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'''Extrajudicial punishment''' is [[physical]] punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, and as such, constitutes a violation of basic human rights (such as the right to [[due process]] and [[humane]] treatment). [[Agents]] of a [[state apparatus]] may sometimes carry out this type of punishment if they come to the conclusion that a person is an imminent threat to security. The existence of extrajudicial punishment is considered proof that some governments will break their own [[legal code]] if deemed necessary. [[Non-governmental]] or non-state actors, including private individuals, have also resorted to different forms of extrajudicial punishment, though such actions are more properly called [[assassination]], [[murder]] or [[vigilantism]] instead.
{{Infobox Celebrity
| name = John Steinbeck
| image = Steinbeck0103_148.jpg
| caption = Bust of Steinbeck in [[Monterey, California]]
| birth_date = [[February 27]], [[1902]]
| birth_place = Salinas Valley, California
| death_date = [[December 20]], [[1968]]
| death_place = New York
| [[magnum opus]] = [[The Grapes of Wrath]]
| occupation = [[Writer]]
| salary =
| networth =
| website =
| footnotes = }}
'''John Ernst Steinbeck III''' ([[February 27]], [[1902]] My name is Nigga cyanide taste like candy– [[December 20]], [[1968]]) is one of the best known and most widely read [[American literature|American writers]] of the 20th century. A winner of the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1962, he is best known for his [[novella]] ''[[Of Mice and Men]]'' (1937) and his [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning [[novel]] ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939), both of which examine the lives of the [[working class]] and the [[migrant worker]] during the [[Great Depression]].
==Existence==
Steinbeck situated struggling, disadvantaged people at the center of his stories and is often considered an exponent of the [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalist]] school. His characters and his stories drew on real historical conditions and events in the first half of the 20th century. His body of work reflects his wide range of interests, including [[marine biology]], [[jazz]], [[politics]], [[philosophy]], [[history]], and [[Mythology|myth]].
Although the legal use of [[capital punishment]] is generally decreasing around the world, individuals or groups deemed immediately threatening — or even, in times of comparative stability, simply "undesirable" — to a government's ability to govern may nevertheless be targeted for killing [[extra-judicially]] by some regimes or their representatives. Such killing typically happens quickly, with skilled secret security forces on a covert basis, performed in such a way as to avoid massive public outcry and international criticism that would reflect badly on the state.
Another possibility is for [[overt]], [[uniformed security forces]] to kill the target, but often under circumstances that make it appear as [[self-defense]], such as by planting recently-fired weapons near his body, or [[fabricating evidence]] suggesting [[suicide by cop]]. In such cases, it can be surprisingly difficult to prove that the shooters acted wrongly. Because of the dangers inherent in any armed confrontation, even police or soldiers who would strongly, genuinely prefer to take their target alive may still kill him to protect themselves or civilians. Only in the most obvious cases, such as the [[Operation Flavius]] triple killing or the shooting of [[Jean Charles de Menezes]] will the authorities admit that [["kill or capture"]] was replaced with [["shoot on sight"]].
Seventeen of his works, including ''[[Cannery Row (novel)|Cannery Row]]'' (1945) and [[The Pearl (novel)|''The Pearl'']] (1947), went on to become [[Hollywood]] films, and Steinbeck himself achieved success as a Hollywood writer, garnering an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for Best Writing for [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Lifeboat (film)|Lifeboat]],'' in 1945.
Extrajudicial punishment is a typical feature of [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] and other [[political repression|politically repressive]] regimes using [[death squad]]s for this purpose, but even self-proclaimed or internationally recognized [[democracies]] have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain circumstances. In some cases, extrajudicial punishment may be planned and carried out [[covertly]] by a particular branch of a state and its specific agents, without previously informing other sectors or even without having been secretly ordered to commit such acts. The other branches of the state can tacitly approve of it after the fact, but they can also directly disagree with it depending on the circumstances, especially when complex intragovernment or internal policy struggles exist within a state's policymaking apparatus.
He is known as a [[regionalist]], [[naturalist]], [[mystic]], proletarian writer, moved to anger by the brutality of the [[ The Great Depression|Depression]].
[[Image:SteinbeckHouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The house in which John Steinbeck lived until he was 17 years old in Salinas, California.]]
In times of [[war]], [[natural disaster]], [[societal collapse]], or in the absence of an established system of [[criminal justice]], there may be an increased incidence of extrajudicial punishment. In such [[extreme circumstances]], police or military personnel may be authorised to [[summary execution|summarily execute]] individuals involved in [[rioting]], [[looting]] or [[violent acts]], especially if caught '' [[in flagrante delicto]]''.
==Biography==
===Early life and work===
[[Image:tortilla_cover.gif|left|150px|]]Steinbeck was born to John Ernst Steinbeck II (a first-generation [[German American|American of German descent]], whose family name was originally ''Grossteinbeck''), and Olive Steinbeck (born Hamilton) (also a first-generation [[Scots-Irish American|American, but of Scots-Irish descent]]) in [[Salinas, California|Salinas]], [[California]]. He had three sisters: two older and one younger. Steinbeck's father worked in county government as the treasurer for the City of Salinas, and Steinbeck's mother, Olive, was a teacher.
A [[forced disappearance|"disappearance"]] occurs where someone who is believed to have been targeted for [[extrajudicial execution]] does not reappear alive. Their ultimate fate is thereafter unknown or never fully confirmed.
Steinbeck enrolled at [[Stanford University]] in 1919 and attended off and on until 1925, where he only took the classes that interested him. He had various jobs while developing his skills as a freelance writer.
==Around the world==
Steinbeck's first novel, published in 1929, was the unsuccessful mythological work ''[[Cup of Gold: A Life of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer, With Occasional Reference to History|Cup of Gold]]''. He married Carol Henning in 1930 and while he continued to write, he also cared for his ailing parents—his mother died in 1934, and his father in 1935. Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with the novel ''[[Tortilla Flat]]'' (1935), which won the California Commonwealth Club's Gold Medal. The story of the adventures of young men in Monterey during the [[Great Depression]] was made into a film of the same name in 1942, starring [[Spencer Tracy]], [[Hedy Lamarr]], and [[John Garfield]].
See [[NKVD troika]] and [[Special Council of the NKVD]] for examples from the history of the Soviet Union , where extrajudicial punishment "[[by administrative means]]" was part of the state policy. Most Latin American dictatorships have regularly instituted extrajudicial killings of their enemies; for one of the better-known examples, see ''[[Operation Condor]].''
<ref> http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860 </ref>
Some consider the killing of [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] [[Fred Hampton]] to have been an extrajudicial killing ordered by the [[United States]] government. Also, the U.S. has been accused of exercising a covert prison system set up by the [[CIA]] in several countries, especially [[Egypt]], to evade [[U.S. jurisdiction]]. <ref> http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110101644.html </ref> The deaths of the leaders of the leftist urban guerilla group Red Army Faction [[Ulrike Meinhof]], [[Andreas Baader]], [[Gudrun Ensslin]], and [[Jan-Carl Raspe]] is by some regarded as extrajudicial killings, a theory partly based on the testimony of [[Irmgard Möller]] .
The government of Israel has also been accused of carrying out extrajudicial killings, which they term "targeted assassinations," against leaders of organisations involved in carrying out attacks against Israel. The Israeli government and its defenders, however, consider these people to be [[enemy combatant]]s and not [[civilians]]; claiming they are legitimate military targets as per the [[Laws of war|rules of engagement]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
His third wife, Gwyndolyn Steinbeck (born Conger), gave him two sons. [[Thomas Steinbeck|Thomas Myles Steinbeck]] was born in 1944 and his second son, [[John Steinbeck IV]] was born in 1946. The marriage ended soon after his second son's birth.
During the [[apartheid]] years [[South Africa|South Africa's]] security forces were also accused of using extra-judicial means to deal with their political opponents. After his release, [[Nelson Mandela]] would refer to these acts as proof of a [[Third force (South Africa)|Third Force]] . This was denied vehemently by the administration of [[F.W. de Klerk]]. Later the [[South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], led by Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] would find that both military and police agencies such as the [[Civil Cooperation Bureau]] and [[C10]] based at [[Vlakplaas]] were guilty off gross [[human rights violations]]. This led the [[International Criminal Court]] to declare apartheid a [[crime against humanity]].
In 1950, he married Elaine Scott, the ex-wife of actor [[Zachary Scott]]. He remained with her until his death.
==Extra-judicial killings==
===Critical success===
[[Image:miceandmen.gif|150px|right]]Back in California, Steinbeck found his stride in writing "California novels" and [[Dust Bowl]] fiction, set among common people in the [[Great Depression]]. His socially-conscious novels about the struggles of rural workers achieved major critical success. ''[[Of Mice and Men]]'', his [[novella]] about the dreams of a pair of migrant laborers working the California soil, was critically acclaimed. [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producer [[Sam H. Harris]] approached Steinbeck to adapt his own novella as a stage play, although Steinbeck had no previous experience as a playwright, and did not consider himself up to the task. Harris also engaged veteran director [[George S. Kaufman]] to direct the play, as yet unwritten. It was Kaufman who guided and encouraged Steinbeck all through the process of adapting his novella for the stage. Because Steinbeck would ultimately write only two stage plays (his second was an adaptation of ''The Moon Is Down''), and because Kaufman was an experienced writer, it is often assumed that Kaufman was Steinbeck's uncredited co-author. However, correspondence between Steinbeck and Kaufman verifies that the revisions were entirely done by Steinbeck.
:''For extrajudicial executions see also [[Assassination]] ''
The stage adaptation was a smash hit, starring [[Broderick Crawford]] as the dim-witted but physically powerful itinerant farmhand "Lennie" and [[Wallace Ford]] as Lennie's companion, "George". However, Steinbeck refused to travel from his home in California to attend any performance of the play during its New York run, telling Kaufman that the play as it existed in his own mind was "perfect", and that anything presented onstage would inevitably be a disappointment.
Extrajudicial killings are the illegal killing of leading political, trades union, dissident and/or social figures by either the state government, [[state authorities]] like the armed forces and police (as in [[Liberia]] under [[Charles G. Taylor]] ), or by [[criminal outfits]] like the [[Italian]] [[Mafia]].
The play was rapidly adapted into a 1939 [[Hollywood]] film, in which [[Lon Chaney Jr.]] played "Lennie" (he had already portrayed this role in the Los Angeles production of the play) and [[Burgess Meredith]] was cast as "George." Steinbeck followed this wave of success with ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939), based on newspaper articles he had written in San Francisco, and considered by many to be his finest work. The novel won the [[Pulitzer Prize for the Novel]] in 1940 even as it was made into a famous film version starring [[Henry Fonda]] and directed by [[John Ford]].
Extrajudicial killings and [[death squads]] are most common in the Middle East (mostly in Palestine and [[Iraq]]) <ref> http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051124&articleId=1315 </ref> <ref> http://www.electronicintifada.net/bytopic/extrajudicial-killings.shtml </ref> <ref> http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engamr510792005 </ref> <ref> http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm </ref> <ref> http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html </ref>, Central America<ref>http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/deathsquads_ElSal.html</ref>
The success of ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'', however, was not free of controversy, as Steinbeck's liberal political views, portrayal of the ugly side of [[capitalism]], and mythical reinterpretation of the historical events of the [[Dust Bowl]] migrations[http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/jun02/steinbeck.htm] led to backlash against the author, especially close to home. In fact, claiming the book was [[obscene]] and misrepresented conditions in the county, the [[Kern County]] [[Board of Supervisors]] [[banned books|banned the book]] from the county's [[public school]]s and [[libraries]] in August 1939, lasting until January 1941.[http://home.pacific.net.au/~greg.hub/banned.html] Of the controversy, Steinbeck himself wrote, "The vilification of me out here from the large landowners and bankers is pretty bad. The latest is a rumor started by them that the [[Okie]]s hate me and have threatened to kill me for lying about them. I'm frightened at the rolling might of this damned thing. It is completely out of hand; I mean a kind of hysteria about the book is growing that is not healthy."[http://www.steinbeck.org/MainFrame.html]
<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR290151996?open&of=ENG-SLV</ref>
<ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/elsalvador2/index.html</ref> , [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]] <ref> http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist </ref>
, [[India]] and Kashmir <ref> http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/44302 </ref>
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm </ref>
<ref> http://www.gharib.demon.co.uk/reports/ustates.htm </ref>
<ref> http://sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/09-19_Extrajudicial_Killings.php?uid=1954 </ref> <ref> http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/us/060529ustamils.htm </ref>
<ref> http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF71.htm </ref> several nations or regions in [[Equatorial Africa]]<ref>http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30001/story.htm</ref>
, many parts of [[South America]] <ref> http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR190082007 </ref>, [[Chechnya]] , <ref> http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece </ref>, [[Russia]]<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm</ref>
, [[Uzbekistan]], [[North Ossetia]], parts of [[Thailand]] <ref> http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/ </ref>
<ref> http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 </ref> and in the [[Philippines]] <ref> http://www.pinoyhr.net/ </ref> <ref> http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/ </ref> <ref> http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2692483.ece} </ref> <ref> http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592} </ref>
<ref> http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm </ref> <ref> http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 </ref>.
The 3 different modern examples are listed in the sub-headings below, along with the 'Cold War' to help to illustrate the point.
The film versions of ''The Grapes of Wrath'' and ''Of Mice and Men'' (by two different movie studios) were in production simultaneously, and Steinbeck spent a full day on the set of ''The Grapes of Wrath'', then the next day on the set of ''Of Mice and Men''.
===1940s–1960sCold war usage===
[[Image:Wpdms nasa topo gulf of california.jpg|200px|left|thumbnail|The Gulf of California (highlighted)]]
In 1940, Steinbeck's interest in marine biology and his friendship with [[Ed Ricketts]] led him to voyage in the [[Gulf of California]], also known as the "Sea of [[Hernán Cortés|Cortez]]," where they collected biological specimens. Their account of this trip was later published as ''[[The Log from the Sea of Cortez]]'', and describes the daily experiences of the trip. Ed Ricketts had a tremendous impact on Steinbeck's writing. Not only did he help Steinbeck while he was in the process of writing, but he aided Steinbeck in his social adventures. Steinbeck would frequently go on trips with Ricketts to collect biological specimens and have a good time away from his writing. This down time gave Steinbeck an opportunity to think about things other than his writing, and gave him some very significant ideas. Ricketts' impact on Steinbeck was so great that Steinbeck decided to base his character "Doc" in ''Cannery Row'', on Ricketts. Steinbeck's relationship with Ricketts would end when Steinbeck moved away from Salinas, California, to pursue a life away from his wife Carol.
[[Image:Nguyen.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[General]] [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan]] summarily executes [[Nguyễn Văn Lém]].]]
During the [[Second World War]], Steinbeck served as a war correspondent for the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]''. Some of his writings from his correspondence days were later collected and made into ''[[Once There Was A War]] (1958).''
The former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Communist Bloc]] country used to also killed dissidents this way to, during the [[Cold War]]. Those who were not killed were sent to '[[Gulag]]' prison camps.
He continued to work in film, writing [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s [[Lifeboat (film)|''Lifeboat'']] (1944), and the film ''[[A Medal for Benny]]'' (1945), about paisanos from ''Tortilla Flat'' going to war.
[[Nguyễn Văn Lém ]] (referred to as Captain Bay Lop) (died 1 [[February 1968]] in Saigon ) was a member of the [[Viet Cong]] who was summarily executed in [[Saigon]] during the [[Tet Offensive]]. The picture of his death would became one of may an anti- [[Vietnam War]] icons in the [[Western World]]. <ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%C3%A9m </ref>
His novel ''[[The Moon is Down]]'' (1942), about the [[Socrates]]-inspired spirit of resistance in a [[Nazism|Nazi]]-occupied village in northern Europe, was made into a film almost immediately. It is presumed that the country in question was [[Norway]], and in 1945 Steinbeck received the [[Haakon VII]] Medal of freedom for his literary contributions to the Norwegian resistance movement.
During the 1960s throughout the 1970s death squads were used against the [[Viet Cong]] cadre as well as supporters in neighbouring countries notably [[Cambodia]]. See also [[Phoenix Program]] (also known as Phung Hoang). The [[Viet Cong]] also used death squads of their own against civilians for political reasons. {{Facts|date=February 2007}}
After the war, he wrote ''The Pearl'' (1947), already knowing it would be filmed.[http://www.steinbeck.sjsu.edu/films/films.jsp], and traveled to Mexico for the filming; on this trip he would be inspired by the story of [[Emiliano Zapata]], and wrote a film script that was directed by [[Elia Kazan]] and starred [[Marlon Brando]] and [[Anthony Quinn]].
The use of computers by the American forces to compile lists of 'suspects' as well as the indefinite detention of 'suspects' in 'black' locations as well as their detention, torture, and execution without judicial oversight or protection is typical of American [[black ops]] in the Post World War II era.
[[Argentina]] used extrajudicial killings as way of crushing the [[liberal]] and [[communist]] opposition to the military [[Junta]] during the '[[Dirty war]]' <ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_War </ref> of the late [[1960's]] and most of the [[1970's]]. The [[Chilean]] Junta of [[1972]] to [[1992]] also committed such killings to. See [[Operation Condor]] for examples.
In 1948 Steinbeck again toured the [[Soviet Union]], together with renowned photographer [[Robert Capa]]. In the same year he was also elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].
Also during the [[Communist]] versus [[Capitalist]] [[Salvadoran civil war]], death squads achieved notoriety when [[far-right]] [[vigilantes]] [[assassinated]] [[Archbishop Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in [[March 1980]]. In [[December 1980]], three [[United States|American]] [[nuns]] and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a [[military unit]] later found to have been acting on specific orders. [[Death squads]] were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the [[Salvadoran military]], which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisers during the Carter administration. <ref> http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/deathsquads_ElSal.html</ref>During the [[El Salvador Civil War|Salvadoran civil war]], death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in March 1980 . In December 1980, three American nuns and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration.
Following his divorce of Gwyndolyn Conger, and the sudden, tragic death of his close friend Ed Ricketts, Steinbeck wrote one of his most popular novels, ''[[East of Eden]]'' (1952). This book, which he wrote to give his sons some idea of their heritage, was the book he repeatedly wrote of as his best and his life's work.
One of the earliest cases of extradudical killings was in Wiemar [[Germany]] <ref> http://econ161.berkeley.edu/movable_type/2003_archives/001832.html </ref>.
Following the success of ''[[Viva Zapata!]]'', Steinbeck collaborated with Kazan on the theatrical production of ''[[East of Eden (1955 film)|East of Eden]]'', [[James Dean]]'s film debut. Steinbeck did not care for Dean, he claimed that the actor was arrogant, but said that Dean was the perfect person to play Cal Trask.
===Middle east===
Steinbeck was a friend to Presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].
The [[Israeli intelligence]] and [[Hamas]] [[Militants]] have been in a steady war of attrition with each other, regularly killing local officials since the [[Fatah]] / Hamas [[civil war]] began in early [[2007]]. [[Iraq]] has also suffered badly since the post-invasion insurgency of [[2005]].
Steinbeck's last novel, "[[The Winter of Our Discontent]]", was written in 1961. In many of his letters to friends, he spoke of how this book was his statement on the moral decay of the US culture. Like many of his works, it was critically savaged; unlike his previous works, it also did not find popularity with the masses.
===Philippines===
In 1962, Steinbeck won the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] for his “realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception.” In his acceptance speech, he said,
<blockquote>
"the writer is delegated to declare and to celebrate man's proven capacity for greatness of heart and spirit – for gallantry in defeat, for courage, compassion and love. In the endless war against weakness and despair, these are the bright rally flags of hope and of emulation. I hold that a writer who does not passionately believe in the perfectibility of man has no dedication nor any membership in literature."[http://www.steinbeck.sjsu.edu/works/NobleSpeech2.jsp]
</blockquote>
Death squads were especially active in this country during the American invasion of the [[1950s]] and the regime in the 1980s; they continue to be active as of 2007.
In 1964, Steinbeck was awarded the [[United States Medal of Freedom]] by President Johnson.
The [[New People's Army]] ('''NPA''') groups known as "[[Sparrow Units]]" were active in the mid-1980s, killing government officials, police personnel, military members, and anyone else they targeted for elimination. They were also supposedly part of an NPA operation called "[[Agaw Armas]]" ([[Filipino]] for "[[Stealing Weapons]]
In 1967, at the behest of ''[[Newsday]]'' magazine, Steinbeck went to [[Vietnam]] to report on the war there. Thinking that the [[Vietnam War]] was a heroic venture, he was considered a [[War Hawk|Hawk]] for his position on that war. His sons both served in Vietnam prior to his death.
"), where they raided government armories as well as stealing weapons from slain military and police personnel. A low level [[civil war]] with south [[Moslems]], [[Al-Qaeda]] sympathizers and [[communist]] insurgents has lead to a general break down of [[law and order]]. The [[Politics_of_the_Philippines#National_Government_of_the_Philippines|Philippines government]] has promised to curb the killings, but is itself implicated in many of the killings. <ref>http://www.pinoyhr.net/</ref>
====Extrajudicial Killings Summit====
===Legacy===
The Salinas, California area, including the [[Salinas Valley]], [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], and parts of the nearby [[San Joaquin Valley]], acted as a setting for many of his stories. Because of his feeling for local color, the area is now sometimes called "Steinbeck Country".
The 22nd [[PUNO Supreme Court]] is set to hold a [[National Consultative Summit on extrajudicial killings]] on July 16 and 17, [[2007]] at the [[Manila Hotel]]. Invited representatives from the three branches of the government will participate (including the [[AFP]], the [[PNP]], [[CHR]], [[media]], [[academe]], [[civil society]] and [[other stakeholders]]).
The day after Steinbeck's death in [[New York City]], reviewer Charles Poore wrote in the ''[[New York Times]]'': "John Steinbeck's first great book was his last great book. But Good Lord, what a book that was and is: ''The Grapes of Wrath''." Poore noted a "preachiness" in Steinbeck's work, "as if half his literary inheritance came from the best of [[Mark Twain]]—and the other half from the worst of [[Cotton Mather]]." But he asserted that "Steinbeck didn't need the [[Nobel Prize]]—the Nobel judges needed him." Poore concluded: "His place in [U.S.] literature is secure. And it lives on in the works of innumerable writers who learned from him how to present the forgotten man unforgettably."
[[Puno]] will give the [[keynote speech]] and [[closing remarks]]. [[Puno]] searches for major solutions to solve forced disappearances.
Steinbeck's works are frequently included on required reading lists in American high schools. His works are much less commonly taught at the university level, particularly when compared to the works of contemparies such as William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, and Zora Neale Hurston.
During the first day of the summit, the speakers will present their respective papers comprising significant inputs from their respective sectors, while on the second day, the participants will break out into 12 groups (chaired by a Justice) and take part in a workshop. Local and international observers (the diplomatic corps and representatives from various international organizations) will be accredited.
==Political views==
Steinbeck's literary background brought him into close collaboration with [[leftist]] authors, journalists, and [[trade union|labor union]] figures, who may have influenced his writing. Steinbeck was mentored by radical writers [[Lincoln Steffens]] and his wife [[Ella Winter]], and through [[Francis Whitaker]], a member of the [[United States Communist Party]]’s [[John Reed Club]] for writers, Steinbeck met with strike organizers from the Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union.[http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/jun02/steinbeck.htm]
Puno announced that "the summit highlight will be a plenary session where each of the 12 groups shall report to the body their recommended resolutions. The reports and proposals will be synthesized and then transmitted to the concerned government agencies for appropriate action".
While definitely sympathetic to the political left, Steinbeck's politics were considerably more ambivalent than those of some of his admirers. A fierce [[individualist]], Steinbeck once stated "socialism is just another form of religion, and thus delusional." [http://www.epinions.com/content_10897559172]
The earlier slated [[Malacañang]]-sponsored "Mindanao Peace and Security Summit (July 8-10, 2007 at Cagayan de Oro City), focussed on how to make the anti-terror law, or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007, more acceptable to the public. <ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=75094 Inquirer.net, SC slates summit on extrajudicial killings]</ref><ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/49959/SC-slates-summit-on-extrajudicial-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Chief Justice unfazed by Palace meet]</ref>
Although the [[FBI]] never officially investigated him, Steinbeck did come to their attention because of his political beliefs, and he was screened by [[United States Army|Army]] Intelligence during [[World War II]] to determine his suitability for an officer's commission. They found him ideologically unqualified. "Do you suppose you could ask [[J. Edgar Hoover|Edgar]]'s boys to stop stepping on my heels? They think I am an enemy alien. It is getting tiresome," Steinbeck wrote to [[Attorney General]] [[Francis Biddle]], in 1942. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/steinbeck1.html]
On July 16, 2007, Justices, activists, militant leaders, police officials, politicians and prelates attended the Supreme Court's two-day summit at the Manila Hotel in [[Manila City]] to map out ways to put an end to the string of extrajudicial killings in the [[Philippines]]. Bayan was set to launch their "[[silent protest]]", but expressed support for the high court's initiative. Director Geary Barias, chief of the police's anti-killings Task Force Usig, Sen. Panfilo Lacson, [[Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim]], Caloocan Bishop Deogracias Yñiguez, re-elected party-list Representatives Satur Ocampo (Bayan Muna) and Crispin Beltran (Anakpawis) attended. Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno said that the "National Consultative Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and Forced Disappearances: Searching for Solutions," would help stop the murders. Delegates were given 12 to 15 minutes each to share their insights and knowledge about the matter. Yniguez accused the government of failing to actively pursue investigations on the hundreds of killings and the Catholic Church was alarmed that victims have been denied their "fundamental right" to live.
In later years, he would be criticized from the left by those who accused him of insufficient ideological commitment to Socialism. In 1948 a women's socialist group in [[Rome, Italy]] condemned Steinbeck for converting to "the camp of war and anti-Marxism."[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/steinbeck2.html], and in 1955 an article in the ''[[Daily Worker]]'' criticized Steinbeck's portrayal of the American Left.[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/steinbeck2.html] In 1967, Steinbeck traveled to Vietnam to report on the [[Vietnam war|war]], and his sympathetic portrait of the United States Army caused the ''New York Post'' to denounce him for betraying his liberal past.
Based on Yniguez-church's count, the number of victims of extrajudicial killings has reached 778, while survivors of "political assassinations," was pegged at 370. He also noted 203 "massacre" victims, 186 people who involuntarily disappeared, 502 tortured, and others who were illegally arrested. Yniguez similarly criticized the government's alleged insistence on implementing its Oplan Bantay Laya I and II (the military's counter-insurgency operation plans which militants have said consider legal people's organizations as targets).
In addition to the above mentioned information, Steinbeck was also a close associate with [[Arthur Miller]], a playwright and author of ''[[Death of a Salesman]]'' and ''[[The Crucible]]''. In the 1950s, Steinbeck took a personal and professional risk by standing up for his companion, who was held in contempt of [[Congress]], for refusing to name names in the infamous [[HUAC]] trials, and Steinbeck called the time one of the "strangest and most frightening times a government and people have ever faced".
Meanwhile, Bayan urged the Supreme Court to "check serious threats to civil liberties and basic freedoms" including the anti-terror law or the Human Security Act of 2007, which took effect on July 15 despite protests from leftist groups.
==Works==
===Travels With Charley===
Vice President Teofisto Guingona Jr. will join Bayan and other leftist groups as petitioners in their formal pleading before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the law. Human rights lawyer Atty. Edre Olalia of the International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) will serve as lead counsel. Bayan chair Carol Araullo said the respondents will include members of the Anti-Terrorism Council headed by Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita and Raul Gonzalez. Earlier, [CBCP president Angel Lagdameo] pointed out at least 5 provisions of the law that may threaten civil liberties: Sec. 19 allows detentions of mere suspects for more than three days in the event of an actual or terrorist attack, while Section 26 allows house arrest despite the posting of bail, and prohibits the right to travel and to communicate with others; Sec. 39 allows seizure of assets while Sec. 7 allows surveillance and wiretapping of suspects; Sec. 26 allows the investigation of bank deposits and other assets. <ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/51197/Justices-activists-prelates-map-out-ways-to-end-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Justices, activists, prelates map out ways to end killings]</ref>
In 1960, Steinbeck packed a trailer and drove across the United States with his faithful poodle, Charley. In this sometimes comical, sometimes melancholic book, Steinbeck describes what he sees from Maine to Montana to California, and from there to Texas and Lousiana and back to his home in Long Island.
===EastUnited ofKingdom Eden(UK)===
In [[Northern Ireland]], various [[paramilitary]], [[terrorist]], [[quasi-political]], [[pseudo-religious]], and ''ad hoc'' state institutions killed without lawful excuse during [[The Troubles]].
{{main|East of Eden}}
<ref> http://www.btinternet.com/~chief.gnome/gordon16.htm </ref>
Steinbeck turned his attention from social injustice to human [[psychology]] in a Salinas Valley saga. The story follows two families: the Hamiltons--based on Steinbeck's own maternal ancestrage--and the Trasks--a reimagined version of the "first family." The book was published in 1952.
<ref> http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-09.htm </ref> <ref> http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/24/Opinion/A_grim_lesson_from_Ul.shtml </ref> <ref> http://naclaoimhtesolais.com/Reject%20The%20PSNI.htm </ref>
In [[England]] ''ad hoc'' [[racist]] and [[criminal]] [[gangs]] are also believed to behind most of the recent [[racist]] and [[Black-on-Black urban killings]]. The British state has apparently paid little attention to either the problems of [[gangland]] or [[racist killing]]s in the UK. <ref> http://customxml.com/rssnews/index.php?blog=3&title=damilola_killer_loses_attempt_to_quash_c&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 </ref> <ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2773771.stm </ref>
===The Grapes of Wrath===
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1792334.stm </ref>
{{main|The Grapes of Wrath}}
<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4791094.stm </ref>
[[Image:TheGrapesOfWrathBookCover.jpg|right|150px]]
<ref> http://kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=982 </ref>
The ''Grapes of Wrath'' was written in 1939 and won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] in 1940. The book is set in the [[Great Depression]] and describes a family of sharecroppers, the Joads, who were driven from their land due to the dust storms of the [[Dust Bowl]]. The title is a reference to the [[Battle Hymn of the Republic]]. The book was made into a film in 1940 starring [[Henry Fonda]] and directed by [[John Ford]].
===Of MiceHuman andrights Men=groups==
{{main|Of Mice and Men}}
''Of Mice and Men'' is a tragedy that was written in the form of a novella in 1937. The story is about two travelling ranch workers, George and Lennie, trying to work up enough money to buy their own farm. It encompasses themes of racism, loneliness, prejudice against the mentally ill, and the struggle for personal independence.
Many [[human rights]] organisations like [[Amnesty International]] along with the [[UN]] are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment . <ref>
===The Pearl===
http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/ </ref>
[[Image:The pearl.JPG|right|150px]]
<ref> http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22046&Cr=rights&Cr1=council </ref>
{{main|The Pearl (novel)|The Pearl (film)}}
<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR290151996?open&of=ENG-SLV</ref>
''The Pearl'' is another novella that tells the story about a poor diver named Kino who finds the largest pearl anyone has ever seen. He wishes to use the money to pay for a doctor to treat his son's scorpion sting. His dream for a better life for his family leads to greed, obsession and ultimately, inevitable tragedy.
<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6814001/site/newsweek/</ref>
<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/</ref>
==In popular culture==
===Full bibliography===
*''[[Cup of Gold: A Life of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer, With Occasional Reference to History]]'' 1929
*''[[The Pastures of Heaven]]'' 1932
*''[[The Red Pony]]'' 1933
*''[[To a God Unknown]]'' 1933
*''[[Tortilla Flat]]'' 1935
*''[[In Dubious Battle]]'' 1936 The title is a reference to [[John Milton]]'s "[[Paradise Lost]]."
*''[[The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath]]'' [newspaper articles, 1936]
*''[[Of Mice and Men]]'' 1937 The title is a reference to the [[Robert Burns]] poem "[[To a Mouse]]."
*''[[The Long Valley]]'' 1938
*''[[The Chrysanthemums]]'' 1938
*''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' 1939 The title is a reference to the [[American Civil War]] song "[[The Battle Hymn of the Republic]]."
*''[[Forgotten Village]]'' 1941
*''[[Sea of Cortez: A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research]]'' 1941 with [[Edward F. Ricketts]].
*''[[The Moon Is Down]]'' 1942 The title is a reference to [[William Shakespeare]]'s play "[[Macbeth]]"
*''[[Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team]]'' 1942
*''[[Cannery Row (novel)|Cannery Row]]'' 1945
*''[[The Pearl (novel)|The Pearl]]'' 1947
*''[[The Wayward Bus]]'' 1947
*''[[A Russian Journal]]'' 1948 with [[Robert Capa]] as photographer
*''[[Burning Bright: A Play in Story Form]]'' 1950
*''[[Log from the Sea of Cortez]]'' 1951
*''[[East of Eden]]'' 1952 The title is a reference to the [[Bible]], specifically Genesis 4:16.
*''[[Sweet Thursday]]'' 1954
*''[[The Short Reign of Pippin IV]]'' 1957
*''[[Once There Was A War]]'' 1958
*''[[The Winter of Our Discontent]]'' 1961 The title is a reference to the [[William Shakespeare]] play "[[Richard III (play)|Richard the Third]]".
*''[[Travels With Charley: In Search of America]]'' 1962 (a semi-documentary work about his late-life car trip, with his [[poodle]] Charley, around the [[United States]].)
*''[[America and Americans]]'' 1966
*''[[Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters]]'' 1969
*''[[Viva Zapata! the Original Screenplay]]'' 1975
*''[[The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights]]'' 1976
*''[[Working Days: The Journals of the Grapes of Wrath 1938–1941]]'' 1989
The subject of extrajudicial punishment was examined in the stage play and subsequent film '' [[A Few Good Men]] ''. In this film, two marines are put on trial for the death of another marine due to their administering of a ''[[Code Red]]'' (a [[military colloquial speech]] term for [[extrajudicial punishment]]) on him. The [[film]] sees the [[U.S. Marines]] acquitted of the crime, as it is shown that they were [[acting under orders from their superiors]], and therefore [[could not be held responsible for the consequences]].
===Film credits===
*1939 – ''[[Of Mice and Men (1939 film)|Of Mice and Men]]'' – directed by Lewis Milestone, featuring [[Burgess Meredith]], [[Lon Chaney, Jr.]], and [[Betty Field]]
*1940 – ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' – directed by [[John Ford]], featuring [[Henry Fonda]], [[Jane Darwell]] and [[John Carradine]]
*1941 – ''The Forgotten Village'' – directed by Herbert Kline, narrated by Burgess Meredith
*1942 – ''[[Tortilla Flat (film)|Tortilla Flat]]'' – directed by [[Victor Fleming]], featuring [[Spencer Tracy]], [[Hedy Lamarr]] and [[John Garfield]]
*1943 – ''The Moon is Down'' – directed by [[Irving Pichel]], featuring [[Lee J. Cobb]] and Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]]
*1944 – ''[[Lifeboat (film)|Lifeboat]]'' – directed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]], featuring [[Tallulah Bankhead]], [[Hume Cronyn]], and [[John Hodiak]]
*1944 – ''[[A Medal for Benny]]'' – directed by Irving Pichel, featuring [[Dorothy Lamour]] and Arturo de Cordova
*1947 – ''La Perla'' (''The Pearl'', Mexico) – directed by Emilio Fernández, featuring Pedro Armendáriz and María Elena Marqués
*1949 – ''[[The Red Pony]]'' – directed by Lewis Milestone, featuring [[Myrna Loy]], [[Robert Mitchum]], and [[Louis Calhern]]
*1952 – ''[[Viva Zapata!]]'' – directed by [[Elia Kazan]], featuring [[Marlon Brando]], [[Anthony Quinn]] and [[Jean Peters]]
*1955 – ''[[East of Eden (1955 film)|East of Eden]]'' – directed by [[Elia Kazan]], featuring [[James Dean]], [[Julie Harris]], [[Jo Van Fleet]], and [[Raymond Massey]]
*1956 – ''[[The Wayward Bus]]'' – directed by Victor Vicas, featuring Rick Jason, [[Jayne Mansfield]], and [[Joan Collins]]
*1961 – ''Flight'' – featuring Efrain Ramírez and Arnelia Cortez
*1962 – ''Ikimize bir dünya'' (''Of Mice and Men'', Turkey)
*1972 – ''Topoli'' (''Of Mice and Men'', Iran)
*1982 – ''[[Cannery Row (film)|Cannery Row]]'' – directed by David S. Ward, featuring [[Nick Nolte]] and [[Debra Winger]]
*1992 – ''[[Of Mice and Men (1992 movie)|Of Mice and Men]]'' – directed by [[Gary Sinise]] and starring [[John Malkovich]]
==Quotation See also ==
* [[Assassination]]
* [[Death squad]]
* [[Extraordinary rendition]]
* [[Lynching]]
* [[Outlaw]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Summary execution]]
* [[Posse]]
* [[Prison rape]]
* [[Selective assassination]]
* [[Summary execution]]
* [[Summary justice]]
* [[Terrorism]]
* [[Vigilante]]
"[[Boileau]] said that Kings, Gods and Heroes only were fit subjects for literature. The writer can only write about what he admires. Present-day kings aren't very inspiring, the gods are on a vacation and about the only heroes left are the scientists and the poor."
==TriviaExternal links==
===Monitoring organizations===
*Kris Kristofferson's Me and Bobby McGee has a reference to Salinas.
*[[Amnesty International]]
*To symbolize himself, Steinbeck used the stamp of a [[Pigasus (literature)|Pigasus]], a flying pig, and the phrase ''Ad Astra Per Alia Porci'' (To the stars on wings of pigs.)
*[http://www.ansarburney.org/ Ansar Burney Trust] (Pakistan and the Middle East)
*In recognition of Steinbeck's work with marine biologist [[Ed Ricketts]], a [[sea slug]] species, ''Eubranchus steinbecki'', was named after him in 1987.
*[[Human Rights Watch]]
*Steinbeck was the on-screen narrator of the 1952 [[anthology film]] ''O. Henry's Full House''.
*[[Bruce Springsteen]]'s song and album ''[[The Ghost of Tom Joad]]'' are written with reference to the character in ''The Grapes of Wrath'', as is [[Woody Guthrie]]'s "Tom Joad." [http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Steinbeck/grapes.song.tomjoad.html]
*The [[Beach Boys]]' song ''California Saga'' contains the lines ''"Have you ever been down Salinas way? / Where Steinbeck found the valley / And he wrote about it the way it was in his travelin's with Charley"''.
*According to Thom Steinbeck, the older son of the author, the motivation for ''[[Travels with Charley]]'' was that Steinbeck knew he was dying and wanted to see his country one last time.[http://www.commonties.com/blog/2006/09/13/steinbeck-knew-he-was-dying/]
*According to ''Travels With Charley'', Steinbeck was six feet tall. He had blue eyes and habitually wore a moustache. In later years, he sported a goatee.
*According to biographer Jay Parini, Steinbeck described himself politically as an FDR Democrat.
==References==
== External links ==
<references/>
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource author}}
*[http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/steinbck.htm Critical Resources: John Steinbeck]
*[http://www.nancysteinbeck.com John Steinbeck, Jr. memoir]
*[http://www.steinbeck.org National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, CA]
*{{imdb name|id=0825705|name=John Steinbeck}}
*[http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1962/steinbeck-bio.html Nobel Laureate page]
*[http://wiredforbooks.org/johnsteinbeck/ 1989 Audio Interview with Robert Demott talking to Don Swaim about John Steinbeck, RealAudio]
*[http://wiredforbooks.org/elainesteinbeck/ 1989 Audio Interview with Elaine Steinbeck talking to Don Swaim about John Steinbeck, RealAudio]
*[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/steinbeck1.html FBI file at The Smoking Gun]
*[http://www.windyhillpublications.com/steinbeck-country-sub.htm A Tour of John Steinbeck's "Valley of the World"]
[[Category:1902Capital births|Steinbeck, Johnpunishment]]
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{{Category:Extrajudicial killings}}
[[Category:California writers|Steinbeck, John]]
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[[Category:German-Americans|Steinbeck, John]] [[Category:Humanists|Steinbeck, John]] [[Category:John Steinbeck]] [[Category:Pulitzer Prize winners|Steinbeck, John]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature|Steinbeck, John]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients|Steinbeck, John]]
[[Category:Scots-Irish Americans|Steinbeck, John]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni|Steinbeck, John]]
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