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{{Infobox artifact

:''Tre colonne''

| name = Stele of the Vultures

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

| image =[[File:Stele of Vultures detail 01.jpg|240px]]

|-

| image2 =

|{{Carriera sportivo

| image_caption =Fragment of the Stele of the Vultures

|sport = calcio

| material =[[Limestone]]

|1900-1901|Juventus|111 (11)

| size =height: {{convert|1.80|m}}<br>width: {{convert|1.30|m}}<br>thickness: {{convert|0.11|m}}

|1901-1915|Alessandria|122 (74)

| writing =[[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]]

|1915-1922|Torino|192 (97)

| created =Early Dynastic III period (2600–2350 BC)

| discovered =[[Girsu|Tello]], [[Iraq]]

| ___location =[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris

| id =AO 16 IO9, AO 50, AO 2246, AO 2348

}}

|}

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La '''Stele degli avvoltoi''' é un monumento [[Mesopotamia| mesopotamico]] del [[Storia dei Sumeri#protodinastico III (ca. 2600-2350 a.C.)|periodo protodinastico III]] (all'incirca del 2400 a.C.), celebrante una vittoria della città-stato di [[Lagash]] sulla sua vicinavicina [[Umma]].

Essa trae il nome da degli avvoltoi rappresentati in una delle diverse scene di battaglia che raffigura, assieme a scene religiose. La [[stele]] fu inizialmente scolpita su un unico blocco di pietra calcarea, sebbene oggigiorno sono noti solo sette frammenti

:''Due colonne''

The fragments were found at [[Girsu|Tello]] (ancient Girsu) in southern [[Iraq]] in the late 19th century and are now on display in the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]].

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport = calcio

|1900-1901|Juventus|

|1901-1915|Alessandria|

|1915-1922|Torino|

}}

|}

----

==Discovery==

The stele is not complete; only seven fragments are known today. The first three fragments were found during excavations in the early 1880s by the French archaeologist [[Ernest de Sarzec]] at the archaeological site of [[Girsu|Tello]], ancient Girsu, in what is today southern [[Iraq]]. Another three fragments came to light during the excavations of 1888–1889. A seventh fragment that was later determined to be part of the Stele of the Vultures and thought to have come from Tello was acquired on the antiquities market by the [[British Museum]] in 1898. While two initial requests to hand this fragment over to the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]] were denied by the British Museum, it was eventually given to the Louvre in 1932 so that it could be incorporated in the reconstructed stele together with the other fragments.<ref name=barrelet>{{cite journal |last1=Barrelet |first1=Marie-Thérèse |year=1970 |title=Peut-On Remettre en Question la "Restitution Matérielle de la Stèle des Vautours"? |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=233–258 |jstor=543336 |language=French }}</ref>

==The stele==

The complete monument, as reconstructed and now in display in the Louvre, would have been {{convert|1.80|m}} high, {{convert|1.30|m}} wide and {{convert|0.11|m}} thick and had a rounded top. It was made out of a single slab of [[limestone]] with carved reliefs on both sides.<ref name=winter>{{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Irene J. |editor1-first=Herbert L. |editor1-last=Kessler |editor2-first=Marianna Shreve |editor2-last=Simpson |title=Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages |series=Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV |volume=16 |year=1985 |publisher=National Gallery of Art |___location=Washington DC |issn=0091-7338 |pages=11–32 |chapter=After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East }}</ref> The stele can be placed in a tradition of mid- to late-third millennium BC southern [[Mesopotamia]] in which military victories are celebrated on stone monuments. A similar monument is the Victory Stele of [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]], created during the [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian period]] that followed on the Early Dynastic III period.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that Never Was |last=Pollock |first=Susan |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |___location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-57568-3 |series=Case Studies in Early Societies |page=181}}</ref>

:''Tre colonne rugby''

The two sides of the stele show distinctly different scenes and have therefore been interpreted as a mythological side and a historical side. The mythological side is divided into two registers. The upper, larger register shows a large male figure holding a mace in his right hand and an ''[[Zu (mythology)|anzu]]'' or lion-headed eagle in his left hand. The ''anzu'' identifies the figure as the god [[Ninurta|Ningirsu]]. Below the ''anzu'' is a large net filled with the bodies of naked men. Behind Ningirsu stands a smaller female figure wearing a horned headband and with maces protruding from her shoulders. These characteristics allow the figure to be identified as the goddess [[Ninhursag]]. The lower, smaller register is very badly preserved but, based on comparisons with contemporary depictions, it has been suggested that it depicted the god Ningirsu standing on a chariot drawn by mythological animals.<ref name=winter/>

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada |

| 1990-1997 | Amatori Milano | ? ({{formatnum:2966}})

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français |33 (461)

}}

|}

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[[File:Stele of Vultures detail 02.jpg|right|thumb|A fragment of the Stele of the Vultures showing [[vulture]]s with severed human heads in their beaks and a fragment of [[cuneiform script]]|alt=See caption]]

The historical side is divided into four horizontal registers. The upper register shows [[Eannatum]], the ''[[ENSI|ensi]]'' or ruler of [[Lagash]], leading a [[phalanx formation|phalanx]] of soldiers into battle, with their defeated enemies trampled below their feet. Flying above them are the [[vulture]]s after which the stele is named, with the severed heads of the enemies of Lagash in their beaks. The second register shows soldiers marching with shouldered spears behind the king, who is riding a chariot and holding a spear. In the third register, a small part of a possibly seated figure can be seen. In front of him, a cow is tethered to a pole while a naked priest standing on a pile of dead animal bodies performs a [[libation]] ritual on two plants spouting from vases. Left of these scenes is a pile of naked bodies surrounded by skirted workers with baskets on their head. Only a small part of the fourth register has been preserved, showing a hand holding a spear that touches the head of an enemy.<ref name=winter/> Some Sumerologists have proposed reconstructing a caption near the enemy as "Kalbum, King of Kish".<ref>Thorkild Jacobsen, ''Toward the image of Tammuz and other essays on Mesopotamian history and culture'' 1970, p. 393; Eva Strommenger, ''Five thousand years of the art of Mesopotamia'' 1964 p. 396</ref>

The inscriptions on the stele are badly preserved. They fill the negative spaces in the scenes and run continuously from one side to the other. The text is written in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] [[cuneiform script]]. From these inscriptions it is known that the stele was commissioned by Eannatum, an ''ensi'' or ruler of Lagash around 2460 BC. On it, he describes a conflict with [[Umma]] over a tract of agricultural land located between the two city-states.<ref name=winter/> The conflict ends in a battle in which Eannatum, described as the beloved of the god Ningirsu, triumphs over Umma. After the battle, the leader of Umma swears that he will not transgress into the territory of Lagash again upon penalty of divine punishment.<ref>{{cite book |title=Presargonic Period (2700-2350 BC) |last=Frayne |first=Douglas R. |year=2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |___location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-3586-8 |pages=126–140 |series=Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods |volume=1 }}</ref>

:''Due colonne rugby''

<gallery>

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

File:Stele of Vultures 2.jpg|Upper register of the "mythological" side

|-

File:Stele of Vultures detail 03.jpg|Another fragment

|{{Carriera sportivo

File:Stele of Vultures detail 01b.jpg|Detail of the "battle" fragment

|sport =rugby

File:Stele of Vultures detail 01a.jpg|Detail of the "battle" fragment

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada |

| 1990-1997 | Amatori Milano |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français |

}}

|}

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</gallery>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

:''Campo molto lungo con terza colonna''

==External links==

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

*[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225324&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225324&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500800&bmLocale=en The Stele of the Vultures in the Louvre]

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada | ? ({{formatnum:2966}})

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français | 33 (461)

}}

|}

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{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Antiquities of the Louvre]]

:''Campo molto lungo con terza colonna con nobr''

[[Category:Archaeology of Iraq]]

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

[[Category:Dhi Qar Province]]

|-

[[Category:Victory steles]]

|{{Carriera sportivo

[[Category:Ancient Near East steles]]

|sport =rugby

[[Category:3rd-millennium BC works]]

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada | {{nobr|? ({{formatnum:2966}})}}

[[Category:Sculpture of the Ancient Near East]]

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français | 33 (461)

}}

|}

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:''Campo molto lungo con terza colonna andando a capo''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada | ? ({{formatnum:2966}})

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I <br/>J K L M NO P Q R S <br/>T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français | 33 (461)

}}

|}

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:''Campo molto lungo senza terza colonna''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada |

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français |

}}

|}

:''Campo molto lungo con terza colonna e 2 spazi nello stesso punteggio''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada | ? ({{formatnum:2966}}) foobar

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français | 33 (461)

}}

|}

:''Pattern vari''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport = calcio

|1900-1901|→ Juventus|111 (11)

|1900-1901|→ <small>Juventus</small>|111 (11)

|1900-1901|<small>→ Juventus</small>|111 (11)

|1901-1915|{{TA| Alessandria }}|122 (74)

|1915-1922|<small>Torino</small>|192 (97)

|1915-1922|<small>→Milan</small>|192 (97)

|1915-1922|→<small>Inter</small>|192 (97)

|1915-1922|<small>ABCDE</small>|192 (97)

}}

|}

:''Anno singolo''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport = calcio

|1897-1900|Juventus|111 (11)

|1897-1901|Juventus|111 (11)

|1897-1902|Juventus|111 (11)

|1897-1903|Juventus|111 (11)

|1900|Juventus|111 (11)

|1901|Juventus|111 (11)

|1902|Juventus|111 (11)

|1903|Juventus|111 (11)

}}

|}

:''Note''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport = calcio

|1897-1900|Juventus<ref>A</ref>|111 (11)

|1897-1901|Juventus|111 (11)

|1897-1902|→ Juventus<ref>B</ref><ref>C</ref>|111 (11)

|1897-1903|Juventus|111 (11)

}}

|}