [[Alexander II of Russia]], [[William Ewart Gladstone]], [[Jules Grévy]], [[Anthony Hope]], [[H. H. Asquith]], [[Johann Strauss II]], [[Prince George, Duke of Cambridge]], [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|Lord Granville]]
===United Kingdom (UK)===
**''The Subtleties of Baccarat''
In [[Northern Ireland]], various [[paramilitary]], [[terrorist]], [[quasi-political]], [[pseudo-religious]], and ''ad hoc'' state institutions killed without lawful excuse during [[The Troubles]].
***[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]], [[William Gordon-Cumming]], [[Arthur Knyvet Wilson]], [[Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick|Daisy Brooke]], [[Lillie Langtry]], [[Alice Keppel]], [[Madame de Pompadour]], [[John Duke Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge|Lord Coleridge]], [[Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen|Charles Russell]], [[H. H. Asquith]]
<ref> http://www.btinternet.com/~chief.gnome/gordon16.htm </ref>
**''Flashman and the Tiger''
<ref> http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-09.htm </ref> <ref> http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/24/Opinion/A_grim_lesson_from_Ul.shtml </ref> <ref> http://naclaoimhtesolais.com/Reject%20The%20PSNI.htm </ref>
***[[Sebastian Moran]], [[Henry Pulleine]], [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], [[Anthony Durnford]], [[Cetshwayo]], [[Paul Kruger]], [[John Rouse Merriott Chard|John Chard]], [[Gonville Bromhead]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]], [[George Edwardes]], [[Mrs Patrick Campbell]], [[Aubrey Beardsley]], [[William Ewart Gladstone]], [[Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught|Duchess of Connaught]], [[Sherlock Holmes]], [[Doctor Watson]]
*'''''Flashman on the March'''''
In [[England]] ''ad hoc'' [[racist]] and [[criminal]] [[gangs]] are also believed to behind most of the recent [[racist]] and [[Black-on-Black urban killings]]. The British state has apparently paid little attention to either the problems of [[gangland]] or [[racist killing]]s in the UK. <ref> http://customxml.com/rssnews/index.php?blog=3&title=damilola_killer_loses_attempt_to_quash_c&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 </ref> <ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2773771.stm </ref>
**[[Maximilian I of Mexico]], [[Benito Juárez]], [[Napoleon III of France]], [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]], [[James Bruce]], [[Ali II of Yejju]], [[Tewodros II of Ethiopia]], [[Walter Plowden]], [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]], [[Alexandra of Denmark]], [[Hormuzd Rassam]], [[Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield|Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Prester John]], [[G. A. Henty]], [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], [[Henry Morton Stanley]], [[ Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]], [[Yohannes IV of Ethiopia]] (King Kussai), [[Menelek II of Ethiopia]], [[James Augustus St. John]], [[Richard Francis Burton]], [[Tekle Giyorgis II of Ethiopia]] (Gobayzy), [[Alexander Roberts Dunn]], [[Charles Fraser (VC)|Charles Fraser]]
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1792334.stm </ref>
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4791094.stm </ref>
<ref> http://kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=982 </ref>
== Human rights groups==
Many [[human rights]] organisations like [[Amnesty International]] along with the [[UN]] are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment . <ref>
http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/ </ref>
<ref> http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22046&Cr=rights&Cr1=council </ref>
<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR290151996?open&of=ENG-SLV</ref>
<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6814001/site/newsweek/</ref>
<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/</ref>
==In popular culture==
The subject of extrajudicial punishment was examined in the stage play and subsequent film '' [[A Few Good Men]] ''. In this film, two marines are put on trial for the death of another marine due to their administering of a ''[[Code Red]]'' (a [[military colloquial speech]] term for [[extrajudicial punishment]]) on him. The [[film]] sees the [[U.S. Marines]] acquitted of the crime, as it is shown that they were [[acting under orders from their superiors]], and therefore [[could not be held responsible for the consequences]].
== See also ==
* [[Assassination]]
* [[Death squad]]
* [[Extraordinary rendition]]
* [[Lynching]]
* [[Outlaw]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Summary execution]]
* [[Posse]]
* [[Prison rape]]
* [[Selective assassination]]
* [[Summary execution]]
* [[Summary justice]]
* [[Terrorism]]
* [[Vigilante]]
==References==
<references />
==External links==
===Monitoring organizations===
* [http://www.harryflashman.org/ The Flashman Society]
*[[Amnesty International]]
* [http://www.briansiano.com/flashman/ The Flashman Papers Project] - a companion to the Flashman Papers.
* [http://www.biggeorgeansarburney.co.ukorg/GMF.htm BigAnsar GeorgeBurney interviewsTrust] George(Pakistan MacDonaldand Fraser]the Middle East)
*[[Human Rights Watch]]
==References==
{{Flashman novels}}
<references/>
[[Category:CharactersCapital in written fiction|Flashman, Harry Pagetpunishment]]
[[Category:FictionalCriminal soldiers|Flashman, Harry Pagetlaw]]
[[Category:SeriesHuman ofrights books|Flashman, Harry Pagetabuses]]
{{Category:Extrajudicial killings}}
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