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'''John Paul "Jack" Rosenberg''' (born [[September 5]], [[1935]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]) and sometimes subsequently known as '''Werner Hans Erhard''', an American [[entrepreneur]], founded the [[Large Group Awareness Training|large group awareness training]] program [[Erhard Seminars Training|est]] (short for [[Erhard Seminars Training]], 1971 - 1981) which later gave rise to [[Werner Erhard and Associates]] (WEA, 1981 - 1991) and to the "[[Landmark Forum]]"/[[Landmark Education]] (1991 - ).
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Rosenberg married Patricia Fry on [[26 September]] [[1953]] (Pressman 1993: 4) and fathered four (some sources suggest three) children. He first adopted the name "Jack Frost" as an alias while selling cars in Philadelphia (Pressman 1993: 6). He subsequently used the name "Curt Wilhelm VonSavage" when contracting a [[bigamy | bigamous]] marriage with June Bryde (Pressman 1993: 6).
!style="color:yellow; background:#0B4559; border-bottom:3px solid" colspan="3" align="center"|'''BR Class 52'''
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|TOPS numbers||colspan="2"|Never carried
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Early numbers||colspan="2"|D1000–D1073
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Builder||colspan="2"|[[Swindon Works|BR Swindon]], [[Crewe Works|BR Crewe]]
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Introduced||colspan="2"|1962-1964
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Wheel arrangement||colspan="2"|C-C
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Weight||108 [[long ton]]s|| 110 t
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Height||12 ft 11.75 in|| 3.956 m
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Width||8 ft 8 in||2.64 m
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Length||68 ft 0 in||20.73 m
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Wheel Dia.||3 ft 7 in||1.09 m
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Wheelbase||54 ft 8 in|| 16.66 m
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Minimum radius||4.5 chains||90.5 m
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Maximum speed||90 mph||145 km/h
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Engine||colspan="2"|2 x Maybach MD655
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Engine output||2 x 1,350 hp||2 x 1010 kW
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Max. tractive effort||66,700 lbf||297 kN
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Power at rail||2,000 hp||1,490 kW
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Brake type||colspan="2"|Air & vacuum
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Brake force||50 tons force||500 kN
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Route availability||colspan="2"|7
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Fuel tank||850 imperial gallons||3,860 litres
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Heating type||colspan="2"|Steam
|-
|style="color:white; background:#0B4559"|Multiple working||colspan="2"|Not equipped
|}
[[British Rail]] assigned '''Class 52''' to the class of 74 large [[British Railways Type 4|Type 4]] [[diesel-hydraulic]] [[locomotive]]s built for the [[Western Region of British Railways|Western Region]] of [[British Railways]] between 1961 and 1964 . All were given two-word names, with the first word being ''Western'', and thus the type became known as '''Westerns'''.
In 1960 Rosenberg left his first wife and family in Philadelphia and travelled west. He changed his name to '''Werner Hans Erhard''' and his lover, June Bryde, changed hers to [[Ellen Erhard|Ellen Virginia Erhard]]. Erhard later said that he chose the last name "Erhard" almost at random, selecting it from a magazine article he happened to read about then-[[West Germany|West German]] economics minister [[Ludwig Erhard]]. The newly-renamed Erhards moved to [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], where Werner Erhard sold used cars. After a few years, the couple moved further west to [[California]].
==The Diesel-hydraulic experiment==
After selling [[correspondence course]]s and [[encyclopedia]]s, Erhard trained door-to-door salespeople for [[Grolier Society]] until 1971.
When switching to diesel traction, as part of the Modernisation Plan of the 1950s, BR designed and commissioned designs for a large number of locomotive types. At this time (and arguably right up until Sectorisation in the 1980s), BR's regions had a high degree of autonomy, which extended as far as classes of locomotives ordered, and even the design criteria for those locomotives. Whilst almost all other diesel locomotives were diesel-electric, the [[Western Region]] employed a policy of utilising diesel-hydraulic traction, commissioning three classes of main line locomotives—the Westerns, and the lesser-powered [[British Rail Class 35|Hymeks]] and [[British Rail Class 43 (Warship Class)|Warships]].
The theoretical advantage of diesel-hydraulic was simple—it resulted in a lighter locomotive than equivalent diesel-electric transmission. This resulted in better power/weight ratio, and decreased track wear. Unfortunately, it had two key disadvantages:
== Early career in New Age and transformation ==
* The technology was proven in continental Europe, particularly Germany, but was new to the UK. It was considered politically unacceptable at the time for the UK government to order trains from foreign companies, let alone German companies so soon after the second world war.
In California in the 1960s, Erhard engaged in a wide variety of [[spirituality | spiritual]] disciplines including [[Zen Buddhism]]<!--and [[Dianetics]] (in fact he attended just three sessions as part of this wide-ranging investigations) -->. [[Steven Pressman]] details some of Erhard's connections with [[Scientology]] in this and subsequent periods (Pressman, 1993, pages 25 - 26, 30 - 31, 6s and 125 - 126). Note that the Church of Scientology included "ERHARD, WERNER" on a [http://www.whyaretheydead.net/misc/Factnet/SPLIST.TXT list of "[[Suppressive Person |suppressive person]]s" and "[[Fair Game (Scientology)|fair game]]"] (enemies) dating from [http://www.whyaretheydead.net/misc/Factnet/factnet.html 1992].
* The most robust hydraulic transmissions were only capable of handling engines with power output of around 1500 hp (1120 kW); to build a more powerful locomotive would involve two diesel engines and two transmissions.
==The Western==
Erhard reported having had a revelation while driving on [[U.S. Route 101]] in [[Marin County, California]] in [[1971]]. He started to see the world as perfect "the way it is" and had the insight that his attempts to change or modify either his physical circumstances or his mental outlook had their basis in a conception of the world (that it should differ from "the way it is") that precluded or at least limited one's experiential and creative appreciation of it.
With the [[British Rail Class 35|Hymeks]] and [[British Rail Class 43 (Warship Class)|Warships]] already in service, but proving under-powered for topline services, BR Western Region needed a high-powered locomotive for top-link services - the Western therefore needed two diesel engines to achieve the required power output. In keeping with their policy, a new locomotive with a hydraulic transmission was envisaged. Experience had shown that the Maybach engines in the Hymeks were superior to the MAN engines, particularly in power output. Maybach were able to offer their 12 MD engines rated at 1350bhp, allied to a Voith transmission; a Mekydro transmission designed to handle such power could not be fitted into the British loading gauge.
Prototypes sited the engines behind the driving cabs, but drivers found this too noisy; moving the engines centrally meant making the locomotive heavier, removing some of the design's advantage. In production use, the dual-engine arrangement turned out to have some advantages: in particular, the Westerns were able to continue operating with a single engine running in situations where more conventional single-engine designs would require rescue by another locomotive. This valuable property was intentionally duplicated in the later [[InterCity 125|High Speed Trains]], and was one reason for them having two power cars.
In the [[1970s]] Erhard maintained financial links with [[Jack Sarfatti]] and the Physics/Consciousness Research Group.
The most serious continual problem with the class was the design fault mismatch between the Maybach MD655 engines and the Voith L630rV three speed hydraulic transmissions. The top gear ratio in the transmission was too high for the torque characteristics of the engine: the result was that a single locomotive could struggle to reach its claimed 90mph top speed in the absence of down grades, more so when work-weary and due for overhaul. These factors, combined with the Devon banks' (a major part of their running grounds) deleterious effect on tired engines, all conspired against the Westerns continuing in top-line service; their replacement by High Speed Trains provided the speed and comfort increases the Western Region sought. Towards the end, the Westerns were all allocated to Laira Plymouth.
He also attempted to foster links with [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]] and the [[Esalen Institute]], and allegedly contributed funds to the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] [[remote viewing]] project.
==Competition and comfort==
Erhard became an instructor of [[Mind Dynamics]] (Pressman, 1993, pages 33 - 34).
Whilst the Class was successful, it was non-standard, which added greatly to its high maintenance costs. Resultantly, the early 1970s saw the decision taken to retire all the diesel-hydraulic types. [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47s]] and [[British Rail Class 50|50s]] began to take over on the Western Region, whilst the arrival of the [[High Speed Train]] was the final nail in the coffin for the Westerns.
Unlike the similar, but lower-powered, [[British Rail Class 42|Warship class]] locomotives, most Westerns did receive air brake equipment in addition to their vacuum exhausters, thus significantly extending their working lives. However, as for the Warships, it proved impossible to equip them with [[head end power|electric train heating]] (ETH, or head-end power in US terminology). The Western Region faced particularly stiff competition for its prime inter-city services in the mid to late 1970s from the [[M4 motorway]], and it was generally felt within BR that significant speed-up and comfort increases on the prime Paddington-Bristol route were necessary. The lack of ETH meant the Westerns could not power the newly-introduced air-conditioned [[British Rail Mark 2|BR Mark 2d/e/f coaches]] - a shortcoming that the Class 50s, which were built with ETH, did not share.
Erhard and [[L. Ron Hubbard]] were friends prior to a falling out.
==Withdrawal and preservation==
== Erhard Seminars Training ==
With ETH being required for most class 1 traffic on the WR Class 50 & 47/4 adopted more of the top-link passenger turns until the [[High Speed Train]] was delivered. However, Westerns were always seen and used as true multi-purpose locomotives, at home on oil, coal or stone duties. Away from the cameras they worked much heavy freight in South Wales right up to the end including turns on the overnight Freightliner from Cardiff to Stratford (East London). A main-stay of the class for many years (up to the mid 1970s) was overnight milk and cream workings from Devon and Cornwall, also from Whitland and Marshfield in South Wales to London. They were a useful machine for Control to use on 1 way specials, lack of driver knowledge off the WR would see them quickly returned and not as with other more widespread types 'lost somewhere in Scotland'.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
Withdrawal of the Westerns was planned for 1974, but delays in introducing the [[British Rail class 50|Class 50s]] led to a reprieve. Perhaps as a result, the demise of the Western diesels became somewhat of a phenomenon among railway enthusiasts, even stretching to an obituary in the [[The Guardian newspaper]]. To a generation too young to have followed the last British Rail steam tours this was an opportunity to catch up on what they had witnessed from a distance; for many it was the last gasp of the [[Great Western Railway|Great Western]] before assimilation into corporate blandness and indeed it was often joked that ''Western Independence'' was not among the names selected. A fanatical following engendered a wide selection of railtours over the last 10 months in service as enthusiasts chased the dwindling fleet across the South West. This was then the last railway extinction to mobilise a generation; that of the Deltics 5 years later being merely an echo. Railtour names evoked the feelings of the time; Western Memorial, Western Lament, Western Finale, Western Sunset. The Western Requiem railtour was so over-subscribed that a relief railtour was organised the preceeding week. When the British Rail organised Western Tribute railtour finally reached the buffers at [[Paddington Station|Paddington]] at 23:38 on 26th Februaury 1977, 1023 ''Western Fusilier'' proclaimed '''The End''' on the front in large letters. For many people it really felt like it.
After his initial realization Erhard put together an intensive two–weekend course he called ''[[Erhard Seminars Training|est]]'' (after the [[Latin language|Latin]] word meaning 'he is' or 'she is' or 'it is'; and/or as an [[acronym]] for 'Erhard Seminars Training'). He designed the course to bring its students into a conceptual place where they could experience a realization similar to his own Highway 101 revelation. This long course, consisting sometimes of 18–hour days, became controversial and, to many people who went through the seminar, exciting.
A total of seven locomotives have been preserved, allowing the sight and sound of these magnificent locomotives to be enjoyed after the 30th anniversary since their withdrawal.
Pressman characterizes the est training as "the hours of materials [Erhard] had stitched together from Scientology and Mind Dynamics and [[Dale Carnegie]] and [[Maxwell Maltz]] and a variety of other sources" (Pressman 1993: 70).
==Names and numbers==
Many est participants claimed to experience greatly increased [[vitality]] and better [[self-expression]]. A weekly seminar program concerned with various aspects of [[personal life | life]] ([[integrity]], self-expression, [[sex]], [[money]], [[commitment]], etc.) evolved. A more intensive six-day course originated as a communication workshop.
[[Image:D1000-old oak common - 1964.jpg|thumb|right|D1000 ''Western Enterprise'' at Old Oak Common, desert sand livery, 1964.]]
[[Image:D1026 & D1071 at Reading, May 1964.jpg|thumb|D1026 ''Western Centurion'' nearer the camera with D1071 ''Western Cavalier'' behind at [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], May 1964 , both in maroon livery.]]
[[Image:D1005 - swansea - aug 1967.jpg|thumb|D1005 ''Western Venturer'' at Swansea, [[1967]] in BR blue livery but still with old number.]]
While the first Western was under construction, proposals for livery and names were prepared by the BR design panel. The D1000 series locomotives were going to be named after famous [[West of England]] place names; the illustration from the portfolio shows D1000 bearing the name ''Cheddar Gorge''. Subsequently all of the Westerns were named, as per the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
== The Hunger Project ==
!Number!!Name!!Builder!!Disposition
|-
|D1000||Western Enterprise||BR Swindon 20.12.61||Scrapped 31.07.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1001||Western Pathfinder||BR Swindon 12.02.62||Scrapped 08.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1002||Western Explorer||BR Swindon 19.03.62||Scrapped 12.06.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1003||Western Pioneer||BR Swindon 14.04.62||Scrapped 08.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1004||Western Crusader||BR Swindon 12.05.62||Scrapped 19.09.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1005||Western Venturer||BR Swindon 18.06.62||Scrapped 17.06.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1006||Western Stalwart||BR Swindon 06.07.62||Scrapped 24.03.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1007||Western Talisman||BR Swindon 01.08.62||Scrapped 24.02.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1008||Western Harrier||BR Swindon 04.09.62||Scrapped 10.10.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1009||Western Invader||BR Swindon 24.09.62||Scrapped 11.78 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1010||Western Campaigner||BR Swindon 15.10.62||Withdrawn 28.02.77
'''Preserved''' by the Diesel & Electric Preservation Group [http://www.depg.org/]
|-
|D1011||Western Thunderer||BR Swindon 27.10.62||Scrapped 12.78 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1012||Western Firebrand||BR Swindon 17.11.62||Scrapped 04.79 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1013||Western Ranger||BR Swindon 13.12.62||Withdrawn 28.02.77
'''Preserved''' by the Western Locomotive Association [http://www.westernloco.com/]
|-
|D1014||Western Leviathan||BR Swindon 24.12.62||Scrapped 13.02.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1015||Western Champion||BR Swindon 21.01.63||Withdrawn 04.01.77
'''Preserved''' by the Diesel Traction Group [http://www.westernchampion.co.uk/]
|-
|D1016||Western Gladiator||BR Swindon 16.02.63||Scrapped 08.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1017||Western Warrior||BR Swindon 15.03.63||Scrapped 12.03.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1018||Western Buccaneer||BR Swindon 02.04.63||Scrapped 20.03.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1019||Western Challenger||BR Swindon 02.05.63||Scrapped 03.10.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1020||Western Hero||BR Swindon 21.05.63||Scrapped 17.04.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1021||Western Cavalier||BR Swindon 17.06.63||Scrapped 02.79 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1022||Western Sentinel||BR Swindon 16.07.63||Scrapped 12.78 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1023||Western Fusilier||BR Swindon 23.09.63||Withdrawn 28.02.77
'''Preserved''' as part of the national collection by the NRM [http://www.nrm.org.uk]
|-
|D1024||Western Huntsman||BR Swindon 01.10.63||Scrapped 14.08.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1025||Western Guardsman||BR Swindon 01.11.63||Scrapped 01.79 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1026||Western Centurion||BR Swindon 24.12.63||Scrapped 06.08.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1027||Western Lancer||BR Swindon 28.01.64||Scrapped 10.06.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1028||Western Hussar||BR Swindon 25.02.64||Scrapped
|-
|D1029||Western Legionaire||BR Swindon 20.04.64||Scrapped 29.05.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1030||Western Musketeer||BR Swindon 05.12.63||Scrapped 22.09.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1031||Western Rifleman||BR Swindon 20.12.63||Scrapped 06.10.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1032||Western Marksman||BR Swindon 31.12.63||Scrapped 05.12.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1033||Western Trooper||BR Swindon 17.01.64||Scrapped 04.79 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1034||Western Dragoon||BR Swindon 15.04.64||Scrapped 20.05.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1035||Western Yeoman||BR Crewe 17.07.62||Scrapped 30.09.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1036||Western Emperor||BR Crewe 29.08.62||Scrapped 24.02.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1037||Western Empress||BR Crewe 31.08.62||Scrapped 16.02.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1038||Western Sovereign||BR Crewe 07.09.62||Scrapped 20.11.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1039||Western King||BR Crewe 07.09.62||Scrapped 05.09.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1040||Western Queen||BR Crewe 20.09.62||Scrapped 11.08.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1041||Western Prince||BR Crewe 10.10.62||Withdrawn 23.02.77
'''Preserved''' by the Bury Diesel Group [http://www.burydiesel.freeserve.co.uk/index.htm]
|-
|D1042||Western Princess||BR Crewe 19.10.62||Scrapped 18.05.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1043||Western Duke||BR Crewe 26.10.62||Scrapped 10.02.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1044||Western Duchess||BR Crewe 12.11.62||Scrapped 10.09.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1045||Western Viscount||BR Crewe 16.11.62||Scrapped 21.08.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1046||Western Marquis||BR Crewe 24.12.62||Scrapped 10.11.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1047||Western Lord||BR Crewe 04.02.63||Scrapped 09.09.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1048||Western Lady||BR Crewe 15.12.62||Withdrawn 28.02.77
'''Preserved''' by the Midland Diesel Group [http://www.dieseltraction.org.uk/]
|-
|D1049||Western Monarch||BR Crewe 14.12.62||Scrapped 03.02.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1050||Western Ruler||BR Crewe 01.01.63||Scrapped 08.04.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1051||Western Ambassador||BR Crewe 21.01.63||Scrapped 08.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1052||Western Viceroy||BR Crewe 04.02.63||Scrapped 22.04.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1053||Western Patriarch||BR Crewe 11.02.63||Scrapped 08.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1054||Western Governor||BR Crewe 02.03.63||Scrapped 05.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1055||Western Advocate||BR Crewe 02.03.63||Scrapped 16.06.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1056||Western Sultan||BR Crewe 08.03.63||Scrapped
|-
|D1057||Western Chieftain||BR Crewe 06.04.63||Scrapped 06.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1058||Western Nobleman||BR Crewe 25.03.63||Scrapped
|-
|D1059||Western Empire||BR Crewe 06.04.63||Scrapped 21.07.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1060||Western Dominion||BR Crewe 11.04.63||Scrapped 03.07.74 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1061||Western Envoy||BR Crewe 19.04.63||Scrapped 07.08.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1062||Western Courier||BR Crewe 06.05.63||Withdrawn 22.08.74
'''Preserved''' by the Western Locomotive Association [http://www.westernloco.com/]
|-
|D1063||Western Monitor||BR Crewe 17.05.63||Scrapped 08.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1064||Western Regent||BR Crewe 24.05.63||Scrapped 06.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1065||Western Consort||BR Crewe 18.06.63||Scrapped 08.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1066||Western Prefect||BR Crewe 14.06.63||Scrapped 21.05.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1067||Western Druid||BR Crewe 18.07.63||Scrapped 16.09.76 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1068||Western Reliance||BR Crewe 12.07.63||Scrapped 08.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1069||Western Vanguard||BR Crewe 21.10.63||Scrapped 03.02.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1070||Western Gauntlet||BR Crewe 28.10.63||Scrapped 05.79 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1071||Western Renown||BR Crewe 07.11.63||Scrapped 11.78 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1072||Western Glory||BR Crewe 07.11.63||Scrapped 04.04.77 BREL Swindon
|-
|D1073||Western Bulwark||BR Crewe 03.12.63||Scrapped 01.08.75 BREL Swindon
|-
|}
D1029 was named Western Legionaire as above, but renamed Western Legionnaire in 1967, the nameplate being cut to allow the additional letter to be inserted.
Although designated Class 52 under the TOPS scheme, no Western ever carried its TOPS number. As withdrawal was already planned when the TOPS numbering scheme was introduced, and because of the cast numberplates, it was not considered necessary. If the class had lasted longer it would have been interesting to see whether similar cast numberplates bearing 52 xxx would have been used.
''Main article: [[The Hunger Project]]''
==Liveries==
Erhard formed the opinion that death by [[world hunger|starvation]] occurred not because of lack of food to feed all those who suffered from chronic hunger. Instead he blamed the context in which people viewed and interacted with chronic hunger. That context, he said, consisted of a closely-held belief (or [[discourse]], or conversation) that saw hunger as inevitable, a context of scarcity that governed all the interactions and fixes currently applied by those then attempting to fix the problem.
When the initial batch of Westerns was being built in 1961-2, British Rail had not decided on a final colour scheme. As a result, D1000 was rolled out of Swindon Works in November 1961 painted in Desert Sand. Initially the numbers, borne on the left hand cab when viewed from the side, were painted on in white, but soon individual numbers and letters, looking like they were cast but apparently made of wood, were fitted. This was in turn replaced by the final design of cast nameplate and numberplate; metal with a black background. This handsome livery was later altered by the addition of a small yellow warning panel and black roof. After this D1001 was delivered in all over maroon livery, and D1002-D1004 in all over green. The remaining deliveries were all in maroon, with small yellow warning panels after D1006. Exceptions to this were the initial Crewe-built batch D1035-D1038 which were in green with red backgrounds to the nameplates, and D1015 which was outshopped in the experimental "golden ochre" livery with one of the small yellow warning panels having narrow whiskers at the top which extended round and onto the bodyside. Some locos retained their original livery while sporting the later full yellow ends.
After the adoption of Rail Blue in 1967, initial application was of a more metallic shade, often referred to as "chromatic blue". D1030, D1043, D1047 and D1057 received this variant married to small yellow warning panels, but after this repaints were in the more usual shade. The last loco to be repainted into Rail Blue was D1046 which was outshopped from Swindon in May 1971. Rumours that a loco was experimentally painted in gloss black cannot now be substantiated.
Along with [[John Denver]] and Oberlin College President Robert Fuller Erhard co-founded [[The Hunger Project]] in [[1977]]. The Project had the initial stated intention of making "The End of Starvation within 20 Years an 'Idea Whose Time Has Come.'"'''(Copyright, [[1985]])''' Erhard served on the Project's board from 1979 to 1990, after which he ceased contact with the organization.
== Werner Erhard and Associates - The Forum ==
In the [[1980s]] Erhard worked with [[Fernando Flores]] [http://www.fernandoflores.cl/] - philosopher, [[senator]] [http://appsvr2.senado.cl/prontus_senado/antialone.html?page=http://appsvr2.senado.cl/mss/listaparlamentarios.php] of Chile and [[business]]man - on aspects of [[language]], setting up a body of work which makes a distinction between, on the one hand 'speaking that describes [[being]]' with, on the other hand, 'speaking that brings forth being'. After he retired the est training, Erhard developed a program which deploys the [[Socratic method]] of inquiry{{fact}}, which he called "the Forum". As the corporate vehicle for delivering his latest offerring, Erhard used [[Werner Erhard and Associates]] (WEA or WE&A), the corporate successor to the [[est Foundation]]. His program continues [[as of 2006 | today]] in major cities in the USA and worldwide as the "Landmark Forum" under the auspices of the successor organization [[Landmark Education]].
== Legal strife ==
Erhard later faced [[tax]] disputes, allegations that he had perpetrated [[domestic violence]], and an allegation that he had had sex with one of his daughters.
Pressman recounts how [[incest]] allegations against Werner Erhard made on [[CBS]] television's ''[[60 Minutes]]'' program in March 1991 came from Deborah Rosenberg, the youngest child from Erhard/Rosenberg's first marriage. (Pressman 1993: 256 - 257). Deborah Rosenberg's allegations of molestation and rape appear in an [http://www.xs4all.nl/~anco/mental/randr/sanfran.htm article] from the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. Another daughter, [[Celeste Erhard]], subsequently stated that third parties tricked her into exaggerating spicy details about her father's alleged behavior (she and another sister had made allegations of domestic violence against her father on ''60 Minutes'', not about incest or rape). [[Celeste Erhard]] said that the media had told her that the articles and her appearance on ''[[60 Minutes]]'' aimed to get publicity for a book (''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'', July 16 1992).
In the Stephanie Ney court case of 1992 (resulting from Ney's participation in "the Forum") a U.S. court in a default judgment ordered Werner Erhard (''in absentia'') to pay more than $500,000 in damages for "mental injuries" (Pressman, 1993: 262). In the trial, the court did not find "the Forum" the cause of Stephanie Ney's injuries, but because Erhard never contested the suit, the court entered the [[default judgment]] against him.
Pressman tells how Erhard filed but then withdrew a lawsuit alleging "false, misleading and defamatory statements" against CBS in the wake of the latter's ''60 Minutes'' program (Pressman 1993: 257 - 258).
=== Tax-evasion issues ===
The United States [[Internal Revenue Service | IRS]] allegedly [http://www.wernererhard.com/wernererhardlosangelesdailynews.htm settled] a tax dispute with Erhard by paying him $200,000 for wrongful disclosure of false information.
However, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit overturned this decision on [[February 8]], [[1995]], in the case: '''"Werner H. Erhard v. Commissioner Internal Revenue ervice"'''[http://www.assetprotectionbook.com/erhard.htm]
''See Also''
:*[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&navby=case&no=9470749&exact=1 Ellen Erhard v. Werner Erhard], United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Public Record, June 20, 1996, for issues related to IRS tax petition disputes between [[Werner Erhard]] and his 2nd wife, [[Ellen Erhard]]. The case decided as follows: "Ellen Erhard appeals the Tax Court's dismissal of her petition as untimely filed. We affirm."
== Landmark Education era==
In 1991 [[Landmark Education]] bought the intellectual property of Werner Erhard and Associates and continued to offer the courses originally designed by Erhard.
According to ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'': "[i]n the end, Erhard received so much notoriety, including a scathing segment on ''[[60 Minutes]]'' last March [1991], that he sold his [[business]] ...". (Welkos, 1991). However, nobody has ever substantiated Welkos's opinion. On the other hand, nobody has refuted Welkos's journalistic judgement.
For whatever reason, Erhard sold up and left the United States, resurfacing later in El Salvador, the Soviet Union, Ireland and the Cayman Islands. A [http://www.whyaretheydead.net/misc/Factnet/CO0794.TXT subsequent report] implied that he feared physical harm in the United States due to Scientology's [[Fair Game (Scientology)|Fair Game]] policy.
Years after Erhard left the California scene, Landmark Education set up the [http://www.werner-erhard.com Werner Erhard Biographical Website], registering werner-erhard.com at [http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/index.jhtml Network Solutions] and providing the [http://web.archive.org/web/20010301214644/http://www.werner-erhard.com/ initial content].
===Erhard, Financial Ties to Landmark===
Landmark Education states that its programs have as their basis ideas originally developed by Erhard, but that Erhard has no financial interest, ownership, or management role in Landmark Education. [http://www.landmarkeducation.com/display_content.jsp?top=26&mid=658]. The Schreiber Declaration states that Werner Erhard never received payment under the licensing agreement, and that he assigned his rights to someone else. In Stephanie Ney v. Landmark Education Corporation (1994) [http://www.rickross.com/reference/landmark/landmark49.html#Appendix%20A:%20%20Text%20of%20Court%20Ruling%20in%20Ney%20Case], the courts determined that Landmark Education Corporation did not have successor liability to Werner Erhard & Associates, the corporation whose assets Landmark Education purchased.
From time to time Erhard [http://web.archive.org/web/20020210075416/www.landmarkeducation.com/OVERVW/cntrvrsy/default.htm consults] with Landmark Education, but (according to Landmark Education statements) he has no ownership, management or financial interest in that company, other than the long-term licensing fee for the material used in the Landmark Forum and other courses, which granted Werner Erhard approximately $15 million over an 18 year period (starting in 1991)<ref>Pressman, Steven, ''Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile''. New York: [[St. Martin's Press]], 1993. ISBN 0312092962 , pgs. 254-255.</ref>.
<blockquote>Landmark says that Erhard has nothing to do with The Forum. But the license Landmark obtained from Erhard enabling them to produce The Forum is in fact owned by Erhard, and is scheduled to revert to him in [[2009]]. Erhard's 63 now and is assured 50 percent of Landmark's net pre-tax profit each quarter, not to exceed $15 million in the 18-year lifespan of the license. Furthermore, Erhard's brother, [[Harry Rosenberg]], is currently Landmark's CEO, and sister [[Joan Rosenberg]] is listed as a director. <ref>''The est of Friends'', Metroactive Features, July 9-15, 1998 issue of Metro, Metro Publishing Inc.</ref></blockquote>
In addition, Erhard retained ownership of the Japanese branch of Landmark Education Corporation, which accounts for 70 percent of total international earnings.
Werner's younger brother ([[Harry Rosenberg]]) serves as Landmark Education's current CEO, and their sister ([[Joan Rosenberg]]) acts as the Vice President of the Centers Division.
== Timeline of Erhard organisations==
For the following incorporations, name-changes and other activity see the [http://www.dike.de/SINUSsekteninfo/lec/history/rename.html Hesse-Nassau Evangelical Church archive].
* '''October 1971''' - [[Erhard Seminars Training]], first seminar in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
* '''1973''' - ''the Foundation for the Realization of Man'' - incorporated, [[non-profit foundation]] in [[California]]
* '''July 1976''' - ''est Foundation'' - amendment to the articles of incorporation, [[California]]
* '''February 1981''' - [[Werner Erhard and Associates]]
* '''January 16, 1991''' - ''[[Breakthrough Technologies]]''
At this point, Werner sold [[Werner Erhard and Associates]] and Werner Erhard and Associates International to a set of employees, including his brother [[Nathan Rosenberg]], and then stopped managing this set of corporations. However, he also began to receive royalty payments, for use of his "technology".
:*signed by a [[Donald R. Share]]
:*[[Art Schreiber]] as initial agent
* '''January 23, 1991''' - ''Transnational Education Corp.''
* '''May 7, 1991''' - ''[[Landmark Education Corporation]]''
:*[[Brian Regnier]] signed as President and Secretary of ''[[Transnational Education Corp]]''
:*[[Harry Rosenberg]] as director and treasurer
* '''June 5, 1991''' - Werner Erhard and Associates International, Inc., now a subsidiary of [[Landmark Education Corporation]]
:*[[Gilbert H. Judson]], president
:*[[Regina Tierney]], president
* '''July 14, 1992''' - [[Alexandria, Virginia]] - federal district judge rules Landmark Education Corporation did not have [[successor liability]], in the case brought by a Silver Spring, Maryland woman for emotional damages allegedly due to participation in ''the Forum'' under [[Werner Erhard and Associates]].
* '''February 2003''' - became "Landmark Education LLC"
==Characterising Rosenberg/Erhard==
Given Rosenberg/Erhard's various activities, people characterise him primarily in sharply different ways. Some dismiss him as a "car salesman"[http://web.archive.org/web/20040203124701/wernererhard.com/wernererharddebate.htm] or more generically as a "salesman" (Howard, 1996: 72-73). Others emphasise his continuing commercial success and describe him as a "[[businessman]]" [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/SMahomedInspires.pdf (Mahomed, 2005:3) - in PDF fprmat]. Est-advocates in the heyday of that organisation came to regard "Werner" as "Source" ([http://www.rickross.com/reference/forum/forum4.html Lattin, 1990]). Some detractors emphasised his background as an ex-Scientologist (see for example Schwertfeger 1997:7) and even labelled him a "guru" (see Macintyre, 1992) or a "cult leader" (as Alnor, 1994). Attempts to portray him as a great philosopher or thinker appear to have fallen on stony ground, and some have come to stress his role as an "[[educator]]" (see a previous version of this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Erhard&oldid=53453119 Wikipedia].
===Name Changes/Aliases===
*[[John Paul Rosenberg]]/[[Jack Rosenberg]], birth name, nickname<ref>Pressman, Steven, ''Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile''. New York: St Martins Press, 1993. ISBN 0312092962</ref>.
*[[Curt Wilhelm VonSavage]], name used on marriage license<ref>Pressman, Steven, ''Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile''. New York: St Martins Press, 1993. ISBN 0312092962, Page 6.</ref>. to [[June Bryde]], March 29, [[1960]]
*[[Werner Erhard]], based on<ref>Pressman, Steven, ''Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile''. New York: St Martins Press, 1993. ISBN 0312092962, Page 2.</ref>. [[Werner Heisenberg]] and [[Ludwig Erhard]], from [[Esquire Magazine]], May [[1960]]
*[[Werner Spits]], name used currently, while living<ref>''Pay Money, Be Happy'', [[New York Magazine]], July 9, 2001., http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/4932/index3.html</ref> in [[Cayman Islands]], with [[Gonneke Spits]]
== [[Werner Erhard]]'s Family ==
*'''Parents''': father, [[Joseph Rosenberg]] and mother, [[Dorothy Clauson Rosenberg]][http://laurenceplatt.home.att.net/wernererhard/dorothyi.html].
'''Siblings'''
:*[[Harry Rosenberg]], brother, current CEO [[Landmark Education]][http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/4932/index2.html].
:*[[Nathan Rosenberg]], brother, [[Werner Erhard]] sold [[Werner Erhard and Associates]] to him in 1991[http://atheism.about.com/b/a/079082.htm].
:*[[Joan Rosenberg]], sister, Vice President of the Centers Division for [[Landmark Education]][http://www.metroactive.com/landmark/landmark1-9827.html].
'''Nuclear Family'''
:*[[Werner Erhard]][http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:19541], aka [[John Paul Rosenberg]]
:*[[Patricia Fry]], first wife
::*[[Anita Lynn Erhard]], daughter, accepted 2003 award for father in New York, along with Deborah[http://laurenceplatt.home.att.net/wernererhard/thehuman.html].
::*[[Deborah Erhard Pimental]], daughter, appeared on ''60 minutes'' program with sisters Adair and Celeste[http://www.lifepositive.com/Mind/personal-growth/landmark/forum.asp].
::*[[Clare Susan Rosenberg]]
::*[[Jack Rosenberg, Jr.]]
:*[[June Bryde]], aka [[Ellen Virginia Erhard]], second wife[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&navby=case&no=9470749&exact=1]
::*[[Celeste Erhard]], daughter, retracted ''60 minutes'' allegations[http://www.believermag.com/issues/200305/?read=article_snider]
::*[[Adair Erhard]], daughter, [[Werner Erhard]] enrolled Adair & Celeste in [[Charlene Afremow]]'s [[Mind Dynamics]] program[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/eldon.braun/awareness/door2.html].
::*[[St. John Erhard]], son
== Awards ==
The [[Mahatma Gandhi International Foundation]] awarded Erhard the [[Gandhi Humanitarian Award]] in [[1988]].
==See also==
*[[Harry Rosenberg]], current CEO of Landmark Education and brother of Werner Erhard
*[[Joan Rosenberg]], Vice President of Centers Division Landmark Education and sister of Werner Erhard ([[John Paul Rosenberg]])
*[[Art Schreiber]], General Counsel and Chariman of the Board of Directors of Landmark Education
* [[Gonneke Spits]]
* [[Nathan Rosenberg]]
* [[John Paul Rosenberg]]
* [[Harry Margolis]]
* [[Laurel Scheaf]]
* [[Robert Larzelere]]
* [[James Slee]]
* [[Steven Pressman]]
* [[Erhard Seminars Training]]
* [[The Hunger Project]]
* [[Joan Holmes]]
* [[Werner Heisenberg]]
* [[Hanns Lilje]]
* [[hypnosis]] ([[Napoleon Hill]], [[Maxwell Maltz]])
* [[Human Potential Movement]] (Maslow & Rogers and [[Esalen Institute]])
* [[martial arts]]
* [[Scientology]] ([[L. Ron Hubbard]])
* [[Subud]]
* [[Zen]] ([[Alan Watts]])
==External links==
* [http://www.assetprotectionbook.com/erhard.htm Werner H. Erhard v. Commissioner Internal Revenue Service], United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Public Record, No. 93-70357 (9th.Cir. 02/08/1995)
* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&navby=case&no=9470749&exact=1 Ellen Erhard v. Werner Erhard], United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Public Record, June 20, 1996, IRS tax issues related to divorce
*[http://www.working-minds.com/werner.htm Werner Erhard Page at Working Minds website]
*[http://www.wernererhard.com Werner Erhard Biographical Website]: favorable, with a section on controversy. (Site content likely authored by [[Landmark Education]], which registered werner-erhard.com at [http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/index.jhtml Network Solutions] and provided the [http://web.archive.org/web/20010301214644/http://www.werner-erhard.com/ initial content] from [http://web.archive.org/web/20001203231500/www.landmarkeducation.com/overvw/cntrvrsy/default.htm their own site].) - Site no longer publically accessible without telephone-based registration as of 4 June 2006: see instead the [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://wernererhard.com Internet Archive].
*[http://laurenceplatt.home.att.net/wernererhard Conversations For Transformation: Essays By Laurence Platt Inspired By The Ideas of Werner Erhard, And More] - a friend of Werner Erhard sheds light on Erhard's work
* [http://www.holysmoke.org/heber/heber07.htm Harry Rosenberg on [[Larry King]]] [[Harry Rosenberg]] called in to ''Larry King Live'', when [[Werner Erhard]] appeared on the show on December 20, 1993.
==References==
*{{cite book | last = Judge | first = Colin | title = The Power of the Westerns | publisher = OPC | date = 1977 | ___location = Oxford | isbn = 0 902888 98 6 }}
* Alnor, William M.: "Werner Erhard Flees in the Wake of Tax Liens and Child Abuse Allegations". ''Christian Research Journal'', Summer 1991, page 5. Retrieved from [http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/crj0140a.txt Internet Christian Library website] on 4 June 2006.
*{{cite book | last = Kitchenside | first = Geoffrey | title = Farewell to the Westerns | publisher = David & Charles | date = 1975 | ___location = Newton Abbot | isbn = 0 715370 69 3 }}
* Bartley, William Warren ''Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST'' Clarkson Potter, 1988. ISBN 0517535025
*{{cite book | last = Preedy | first = Norman E | coauthors = Gillham, G F| title = WR Diesel Hydraulics | publisher = D Bradford Barton | date = 1974 | ___location = Truro }}
* "Erhard in Exile Fearing Scientology" ''The Cult Observer'', volume 11, number 7, 1994. Retrieved from http://www.whyaretheydead.net/misc/Factnet/CO0794.TXT on 12 March 2006.
*{{cite book | last = Taylor | first = Ken | title = A Decade After | publisher = Midland Railfans | ___location = Walsall }}
* Grigoriadis, Vanessa "Pay Money, Be Happy" Retrieved from [http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/4932/index.html ''New York Magazine'', 9 July 2001 - The New York Metro Website] on 26 January 2006.
*{{cite book | last = Till | first = J O | title = Western Stock List | publisher = Steam & Diesel Publications | date = 1977 | ___location = Camberley }}
* Howard, Alex: ''Challenges to Counselling and Psychotherapy'' Houndmills and London: Macmillan, 1996.
*{{cite book | last = Vaughan | first = John | title = Western Diesels in Camera | publisher = Ian Allen | date = 1977 | ___location = Shepperton | isbn = 0 711008 31 0 }}
* Lattin, Don: "Ex-Employees Describe Abuse In Suit Against est's Erhard", ''San Francisco Chronicle'', April 3, 1990. Retrieved from [http://www.rickross.com/reference/forum/forum4.html Rick Ross Institute] on 4 June 2006.
*{{cite book | last = Watts | first = Peter | title = Western Memories | publisher = Peter Watts | date = 1977 | ___location = Gloucester | isbn = 0 906025 00 1 }}
* Macintyre, Ben: "New Age guru goes into hiding". ''The Times'' Wednesday July 22, 1992. Copy retrieved from [http://www.xs4all.nl/~anco/mental/randr/benmac.htm Rants and Raves website] on 4 June 2006.
{{commonscat|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* Mahomed, Shauki: "What Inspires the Psychiatrist? Personal Beliefs, Attitudes and Values". Retrieved from the [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/SMahomedInspires.pdf Royal College of Psychiatrists website] on 4 June 2006.
* Pressman, Steven, ''Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile''. New York: St Martins Press, 1993. ISBN 0312092962
* ''San Jose Mercury News'', July 16 1992. Article: "Est founder's daughter sues Mercury News over articles".
Retrieved from [http://www.wernererhard.com/wernererhardsanjosemercurynews.htm wernererhard.com] on 26 January 2006.
* Schwertfeger, Baerbel: "Vorwort" [Foreword] to Martin Lell: ''Das Forum: Protokoll einer Gehirnwäsche: Der Psycho-Konzern Landmark Education'' [The Forum: Account of a Brainwashing: The Psycho-Outfit Landmark Education], Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich, 1997, ISBN 3423360216.
* "The Scientolgy Enemies List" [sic]. Retrieved from http://www.whyaretheydead.net/misc/Factnet/SPLIST.TXT on 12 March 2006.
* Self, Jane ''60 Minutes and the Assassination of Werner Erhard'' Breakthru Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0942540239
* Welkos, Robert W. "Scientologists Ran Campaign to Discredit Erhard, Detective Says". ''Los Angeles Times'', December 29, 1991. Retrieved from [http://www.wernererhard.com/wernererhardlosangelestimes.htm wernererhard.com] on 26 January 2006.
* "Werner Erhard: Debate and Controversy". Retrived from the [http://web.archive.org/web/20040203124701/wernererhard.com/wernererharddebate.htm Internet Archive] on 4 June 2006.
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[[Category:Former Scientologists|Erhard,Werner]]
[[Category:Human Potential Movement]]
[[Category:Personal development]]
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[[Category:New Age]]
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[[Category:1935 births|Erhard, Werner]]
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