Utente:Skyfall/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 20:40, 12 nov 2013

Versione attuale delle 01:16, 4 set 2025

Riga 1:

{{F|archeologia|gennaio 2012}}

:''Tre colonne''

{{S|Mesopotamia}}

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

{{Infobox artifact

|-

| name = Stele degli avvoltoi

|{{Carriera sportivo

| image =[[File:Stele of Vultures detail 01.jpg|240px]]

|sport = calcio

| image2 =

|1900-1901|Juventus|111 (11)

| image_caption =Frammento della stele degli avvoltoi

|1901-1915|Alessandria|122 (74)

| material =[[Calcare]]

|1915-1922|Torino|192 (97)

| size =height: {{convert|1.80|m}}<br>width: {{convert|1.30|m}}<br>thickness: {{convert|0.11|m}}

| writing =[[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]]

| created =periodo protodinastico III (ca. 2600-2350 a.C.)

| discovered =[[Girsu|Tello]], [[Iraq]]

| ___location =[[Musée du Louvre]], Parigi

| id =AO 16 IO9, AO 50, AO 2246, AO 2348

}}

|}

----

La '''Stele degli avvoltoi''' é un monumento [[Sumeri| sumerico]] del [[Storia dei Sumeri#protodinastico III (ca. 2600-2350 a.C.)|periodo protodinastico III]] (all'incirca del 2400 a.C.), celebrante una vittoria della città-stato di [[Lagash]] sulla sua vicina [[Umma]].

Essa trae il nome da degli avvoltoi rappresentati in una delle diverse scene di battaglia che raffigura, assieme a scene religiose. La [[stele]] fu inizialmente scolpita su un unico blocco di pietra calcarea, sebbene oggigiorno sono noti solo sette frammenti, attualmente esposti al [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]].

==La scoperta==

I primi tre frammenti furono ritrovati durante degli scavi a [[Girsu|Telloh]] (l'antica Girsu) nel sud dell'[[Iraq]] nel 1881 dall'archeologo francese [[:en:Ernest de Sarzec|Ernest de Sarzec]]. Altri tre frammenti emersero durante gli scavi del 1888-1889. Un settimo frammento che più tardi fu riconosciuto come parte della stele su acquistato sul mercato delle antichità dal [[British Museum]] nel 1898 e, dopo due rifiuti, definitivamente consegnato al [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]] nel 1932 al fine di ricostituire la massima parte possibile della stele<ref nome=barrelet>{{cita news | cognome=Barrelet |nome=Marie-Thérèse |anno=1970 |titolo=Peut-On Remettre en Question la "Restitution Matérielle de la Stèle des Vautours"? |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=29 |numero=4 |pagine=233–258 |jstor=543336 |lingua=French }}</ref>.

:''Due colonne''

==La stele==

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

Il monumento completo, come é stato ricostruito ed esposto al Louvre, dovrebbe essere alto 1.80 m, largo 1.30 m, spesso 1.30m, con la cima arrotondata. Era costituito da un'unico blocco di [[calcare]] con rilievi scolpiti da entrambi i lati<ref name=winter>{{cita libro |cognome=Winter |nome=Irene J. |editore1=Herbert L.Kessler |editore2=Marianna Shreve Simpson |titolo=Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages |serie=Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV |volume=16 |anno=1985 |publisher=National Gallery of Art |___location=Washington DC |issn=0091-7338 |pages=11–32 |chapter=After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East }}</ref>.

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport = calcio

|1900-1901|Juventus|

|1901-1915|Alessandria|

|1915-1922|Torino|

}}

|}

----

:''Tre colonne rugby''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada |

| 1990-1997 | Amatori Milano | ? ({{formatnum:2966}})

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français |33 (461)

}}

|}

----

The stele can be placed in a tradition of mid- to late-third millennium BC southern [[Mesopotamia]] in which military victories are celebrated on stone monuments. A similar monument is the Victory Stele of [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]], created during the [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian period]] that followed on the Early Dynastic III period.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that Never Was |last=Pollock |first=Susan |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |___location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-57568-3 |series=Case Studies in Early Societies |page=181}}</ref>

The two sides of the stele show distinctly different scenes and have therefore been interpreted as a mythological side and a historical side. The mythological side is divided into two registers. The upper, larger register shows a large male figure holding a mace in his right hand and an ''[[Zu (mythology)|anzu]]'' or lion-headed eagle in his left hand. The ''anzu'' identifies the figure as the god [[Ninurta|Ningirsu]]. Below the ''anzu'' is a large net filled with the bodies of naked men. Behind Ningirsu stands a smaller female figure wearing a horned headband and with maces protruding from her shoulders. These characteristics allow the figure to be identified as the goddess [[Ninhursag]]. The lower, smaller register is very badly preserved but, based on comparisons with contemporary depictions, it has been suggested that it depicted the god Ningirsu standing on a chariot drawn by mythological animals.<ref name=winter/>

:''Due colonne rugby''

[[File:Stele of Vultures detail 02.jpg|right|thumb|A fragment of the Stele of the Vultures showing [[vulture]]s with severed human heads in their beaks and a fragment of [[cuneiform script]]|alt=See caption]]

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

The historical side is divided into four horizontal registers. The upper register shows [[Eannatum]], the ''[[ENSI|ensi]]'' or ruler of [[Lagash]], leading a [[phalanx formation|phalanx]] of soldiers into battle, with their defeated enemies trampled below their feet. Flying above them are the [[vulture]]s after which the stele is named, with the severed heads of the enemies of Lagash in their beaks. The second register shows soldiers marching with shouldered spears behind the king, who is riding a chariot and holding a spear. In the third register, a small part of a possibly seated figure can be seen. In front of him, a cow is tethered to a pole while a naked priest standing on a pile of dead animal bodies performs a [[libation]] ritual on two plants spouting from vases. Left of these scenes is a pile of naked bodies surrounded by skirted workers with baskets on their head. Only a small part of the fourth register has been preserved, showing a hand holding a spear that touches the head of an enemy.<ref name=winter/> Some Sumerologists have proposed reconstructing a caption near the enemy as "Kalbum, King of Kish".<ref>Thorkild Jacobsen, ''Toward the image of Tammuz and other essays on Mesopotamian history and culture'' 1970, p. 393; Eva Strommenger, ''Five thousand years of the art of Mesopotamia'' 1964 p. 396</ref>

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada |

| 1990-1997 | Amatori Milano |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français |

}}

|}

----

The inscriptions on the stele are badly preserved. They fill the negative spaces in the scenes and run continuously from one side to the other. The text is written in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] [[cuneiform script]]. From these inscriptions it is known that the stele was commissioned by Eannatum, an ''ensi'' or ruler of Lagash around 2460 BC. On it, he describes a conflict with [[Umma]] over a tract of agricultural land located between the two city-states.<ref name=winter/> The conflict ends in a battle in which Eannatum, described as the beloved of the god Ningirsu, triumphs over Umma. After the battle, the leader of Umma swears that he will not transgress into the territory of Lagash again upon penalty of divine punishment.<ref>{{cite book |title=Presargonic Period (2700-2350 BC) |last=Frayne |first=Douglas R. |year=2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |___location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-3586-8 |pages=126–140 |series=Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods |volume=1 }}</ref>

<gallery>

File:Stele of Vultures 2.jpg|Upper register of the "mythological" side

File:Stele of Vultures detail 03.jpg|Another fragment

File:Stele of Vultures detail 01b.jpg|Detail of the "battle" fragment

File:Stele of Vultures detail 01a.jpg|Detail of the "battle" fragment

:''Campo molto lungo con terza colonna''

</gallery>

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada | ? ({{formatnum:2966}})

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français | 33 (461)

}}

|}

----

==Note==

<references/>

==Collegamenti esterni==

*[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225324&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225324&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500800&bmLocale=en The Stele of the Vultures in the Louvre]

:''Campo molto lungo con terza colonna con nobr''

== Altri progetti ==

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

{{interprogetto|commons=Category:Stele of the Vultures}}

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada | {{nobr|? ({{formatnum:2966}})}}

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français | 33 (461)

}}

|}

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[[Categoria:Reperti archeologici accadici]]

[[Categoria:Sculture nel Louvre]]

[[Categoria:Stele]]

:''Campo molto lungo con terza colonna andando a capo''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada | ? ({{formatnum:2966}})

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I <br/>J K L M NO P Q R S <br/>T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français | 33 (461)

}}

|}

----

:''Campo molto lungo senza terza colonna''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada |

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français |

}}

|}

:''Campo molto lungo con terza colonna e 2 spazi nello stesso punteggio''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport =rugby

| 1984-1990 | La Tablada | ? ({{formatnum:2966}}) foobar

| 1990-1997 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

| 1997-2004 | Stade Français | 33 (461)

}}

|}

:''Pattern vari''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport = calcio

|1900-1901|→ Juventus|111 (11)

|1900-1901|→ <small>Juventus</small>|111 (11)

|1900-1901|<small>→ Juventus</small>|111 (11)

|1901-1915|{{TA| Alessandria }}|122 (74)

|1915-1922|<small>Torino</small>|192 (97)

|1915-1922|<small>→Milan</small>|192 (97)

|1915-1922|→<small>Inter</small>|192 (97)

|1915-1922|<small>ABCDE</small>|192 (97)

}}

|}

:''Anno singolo''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport = calcio

|1897-1900|Juventus|111 (11)

|1897-1901|Juventus|111 (11)

|1897-1902|Juventus|111 (11)

|1897-1903|Juventus|111 (11)

|1900|Juventus|111 (11)

|1901|Juventus|111 (11)

|1902|Juventus|111 (11)

|1903|Juventus|111 (11)

}}

|}

:''Note''

{| width="290px" style="border-top:4pt solid gray;"

|-

|{{Carriera sportivo

|sport = calcio

|1897-1900|Juventus<ref>A</ref>|111 (11)

|1897-1901|Juventus|111 (11)

|1897-1902|→ Juventus<ref>B</ref><ref>C</ref>|111 (11)

|1897-1903|Juventus|111 (11)

}}

|}