|
==Atlanta==
{{Category_Cetaceans}}
===FM===
[[Image:Whaling-french and dead whale.jpeg|right|thumb|The crew of the oceanographic research vessel "Princesse Alice," of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince [[Albert I of Monaco]]) pose while flensing a catch]]
*[[WRAS-FM|WRAS 88.5 Album 88]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[College radio|College Radio]])
'''Whaling''' is the hunting and killing of [[whale]]s. Historically, poor conservation management by many nations led to far more whales being killed than could be sustained and to near extinction in several species.
*[[WECC-FM|WECC The Lighthouse 89.3]] - [[Saint Marys, Georgia|Saint Marys]] ([[Christian]])
*[[WRFG-FM|WRFG 89.3]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] (Local Public Radio)
*[[WABE-FM|WABE 90.1]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[European classical music|Classical music]]/[[NPR]])
*[[WREK|WREK 91.1]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[College radio|College Radio]])
*[[WWEV-FM|WWEV Victory 91.5]] - [[Cumming, Georgia|Cumming]] ([[Christian]])
*[[WCLK-FM|WCLK Jazz 91.9]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[Jazz]])
*[[WZGC-FM|WZGC 92.9 Dave FM]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[Adult album alternative|AAA]])
*[[WVFJ-FM|WVFJ J93.3]] - [[Manchester, Georgia|Manchester]] ([[Christian]])
*[[WSTR-FM|WSTR 94.1 Star 94]] - [[Smyrna, Georgia|Smyrna]] ([[Top 40]])
*[[Pirate Radio|PIRATE Riddim 94.5]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Downtown Atlanta]] ([[Dancehall|Dancehall Reggae]])
*[[WUBL-FM|WUBL 94.9 The Bull]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[Country Music|Country]])
*[[WBTS-FM|WBTS 95.5 The Beat]] - [[Doraville, Georgia|Doraville]] ([[Rhythmic Top 40]])
*[[WKLS-FM|WKLS 96.1 Project 9-6-1]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[Active Rock]])
*[[WVWA-FM|WVWA 96.7 Lite fm]] - [[Peachtree City, Georgia|Peachtree City]] ([[Adult contemporary music|AC]])
*[[WSRV-FM|WSRV 97.1 The River]] - [[Gainesville, Georgia|Gainesville]] ([[Classic Hits]])
*[[WPZE-FM|WPZE Praise 97.5]] - [[Fayetteville, Georgia|Fayetteville]] (Urban [[Gospel]])
*[[WSB-FM|WSB B98.5FM]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[Adult contemporary music|AC]])
*[[WNNX-FM|WNNX 99.7 99X]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[Alternative Rock]])
*[[WNSY-FM|WNSY La Raza 100.1]] - [[Canton, Georgia|Canton]] ([[Regional Mexican]])
*[[WWWQ-FM|WWWQ 100.5 Q100]] - [[College Park, Georgia|College Park]] ([[Top 40]])
*[[WKHX-FM|WKHX Kicks 101.5]] - [[Marietta, Georgia|Marietta]] ([[Country music|Country]])
*[[WLKQ-FM|WLKQ La Raza 102.3]] - [[Buford, Georgia|Buford]] ([[Regional Mexican]])
*[[WAMJ-FM|WAMJ Classic Soul 102.5]] [[Mableton, Georgia|Mableton]] ([[Urban AC]])
*[[WVEE-FM|WVEE 103.3 V103]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ([[Urban contemporary|Urban Contemporary]])
*[[WALR-FM|WALR Kiss 104.1]] - [[LaGrange, Georgia|LaGrange]] ([[R&B oldies|Urban Oldies]])
*[[WFSH-FM|WFSH 104.7 The Fish]] - [[Athens, Georgia|Athens]] ([[Christian]])
*[[WBZY-FM|WBZY 105.3 El Patrón]] - [[Bowdon, Georgia|Bowdon]] ([[Regional Mexican]])
*[[WWVA-FM|WWVA Viva 105.7]] - [[Canton, Georgia|Canton]] ([[Spanish CHR]])
*[[WYAY-FM|WYAY Eagle 106.7]] - [[Gainesville, Georgia|Gainesville]] ([[Country Music|Country]])
*[[WTSH-FM|WTSH 107.1 South 107]] - [[Rockmart, Georgia|Rockmart]] ([[Country music|Country]])
*[[WJZZ-FM|WJZZ Smooth Jazz 107.5]] - [[Roswell, Georgia|Roswell]] ([[Smooth Jazz]])
*[[WHTA-FM|WHTA Hot 107.9]] - [[Hampton, Georgia|Hampton]] ([[Mainstream Urban|Urban]])
===AM===
International cooperation on whaling regulation started in [[1931]] and a number of bi- and multi-lateral agreements exist in this area, the [[International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling]] (ICRW) of [[1946]] being the most important.
*[[WDWD (AM)]] 590 - Atlanta - Radio Disney
*[[WGST (AM)|WGST 640]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] - News/Talk
*[[WCNN (AM)|WCNN 680 the Fan]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] - Sports
*[[WSB (AM)|WSB News Talk 750]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] - News/Talk
*[[WQXI (AM)|WQXI 790 the Zone]] - Sports
*[[WAEC (AM)]] 860 - Atlanta - Christian "Love 86"
*[[WGKA (AM)]] 920 - Atlanta - Conservative News/Talk
*[[WNIV (AM)]] 970 - Atlanta - Christian
*[[WGUN (AM)]] 1010 - Atlanta - Christian
*[[WPBS (AM)]] 1040 - Conyers
*[[WFTD (AM)]] 1080 - Marietta - Korean
*[[WXTO]] 1120 - Smyrna
*[[WLBA (AM)]] 1130 - Gainesville -Regional Mexican [http://www.radiolafavorita.com]
*[[WCFO (AM)]] 1160 - West Point - Business News/Talk [http://www.am1160.net/]
*[[WAFS (AM)]] 1190 - Atlanta - Spanish Religious
*[[WTJH]] 1260 - East Point
*[[WPBC (AM)]] 1310 - Decatur - Korean
*[[WALR (AM)]] 1340 - Atlanta - "Supertalk Atlanta"
*[[WAOK (AM)]] 1380 - Atlanta
*[[WLTA (AM)]] 1400 - Alpharetta - Christian (full time relay of WNIV)
*[[WATB]] 1420 - Decatur
*[[WXEM]] 1460 - Buford - Regional Mexican [http://www.radiolafavorita.com]
*[[WYZE]] 1480 - Atlanta
*[[WAZX (AM)]] 1550 - Smyrna - Spanish
*[[WAOS (AM)]] 1600 - Atlanta - Regional Mexican [http://www.radiolafavorita.com]
*[[WMLB (AM)]] 1690 - Avondale Estates - The Voice of the Arts (eclectic music)[http://www.1690wmlb.com/]
===Other information===
The [[International Whaling Commission]] (IWC) was founded by the ICRW for the purpose of giving management advice to the member nations on the basis of the work of the Scientific Committee.
*[http://jolomo.net/atlanta/radio/radio-history.html History of Atlanta Radio]
*[http://www.wsbhistory.com History of WSB Radio]
==Albany==
IWC decided in [[1982]] to pause commercial whaling on all whale stocks beginning in 1985/86. Since the decision was not based on advice from the Scientific Committee, it is not binding for member states that protest on the basis of article V no.3 in the ICRW. Nations that protested the decision have continued whale hunts, despite the moratorium.
*[[WBJY-FM|WBJY]] 89.3 [[FM radio|FM]] Albany - Americus American Family Radio
*[[WAEF-FM|WAEF]] 90.3 FM Albany - Cordele American Family Radio
*[[WNUQ-FM|WNUQ]] 102.1 FM "Q102" Albany - Top 40 Radio
*[[WASU-FM|WASU]] 92.7 FM Albany Albany State University Jazz Urban Rap
*[[WHKV-FM|WHKV]] 106.1 FM Albany K-Love Christian Contemporary Music
*[[WEGC-FM|WEGC]] 107.7 FM "Mix 107.7" - Albany Adult Contemporary
*[[WUNV-FM|WUNV]] 91.7 FM - Albany, Georgia NPR Georgia Public Radio
*[[WWXC-FM|WWXC]] 90.7 FM - Albany, Georgia Southern Gospel
*[[WKAK-FM|WKAK]] 104.5 FM "K-Country" - Albany, Georgia Country
*[[WJAD-FM|WJAD]] 103.5 FM "Rock 103" - Albany - Leesburg Classic Rock
*[[WOBB-FM|WOBB]] 100.3 FM "B-100" - Albany - Tifton Country
*[[WRAK-FM|WRAK]] 97.3 FM - Albany - Bainbridge Rock Oldies
*[[WSRD-FM|WSRD]] 93.1 FM - Albany Georgia Religious
*[[WQVE-FM|WQVK]] 101.7 FM -Albany, Georgia Pop Hits
*[[WZIQ-FM|WZIQ]] 106.5 FM - Albany - Smithville Religious
*[[WJIZ-FM|WJIZ]] 96.3 FM - Albany Urban
*[[WZBN-FM|WZBN]] 105.5 FM - Albany - Camilla Top 40 Radio
*[[WMRZ-FM|WMRZ]] 98.1 FM - Albany - Dawson Soul R&B Oldies
*[[KEAR-FM|W203AT]] 88.5 FM - Albany Repeater KEAR San Francisco Religious
*W273AE 102.5 FM - Albany Repeater Family Radio Columbus, Georgia Religious
*W286AZ 105.1 FM - Albany K-Love Translator Christian Contemporary
==AM==
Since [[1992]], the IWC Scientific Committee has requested the IWC to give quota proposals for some whale stocks, but this has so far been refused by IWC.
*[[WJYZ (AM)|WJYZ]] 960 kHz Albany Black Gospel
*[[WSRA (AM)|WSRA]] 1250 kHz Albany ESPN Radio
*[[WGPC (AM)|WGPC]] 1450 kHz Albany Fox Sports Radio
*[[WALG (AM)|WALG]] 1590 kHz Albany News Talk
==Athens==
==The history of whaling==
(Not including Atlanta market stations)
* [[KAWZ|W201BJ]]-FM 88.1 ([[Athens, Georgia|Athens]]) - [[Christian Radio|Religious]] ([[Calvary Satellite Network]])
===Pre-historic to medieval times===
* [[WMSL]]-FM "Masterful 88.9" (Athens) - Religious
* [[WYFW]]-FM 89.5 ([[Winder, Georgia|Winder]]) - Religious ([[Family Radio]])
* [[WUOG]]-FM 90.5 (Athens) - [[College Radio]]/[[University of Georgia]]
* [[WUGA]]-FM 91.7 (Athens) - [[Georgia Public Radio]]
* [[WMOQ]]-FM "Real Country Q92.3" ([[Bostwick, Georgia|Bostwick]]) - Classic [[Country Music|Country]]
* [[WUGA|W250AC]]-FM 97.9 (Athens) - WUGA Translator
* [[WPPP]]-LP-FM 100.7 "Hot 100 FM" (Athens) - Commercial-Free [[Rock Music|Rock]]
* [[WGMG]]-FM "Magic 102.1" ([[Crawford, Georgia|Crawford]]) - [[Adult Contemporary]]
* [[WPUP]]-FM "Bulldog 103.7" ([[Royston, Georgia|Royston]], moving to [[Arcade, Georgia|Arcade]]) - [[Adult Alternative]]
* [[WNGC]]-FM 106.1 ([[Toccoa, Georgia|Toccoa]]) - Country
* [[WBKZ]]-AM 880 "Z88" ([[Jefferson, Georgia|Jefferson]]) - [[Urban Contemporary]]/[[Gospel Music]]/[[Blues]]
* [[WRFC]]-AM 960 "The Ref" (Athens) - [[Sports Radio|Sports]]
* [[WIMO]]-AM "News-Talk 1300" (Winder) - News/[[Talk radio|Talk]]
* [[WGAU]]-AM "News-Talk 1340" (Athens) - News/Talk
* [[WXAG]]-AM 1470 "The Light" (Athens) - Gospel Music
* [[WKUN]]-AM 1490 ([[Monroe, Georgia|Monroe]]) - Full Service/[[Southern Gospel]]
==Augusta==
Humans have engaged in whaling since pre-historic times. The oldest known method of catching whales is to simply drive them ashore by placing a number of small boats between the whale and the open sea and attempting to frighten them with noise, activity, and perhaps small, non-lethal weapons such as arrows. Typically, this was used for small [[species]], such as [[Pilot Whale]]s, [[Beluga]]s and [[Narwhal]]s.
*[[WACG-FM|WACG 90.7]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[European classical music|Classical music]])
*[[WLPE-FM|WLPE 91.7]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Religious]])
*[[WAEG-FM|WAEG 92.3]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Alternative Rock]])
*[[WKSX-FM|WKSX 92.7]] - [[Saluda, South Carolina|Saluda]] ([[Oldies]])
*[[WDRR-FM|WDRR 93.9]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Classic Hits]])
*[[WCHZ-FM|WCHZ 95.1]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Rock Music|Rock]])
*[[WKSP-FM|WKSP 96.3]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[R&B]])
*[[WSLT-FM|WSLT 98.3]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Top 40]])
*[[WKXC-FM|WKXC 99.5]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Country]])
*[[WEKL-FM|WEKL 102.3]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Classic Rock]])
*[[WGOR-FM|WGOR 102.7]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Oldies]])
*[[WFXA-FM|WFXA 103.1]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]])
*[[WBBQ-FM|WBBQ 104.3]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Adult contemporary music|AC]])
*[[WIBL-FM|WIBL 105.7]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Country]])
*[[WPRW|WPRW 107.7]] - [[Martinez, Georgia|Martinez]] ([[Hip Hop]])
*[[WGAC-AM|WGAC 580 AM]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Talk radio|Talk]])
*[[WFAM-AM|WFAM 1050 AM]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Christian]])
*[[WKIM-AM|WKIM 1230 AM]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Talk radio|Talk]])
*[[WRDW-AM|WRDW 1480 AM]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Talk radio|Talk]])
*[[WTHB-AM|WTHB 1550 AM]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Gospel]])
*[[WTEL-AM|WTEL 1630 AM]] - [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] ([[Talk radio|Talk]])
==Chattanooga, TN ADI==
The next step was to employ a drogue: a floating object such as a wooden drum or an inflated sealskin which was tied to an [[arrow]] or a [[harpoon]], in the hope that, after a time, the whale would tire enough to be approached and killed. Several cultures around the world practiced whaling with drogues, including the [[Inuit]], [[Native American]]s, and the [[Basque]] people of the [[Bay of Biscay]]. Archaeological evidence from Ulsan in South Korea suggests that drogues, harpoons and lines were being used to kill large whales as early as 6000BC. [[Petroglyph]]s (rock carvings) unearthed by researchers at the Museum of [[Kyungpook National University]] show [[Sperm Whale]]s, [[Humpback Whales]] and [[Northern Right Whale]]s surrounded by boats. Similarly-aged cetacean bones were also found in the area, reflecting the importance of whales in the prehistoric diet of coastal people
*[[WAAKLP-FM|WAAKLP 94.7 FM]] - [[Boynton, GA]] ([[Americana]])
*[[WATG-FM|WATG 95.7 FM]] - [[Trion, GA]] ([[Oldies]])
*[[WBDX-FM|WBDX 102.7 FM]] - [[Trenton, GA]] ([[Christian]])
*[[WBFCLP-FM|WBFCLP 103.7 FM]] - [[Boynton, GA]] ([[Religious]])
*[[WEBS-AM|WEBS 1030 AM]] - [[Calhoun, GA]] ([[oldies]])
*[[WGTA-AM|WGTA 950 AM]] - [[Summerville, GA]] ([[Spanish language|Spanish]])
*[[WJTH-AM|WJTH 900 AM]] - [[Calhoun, GA]] ([[country]])
*[[WKWN-AM|WKWN 1420 AM]] - [[Trenton, GA]] ([[News/Talk]])
*[[WLJA-FM|WLJA 93.5 FM]] - [[Ellijay, GA]] ([[country / gospel]])
*[[WMPZ-FM|WMPZ 93.7 FM]] - [[Ringgold, GA]] ([[Urban AC]])
*[[WPGY-AM|WPGY 1560 AM]] - [[Ellijay, GA]] ([[oldies country]])
*[[WRXR-FM|WRXR 105.5 FM]] - [[Rossville, GA]] ([[ROCK]])
*[[WQCH-FM|WQCH 1590 AM]] - [[LaFayette, GA]] ([[country]])
*[[WTUN-FM|WTUN 101.9 FM]] - [[Ringgold, GA]] ([[urban - simulcast WNOO Chattanooga]])
*[[WUUS-AM|WUUS 980 AM]] - [[Rossville, GA]] ([[oldies]])
*[[WZQZ-AM|WZQZ 1180 AM]] - [[Trion, GA]] ([[Nostalgia]])
==Bowdon==
Reference: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3638853.stm BBC News report on the engravings]
*[[WBZY-FM|WBZY 105.3 El Patron]] - [[Bowdon, Georgia|Bowdon]] ([[Modern Rock]])
==Carrollton==
===The Basque fishery===
*[[WUWG-FM|WUWG]] 90.7 - [[Carrollton, Georgia|Carrollton]] ([[European classical music|Classical music]])
*[[WBTR-FM|WBTR]] 92.1 - [[Carrollton, Georgia|Carrollton]] ([[Country music|Country]])
*[[WCKS-FM|WCKS]] 102.7 - [[Carrollton, Georgia|Carrollton]] ([[Adult contemporary music|AC]])
*[[WKNG-AM|WKNG]] 1060 kHz - [[Carrollton, Georgia|Carrollton]] ([[Country music|Country]])
*[[WLBB-AM|WLBB]] 1330 kHz - [[Carrollton, Georgia|Carrollton]] ([[Talk radio|Talk]])
==Columbus==
By [[medieval]] times, the Basque fishery had become a significant industry, with whale meat and blubber exported to many parts of [[Europe]]. The operation was strictly coastal: watchmen manned lookout towers and when whales were sighted, rang a bell to alert the boat crews. When a whale was killed, it was towed ashore for cutting up and processing.
* [[WIOL-FM]] 95.7 [[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]] ([[Classic Rock]])
* [[WRCG-AM 1420]]-[[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]] News talk
* [[WBUE-FM]] 96.1 [[Columbus, Ga.]] Columbus Religious
* [[WCGQ-FM]] 107.3 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Hot - AC
* [[WDAK-AM]] 540 kHz [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus News Talk
* [[WEAM-AM]] 1580 kHz [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Sports
* [[WEAM-FM]] 100.7 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Gospel
* [[WFRC-FM]] 90.5 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Religious
* [[WFXE-FM]] 104.9 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Hip-Hop
* [[WOKS-AM]] 1340 kHz [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Urban Contemporary
* [[WRCG-AM]] 1420 kHz [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus News Talk
* [[WSHE-AM]] 1270 kHz [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Gospel
* [[WTJB-FM]] 91.7 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Georgia Public Radio/NPR
* [[WVRK-FM]] 102.9 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Rock
* [[WYFK-FM]] 89.5 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Religious
* [[WJSP-FM]] 88.1 [[Columbus - Warm Springs,Georgia]] Georgia Public Radio/NPR
* [[WURY-LP]] 97.1 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Religious
* [[WBUE-LP]] 96.1 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Religious
* [[WGSY-FM]] 100.1 [[Columbus, Georgia]] Columbus Adult Contemporary
* [[WHAL-AM]] 1460 [[Columbus - Phenix City]] Spanish
* [[WRLD-FM]] 95.3 [[Columbus - Valley, Alabama]] Oldies
* [[WAGH-FM]] 98.3 [[Columbus - Fort Mitchell, Alabama]] Urban Contemporary
* [[WSTH-FM]] 106.1 [[Columbus - Alexander City, Alabama]] Country
==Dalton==
The type of whale sought was at that time abundant in the [[North Atlantic]] and particularly in the Bay of Biscay: the [[right whale]]—named because it was the "right" whale to hunt. It was, at least by comparison with other whales, easy to kill, non-aggressive, rich in both [[baleen]] and oil, and above all, the carcass often floated. (The particular right whale hunted was the one now known as the [[Atlantic Northern Right Whale]].)
*[[WQMT-FM|WQMT True Country Georgia99]]-[[Dalton, Georgia|Dalton]] ([[Country]])
*[[WYYU-FM|WYYU Mix 104.5]]-[[Dalton, Georgia|Dalton]] ([[Adult Contemporary]])
*[[WBLJ-AM|WBLJ 1230]]-[[Dalton, Georgia|Dalton]] ([[news/talk]])
*[[WDAL-AM|WDAL 1430]]-[[Dalton, Georgia|Dalton]] ([[Mexican]])
*[[WTTI-AM|WTTI 1530]]-[[Dalton, Georgia|Dalton]] ([[Christian]])
==Gainesville Area==
Eventually, during or before the [[16th century]], Basque whalemen tired of the low success rate of the drogue method (many a harpooned whale would simply swim off into the distance and never be seen again) and adopted the ''fast-fish method'': using the entire whaleboat as a drogue. The technique evolved a great deal over the centuries and varied in detail from one whaling nation to another, but essentially involved having a very long line in the boat that could be paid out as the whale sounded and hauled back in as it neared the surface. After making repeated attempts to escape, the exhausted whale could be killed.
(Not including Atlanta market stations)
*[[WPPR]] 88.3 FM ([[Demorest, Georgia|Demorest]]) - [[Georgia Public Radio]]
*W204BN 88.7 FM ([[Gainesville, Georgia|Gainesville]]) - [[Christian Radio|Religious]] ([[KAWZ]] translator)
*[[WBCX]] 89.1 FM (Gainesville) - [[Jazz]]/[[Adult Standards]]/Variety ([[Brenau College]])
*[[WNGU]] 89.5 FM ([[Dahlonega, Georgia|Dahlonega]]) - [[Georgia Public Radio]]
*[[WRAF-FM|WRAF]] 90.9 FM ([[Toccoa Falls, Georgia|Toccoa Falls]]) - Religious
*[[WWEV]] 91.5 FM ([[Cumming, Georgia|Cumming]]) - [[Contemporary Christian]] - "Victory 91.5"
*[[WCON]] 99.3 FM / 1450 AM ([[Cornelia, Georgia|Cornelia]]) - [[Country Music|Country]]/[[Southern Gospel]]
*[[WAZX]] 101.9 FM ([[Cleveland, Georgia|Cleveland]]) - [[Regional Mexican]]
*[[WMJE]] 102.9 FM ([[Clarkesville, Georgia|Clarkesville]]) - 60s-80s [[Oldies]] - "Majic 102-9"
*[[WKHC]] 104.3 FM (Dahlonega) - Classic Country - "Gold 104.3"
*[[WDUN]] 550 AM (Gainesville) - News/[[Talk radio|Talk]] - "News-Talk 550"
*[[WLBA]] 1130 AM (Gainesville) - Regional Mexican - "La Favorita"-[http://www.radiolafavorita.com]
*[[WDGR]] 1210 AM (Dahlonega) - Ethnic
*[[WGGA]] 1240 AM (Gainesville) - [[Sports Radio|Sports]] - "The Ticket"
*[[WGTJ]] 1330 AM ([[Murrayville, Georgia|Murrayville]]) - Religious - "Glory 1330"
==Jesup==
This was considerably more dangerous than the drogue method but resulted in a higher proportion of successful attempts—something that was becoming a necessity at the time, because although the Basque fishery was tiny by comparison with those of later years, right whales were becoming rare near the coasts of Europe. As early as [[1372]], Basque ships were crossing almost to the other side of the North Atlantic to whale on the [[Grand Banks]] near [[Newfoundland]]. By the late 16th century, right whales were almost exterminated in the eastern North Atlantic and Basque, Norwegian and Icelandic whalers were traveling as far afield as the [[Gulf of St Lawrence]] and to the edges of the [[Greenland]] ice-pack.
Since 1949, WIFO/WLOP are the only [[commercial]] [[radio stations]] [[licensed]] to [[Jesup, Georgia|Jesup]]. Originally, WLOP was WBGR. With the advent of FM radio in the 70's, for a short period of time, the stations were WLOP-FM/WLOP. By 1972, WLOP(Wonderful Land of Progress)-FM became WIFO-FM (and to this day, the [[call letters]] for WIFO (information radio) remain as "WIFO-FM", requiring all six letters as a [[legal id]]-- a rarity in this day and age.)) At various times since the early 1970's through 2006 both stations were [[simulcast]], either 24/7 or only in certain dayparts. Both stations offer current local news and local sports; few small market radio stations offer specialized live programming at the quality level of FM-105.5/AM-1370, including sports broadcasts of local teams.
A [[fire]] [[December 7]] 2005 destroyed the original [[1949]] studios; three days later, [[(12/10/05)]] WIFO was on air from temporary studios. Since 6/24/2006, WIFO and WLOP operate independently with separate formats from new studios at the original site.
*[[WIFO-FM]][http://www.bigdogcountry.com] [[105.5 FM]] [[Jesup, Georgia|Jesup]] - '''[[Big Dog]] [[Country]]''' [http://www.bigdogcountry.com]; [[Wayne County, Georgia|Wayne County]] [[High School]][http://www.wayne.k12.ga.us/WCHS/firstpage.htm] [[Sports]], [[Atlanta Braves]], [[Atlanta Falcons]], [[Jacksonville Jaguars]], [[University of Georgia]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]], [[Georgia Southern]]-- [[Local]] [[News]], Butch and Bob Show. WIFO is the only [[FM]] [[Atlanta Braves]] [[Affiliate]] in [[Southeast Georgia]], and one of the oldest, covering [[Glynn County, GA]] and [[Waycross]] since [[1971]].
*[[WLOP]][http://www.wlop1370.com] [[1370 AM]] [[Jesup, Georgia|Jesup]] '''[[Fox Sports Radio]]'''-- [[Jim Rome]] 12-3 Weekdays; [[Atlanta Braves]], [[Jacksonville Jaguars]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]], [[Georgia Southern]], [http://www.wlop1370.com] Since 1949, All Sports All the Time. WLOP covers a large portion of Southeast Georgia, Including Waycross, Brunswick and Savannah during daytime operation; as usual with most AM stations, coverage becomes local during nighttime operation. WLOP does double duty on certain days in March/April/September for Braves fans, broadcasting the Braves while local sports are on FM 105.5
==Macon==
===The Atlantic Arctic fishery===
===FM===
*[[WEAM FM|WEAM]] 100.7 - [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]]
[[Image:Whaling-dangers of the whale fishery.jpeg|right|thumb|"Dangers of the whale fishery"]]
*[[WLVN FM|WLVN]] 97.1 - Macon
With the Atlantic Northern Right Whale nearing commercial extinction in the early [[17th century]], news came from fur traders sailing to [[Arkhangelsk|Archangel]] of vast numbers of another type of right whale far to the north. Originally known as the ''Greenland Right Whale'', it is better known now by the name given to it by American whalemen in later years, the [[Bowhead Whale]]. The initial rush to the "Northern Goldfield" started with an English company in [[1611]] and centered on the waters near [[Spitzbergen]]. A five-way international struggle soon developed over whaling rights: there were armed clashes between whaling crews and naval vessels were sent to provide extra firepower. In [[1618]], the English fleet was so embroiled in the struggle against other whalers that it returned from Spitzbergen without having caught a single whale.
*[[WKZR FM|WKZR]] 102.3 - Macon
*[[WBKG FM|WBKG]] 88.9 - Macon (Religious)
*[[WLZN FM|WLZN]] 92.3 - Macon (Blazin) Hip Hop
*[[WPEZ FM|WPEZ]] 93.7 - Macon - Jefferson, Georgia (AC)
*[[WMGB FM|WMBG]] 95.1 - Macon (Top 40)
*[[WDXQ-FM|WDXQ]] 96.7 - Cochran (Classic Hits - "96Q")
*[[WMGZ-FM|WMGZ]] 97.7 - Milledgeville (Hot AC - "Z97")
*[[WIBB-FM|WIBB]] 97.9 - Macon (Urban - Hip Hop "97.9 WIBB")
*[[WQXZ-FM|WQXZ]] 98.3 - Pinehurst/Hawkinsville (Oldies - "Qwixie 98.3")
*[[WDEN-FM|WDEN]] 99.1 - Macon (Country)
*[[WQSA-FM|WQSA]] 99.9 - Unadilla/Warner Robins (AC - "Sunny 99.9")
*[[WRBV-FM|WRBV]] 101.7 - Macon (Urban AC - "V101.7")
*[[WEBL-FM|WEBL]] 102.5 - Macon (Country - "THE BULL")
*[[WRPG-FM|WRPG]] 103.9 - Hawkinsville/Macon (News/Talk - "103-9 The Patriot")
*[[WIFN-FM|WIFN]] 105.5 - Macon (Sports)
*[[WQBZ-FM|WQBZ]] 106.3 - Macon (AOR - Classic Rock 'n' Roll - "Q106")
*[[WFXM-FM|WFXM]] 107.1 - Macon - Gordon, Georgia (Urban Contemporary)
*[[WWWD-FM|WWWD]] 102.1 - Macon - Bolingbroke, Georgia Christian Contemporary
*W282AE 104.3 - Macon (Religious)
*[[WQMJ-FM|WQMJ]] 100.1 - Macon - Forsyth, Georgia (Rhythmic Oldies)
==Saint Marys==
A compromise peace was negotiated shortly afterwards, and for the next 30 years whalers of many nations conducted the "Bay Fishery". Bowhead Whales were present in such numbers that there was no need to leave the coastal waters in search of them. Whalers sailed to Spitzbergen, anchored, and set up temporary processing stations on the shore for the summer season. Fleets of three or four small, open boats called shallops would work together to catch and kill a whale, then tow it ashore for flensing (cutting the blubber into long strips) ready to be boiled down into oil, which was stored in wooden casks.
*[[WECC-FM|WECC]] 89.3 - Saint Marys -[[Christian]]
Semi-permanent shore stations were established and, for the 30-odd years that the boom lasted, the Dutch whaling settlement of [[Smeerenburg]] north-west of Spitzbergen hosted hundreds of whaling ships each year. By [[1645]], the coastal whales had been exterminated and Smeerenburg was deserted. The hunt for Bowhead Whales continued on the open seas.
===AM===
Gradually, whaling ships became more self-sufficient. Flensing took place on any nearby shore, then on ice-floes (it became the custom to moor the ship to a large [[Ice floe|ice-floe]] and drift south with it for the season) and eventually on the open seas with the carcasses tied to the side of the ship. Different nations adopted different methods: most packed the blubber into casks to be boiled down ashore; the Basques (and a hundred years later the Americans) preferred to risk the perils of fire on a wooden boat to boil down their oil while at sea.
*[[WCEH (AM)|WCEH]] 610 AM - Hawkinsville (Country)
As Bowhead Whales became scarce in the North Atlantic, operations shifted to ever more difficult areas. The [[Davis Strait]] (between [[Newfoundland]] and [[Greenland]]) was fished out, and whalers penetrated into [[Baffin Bay]], then still further north-east past the [[Melville Bay]] ice-pack into what was known as the ''North Water''. Ships were lost in the ice every year, many ships in bad years. In [[1830]], of the 91 British ships to enter Davis Straits, 19 were lost.
*[[WBML (AM)|WBML]] 900 [[AM radio|AM]] - Macon (Religious)
*[[WMAC(AM)|WMAC]] 940 AM - Macon (Talk)
*[[WMNZ (AM)|WMNZ]] 1050 AM - Macon
*[[WXKO (AM)|WXKO]] 1150 AM - Macon
*[[WDDO (AM)|WDDO]] 1240 AM - Macon (Gospel)
*[[WLCG (AM)|WLCG]] 1280 AM - Macon (Gospel - "The Light")
*[[WNNG (AM)|WNNG]] 1350 AM - Warner Robins (Adult Standards - "America's Best Music Wing 1350")
*[[WNEX (AM)|WNEX]] 1400 AM - Macon (Sports)
*[[WDCO (AM)|WDCI]] 1440 AM - Cochran (Gospel - "Solid Gospel 1440")
*[[WAYS (AM)|WAYS]] 1500 AM - Macon (Oldies)
*[[WMVG (AM)|WMVG]] 1450 - Macon
*[[WVVM (AM)|WVVM]] 1670 AM - Macon (Regional Mexican - "VIVA 1670")
==Savannah==
The few remaining Atlantic Bowhead Whales became prohibitively expensive to hunt. By the early [[20th century]], there were only a handful of ships left whaling in the North Atlantic, and although whalebone could be sold for £3500 a ton, there was little to be had. In [[1910]], for example, 10 Scottish whalers sailed for the Arctic but between then returned with 18 Pilot Wales, 389 Belugas, 1697 [[Walrus]]es, 4549 seals, 242 [[Polar Bear]]s, and no Bowhead Whales at all.
*[[WLXP-FM|WLXP 88.1]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Christian]])
*[[WYFS-FM|WYFS 89.5]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Christian]])
*[[WHCJ-FM|WHCJ 90.3 Savannah State]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[College Radio]])
*[[WSVH-FM|WSVH 91.1 Public Radio]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[European classical music|Classical music]])
*[[WSGA-FM|WSGA Smooth Jazz 92.3]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Adult Hits]])
*[[WEAS|WEAS E93 93.1]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Urban contemporary|Urban]])
*[[WQBT-FM|WQBT 94.1 The Beat]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Urban contemporary|Urban]])
*[[WIXV-FM|WIXV I-95 95.5 FM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Classic Rock]])
*[[WJCL-FM|WJCL Kix-96 96.5 FM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Country music|Country]])
*[[WAEV|WAEV 97-3 Kiss FM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[CHR|Top 40]])
*[[WGCO-FM|WGCO Oldies 98.3]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]([[Oldies]])
*[[WYKZ-FM|WYKZ 98.7 The River]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]([[Adult contemporary]])
*[[WSSJ-FM|WSSJ Smooth Jazz 100.1 100.1]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Smooth Jazz]])
*[[WLVH-FM|WLVH Love 101.1]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Urban AC]])
*[[WZAT-FM|WZAT Z102 102.1 FM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[CHR|Top 40]])
*[[WGZO-FM|WGZO 103.1 The Drive]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Classic Hits]])
*[[WTYB-FM|WTYB Magic 103.9]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Urban AC]])
*[[WTHG-FM|WTHG 104.7 the Hawk]]- [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Classic Rock]])
*[[WWJN-FM|WWJN 104.9 John FM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Freeform]])
*[[WRHQ-FM|WRHQ Quality Rock Q105.3]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Rock AC]])
*[[WFXH-FM|WFXH Rock 106.1]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Alternative rock]])
*[[WGZR-FM|WGZR Lucky Dog Country 106.9]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Country music|Country]])
*[[WLOW-FM|WLOW 107.9 The Coast]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Soft AC]])
*[[WBMQ-AM|WBMQ 630 AM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[News/Talk]])
*[[WJLG-AM|WJLG 900 AM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Gospel]])
*[[WSOK-AM|WSOK 1230 AM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Gospel]])
*[[WTKS-AM|WTKS 1290 AM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[News/Talk]])
*[[WHGM-AM|WHGM 1400 AM]] - [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] ([[Gospel]])
==Valdosta==
When the [[First World War]] broke out, the fishery was abandoned completely.
*[[WVVS-FM|WVVS 90.9]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Valdosta State University]])
*[[WWET-FM|WWET 91.7]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Public radio]])
===The Pacific Arctic fishery===
*[[WAAC-FM|WAAC 92.9 "92.9 Country"]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Country music|Country]])
*[[WQPW-FM|WQPW 95.7 "Mix 96"]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Top 40]])
American whalers were active participants in the hunt for Right and Bowhead Whales in the North Atlantic and the Arctic through the 18th and 19th centuries, and as Atlantic stocks dwindled, whalers from the United Stated switched their attention to the North Pacific. Here, the [[Pacific Northern Right Whale]]—a species very nearly identical to the familiar but now scarce [[Atlantic Northern Right Whale]]—was as-yet unexploited.
*[[WGOV-FM|WGOV 96.7 "Magic 95 & 96.7 FM"]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Hip Hop & R&B]])
*[[WAFT-FM|WAFT 101.1]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Christian]])
As had been the case in the Atlantic, stocks in the more readily accessible areas were soon depleted, and in [[1848]] the first of many American whalers pushed north through the [[Bering Strait]] into the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Bowhead Whales were plentiful, and during the [[1870s]] the American Arctic fishery became the largest in the world. It was a short-lived boom, however, as the Pacific Arctic was fished out within just a few decades.
*[[WWRQ-FM|WWRQ 107.9]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Rock music|Rock]])
*[[WGOV-AM|WGOV 950 AM]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Hip Hop & R&B]])
===The Sperm Whale fishery===
*[[WJEM-AM|WJEM 1150 AM]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Gospel]])
*[[WVLD-AM|ESPN Radio 1450 AM]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] ([[Sports Talk]])
[[Image:jonahsperm.png|left|Jonah Sperm Oil, an old label]]Along the eastern seaboard of the United States, a relatively small-scale shore-based whaling industry was well established by the middle of the 17th century, mostly using the drogue method, and hunting both Right and [[Humpback Whale|Humpback]] whales. Humpbacks usually sink after death, but are placid and easy to approach. They were usually taken close inshore and buoyed: after a few days, decomposition gasses would bring the carcass to the surface, from where it could be towed onto a beach and cut up at low tide.
*[[WTHV-AM WTHV 810 AM]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] - [[Hahira, Georgia|Hahira]], Georgia Religious
*[[WVGA-FM 105.9]] News Radio - [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] - [[Lakeland, Georgia|Lakeland]], Georgia News Radio
The coastal fishery slowly dwindled as inshore stocks were exhausted. The inefficient drogue method (which had allowed many whales to escape, usually to die afterwards) was gradually abandoned in favour of the efficient but more dangerous fast fish method. By the middle years of the 18th century, the coastal fishery had drawn to a close. In the meantime, however, [[New England]] whalers had discovered how to catch the [[Sperm Whale]]—a species previously considered impossible to hunt.
*[[WSTI-FM 105.3]] [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] - [[Quitman, Georgia|Quitman]], Georgia Urban Contemporary
*[[WXHT-FM 102.7]] [[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]] - [[Madison, Florida|Madison]], Florida Top 40
In [[1700]] a Sperm Whale was stranded at [[Nantucket]] and when boiled down by the villagers, proved to yield very high quality oil. In [[1712]] a small Nantucket whaler, blown off-course in a gale, chanced upon a Sperm Whale and succeeded not only in killing it, but also in towing the carcass back to shore. Within a few years, deep-sea whalers were operating from several New England ports to hunt Sperm Whales.
{{USRadio|state=Georgia}}
[[Category:Lists of radio stations|Georgia (U.S. state)]]
Initially, the blubber was cut into blocks and stored in barrels to be boiled down at shore stations, but this soon proved impractical as, unlike the baleen whales, Sperm Whales are mainly found in tropical and temperate waters, where decomposition is rapid. In consequence, as ships grew bigger and voyages longer, the New England whalemen constructed brick tryworks on the decks: pairs of large copper vats, fueled by blubber scrap fires and cooled by a tray of sea water underneath to prevent the deck catching alight. The oil was drawn off into barrels; the [[spermaceti]] and [[ambergris]] (if any) stored separately, and the remainder of the carcass cut loose to be eaten by sharks.
[[Category:Radio stations in Georgia (U.S. state)|List]]
American whalers introduced several other innovations, including the ''cutting-in stage'' (a wooden platform that could be lowered beside the ship to aid in flensing on the high seas), and a lighter, double-ended whaleboat with a complicated and dangerous pulley system running down its length, which allowed the entire crew to grasp the whaleline when hauling in a tiring but still active Sperm Whale.
The American whaling industry boomed. Despite the near-total destruction of the fleet by the [[American War of Independence]] and the [[War of 1812]], in [[1846]] it reached its peak with no less than 732 ships, most of them engaged in the Sperm Whale fishery. Other countries followed suit and as early as [[1788]] a British whaler rounded [[Cape Horn]], entering the [[Pacific Ocean]] and extending the Sperm Whale hunt to the South Seas. The American fleet began to follow in [[1791]]—the first being the ''Beaver'' of Nantucket (the same ship that had previously been involved with the [[Boston Tea Party]]).
As the Sperm Whales of the Atlantic were fished out, the Pacific became increasingly important to the industry, and voyages of two and even four years became routine. (It was said, not entirely in jest, that a Southseasman did not bother to say goodbye to his family if embarking on a mere transatlantic voyage.) For the newly-settled English colonies of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], the proximity of the southern whaling grounds provided the first real export industry.
Three events brought the Sperm Whale fishery to a close. First, even the vast Pacific Ocean was becoming fished out. Second came the [[American Civil War]] and a third wholesale destruction of the United States whaling fleet. Finally, there came the discovery of [[petroleum]] in [[1859]], which over next few decades began to push the price of whale oil down. The American industry gradually faded away, the long-established New England ports giving way to [[San Francisco]] and [[Honolulu]], and most whalers spending the northern summer in the Pacific Arctic hunting Bowheads, and the Austral summer in the south Pacific. By the end of the century, low oil prices and scarce whales had brought the Sperm Whale fishery to a close.
===The rorqual fishery===
Up until the later years of the 19th century, [[rorqual]]s were never hunted. Despite the obvious attractions—rorquals were plentiful in many waters, and offered vast quantities of both whalebone and blubber—they were simply too dangerous and difficult to handle. Until this time, the only rorqual fishery of any note had been the short-lived and strictly shore-based taking of the relatively small Humpback Whale off the coast of New England.
A gun for killing whales was not a new idea. Guns had been fitted into the bows of whaleboats as far back as [[1732]], but never become popular, mainly because it was too difficult to aim them accurately from a small boat on a rough sea, but also because it formed an obstruction in the bows of the boat, and because the noise of it scared other whales away. The steam-driven whaler was not a new idea either: these had become common in the dying days of the North Atlantic fishery, and had allowed whalers to venture further into the northern ice packs in search of the last few Bowhead Whales than had been possible with sail and oars. The explosive head was also an old idea. Two variants, the ''bomb-lance'' and the ''darting-gun'' were in common use in the Arctic fishery, particularly when hunting small, fairly easily-killed species such as [[Pilot whale|pilot]] and the [[bottlenose whale|bottlenose]] whales.
The combination of these three well-known technologies, however, ''was'' new when, in [[1865]], Svend Foyn of [[Norway]] mounted a harpoon-gun with an explosive head in the bows of a small, steam-driven whaler, with the intention of hunting the only whales that were still common in Scandinavian waters, the rorquals.
To begin with, the steam catchers were underpowered (they still relied on sail for most purposes), small enough to have great difficulty in hauling in a large [[Blue Whale|Blue]] or [[Fin Whale|Fin]] Whale, and they operated from shore stations. It took about 20 years for the innovation to become widespread.
In previous times, the commercial exploitation of whales was a major business, supporting large fleets engaged in their pursuit. In the heyday of whaling during the 19th and early 20th centuries, large species such as the [[Humpback Whale]] and [[Blue Whale]] were the primary targets. Whaling ships often spent years at sea with little or no contact with the rest of humanity. Whales were primarily hunted for the oil contained in their bodies. Some species, once abundant, were killed in numbers reaching tens of thousands annually, and approached extinction. By the mid-20th century, with the depletion of the stocks, the declining market for whale oil, and general public disapprobation of the hunting of rare species, commercial whaling decreased to the point where the industry nearly vanished.
The subject of whaling is central to the novel ''[[Moby Dick]]'' by the [[United States|American]] novelist [[Herman Melville]].
==Modern Whaling==
Whaling is regulated by the [[International Whaling Commission]], set up in [[1946]] by the [[United Nations]] [[International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling]]. On [[July 23]], [[1982]] the International Whaling Commission decided to end commercial whaling by 1985-86. Although whale oil has little commercial value today, whale meat has come to be considered a delicacy, particularly in Japan.
The primary species hunted today is the [[Minke Whale]], the smallest of the baleen whales. Recent scientific surveys estimate a population of 180,000 in the central and North East Atlantic and 700,000 around Antarctica. The IWC has recently ( 2003 ) began a multi-year survey in Antarctic waters to update current population estimates and Norway has been conducting multi-year surveys each year since 1995 as required by their membership of the IWC. Some researchers have suggested that this species is endangering [[fish]] populations. This has lead for calls that the International Whaling Commission revise its regulations to give greater emphasis to species-by-species analysis rather than treating all whales as a monolithic group. Other researchers reject the notion the fish populations are highly sensitive to very slowly increasing whale populations.
===The arguments for and against whaling===
====The conservation status of whale species.====
[[Image:Whale_status_graph.PNG|thumb|300px|right|A graph indicating the relative safety of each whale species versus how often the species was hunted historically indicated]]
The conservation status of whale species according to IUCN Red List is as follow
* Extinct
: Atlantic Gray Whale (extinct in 1700s - prior to red list records)
* Critically Endangered
: None
* Endangered
:[[Sei Whale]], [[Blue Whale]], [[Fin Whale]] and [[Right Whale]].
* Vulnerable
:[[Beluga]], [[Humpback Whale]] and [[Sperm Whale]]
* Lower Risk/Consevation Dependent
:[[Bowhead Whale]], [[Antarctic Minke Whale]], [[Arnoux's Beaked Whale]], [[Baird's Beaked Whale]], [[Southern Right Whale]], [[Grey Whale]], [[Short-finned Pilot Whale]], [[Northern Bottlenose Whale]] and [[Southern Bottlenose Whale]]
* Lower Risk/Near Threatened
:[[Minke Whale]]
* Lower Risk/Least Concern
:[[Pygmy Right Whale]], [[Long-Finned Pilot Whale]], [[Pygmy Sperm Whale]], [[Dwarf Sperm Whale]] and [[Melon-headed Whale]]
(Other species of whales are listed as Data Deficient)
Today there is widespread agreement around the world that it is morally wrong to exterminate a species of animal for food. The past mismanagement of whale stocks has depeleted overall whale population to significant extent and four species of whale are still endangered. As the graph to the right indicates, the conservative status of whales are strongly correlated with the the past hunt. Thus it is unlikely, for instance, that the Blue Whale will be hunted again for the foreseeable future because its population levels have remain stagnant since the hunting ban on them in the 1960s. Several species, especially minke whale, on the other hand, were never endangered and other species of whales has shown sign of recovery. It is those species of whales that pro-whaling side wish to hunt commercially. However, it should be noted that Sei Whale which is listed as endangered is still killed by Icelandic and Japanese whalers under the auspices of scientific research. Japan insist the species has swelled from 9,000 in 1978 to about 28,000 and that catch of 50 Sei Whales per year is safe.
====Organic growth; Method of killing====
Farming whales in captivity has never been attempted and would almost certainly be logistically impossible. Thus unlike many the farming of many animals, whale meat is grown entirely organically. However whales are killed using [[explosive harpoon]]s, which puncture the skin of the whale and then explode inside the body. Anti-whaling campaigners say this method of killing is cruel, particularly if carried out by unexperienced whaler because the whale can take several minutes to die. In March 2004, Whalewatch, an umbrella group of 140 conservation and animal welfare groups from 55 countries published a report, ''Troubled Waters'', whose main conclusion was that whales cannot be guaranteed to be killed humanely and that all whaling should be stopped. They quoted figures that said 20% of Norwegian- and 60% of Japanese-killed whales failed to die as soon as they had been harpooned. John Opdahl of the Norwegian embassy in London, responded by saying that Norwegian authorities worked with the IWC to develop the most humane killing methods. He said that the average time taken for a whale to die having been shot was the same as or less as those animals killed by [[big game hunting|big game hunters]] on safari. ''Troubled Waters'' is available [http://www.wspa.org.uk/data/080304_173035_TroubledWatersWhaleReport.pdf here] in [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] format. Whalers also say that this free roaming lifestyle followed by a quick death is less cruel than the long-term suffering of battery farmed animals also used to provide food.
The pro-whaling High North Alliance points to apparent inconsistencies in the policies of some anti-whaling nations. For instance, the United Kingdom allows the commercial shooting of deer without these shoots adhering to the standards of British slaughterhouses, but says that whalers must meet these standards as a pre-condition before they would support whaling. [http://www.highnorth.no/Library/Ethics/be-uk-wh.htm A High North article on the issue]
====The economic argument====
Many researchers say that the whales that are killed are those that are most curious about boats and thus the easiest to approach and kill. However these individuals are also the most valuable to the whale-watching industry, as these "friendly" whales easiest means of providing an experience to their customers. The argument over whether whales are worth more dead than alive is complex and unfinished. Naturally the whale-watching industry, and those opposed to whaling on moral grounds, claim that once all benefits to local economies such as hotels, restaurants and other tourist amenities are factored in, and the fact that a whale can only be killed once but watched many times, the economic balance weighs firmly down on the side of not hunting whales.
This economic argument is a particular bone of contention in Iceland, which has amongst the most-developed whale-watching operations in the world and where hunting of Minke Whales began again in August 2003. The argument is less applicable to the Antarctic waters, where Japan wishes to hunt as Minke Whales are more abundant there and there are far fewer whale-watching cruises.
Whales are the largest animals in the world, a single whale kill provides more meat than with any other animal. Whaling and its associated activities continue to provide employment and economic stimulant for fishery, logistic, restaurant and other related industries.
====Indigenous cultures====
Whaling is an ancient tradition in some indigenous cultures, and it's argued that one should not interfere with that. Dispensations are generally given for cases under the guise of "subsistence whaling" (see for instance the Greenland and Caribbean sections below). These dispensations are also the subject of fierce debate. Japan, for instance, insists that eating of whale meat is part of their indigenous culture but dispensation is not given for this claim. Further Greenlandic whale meat can be bought in supermarkets in the country - which suggests that the hunting is not being carried out at a subsistence level envisaged by the original treaty.
====Intelligence====
The issue of the extent of [[cetacean intelligence]] is also hotly debated. Anti-whaling campaigners and nations say that cetaceans are amongst most intelligent of all non-humans and thus it is morally wrong to kill them for food. However, those in favour of whaling point out that pigs are also amongst the most intelligent of mammals and say that it thus inconsistent to claim that pigs should be used for food, and whales not, other considerations notwithstanding. Most of the research on cetacean intelligence has been behavioral inference tests carried out on dolphins. For example, the Bottlenose Dolphin was able to recognize their image in a mirror. But in other research, they scored lower than ferrets in a test of learning set formation. Generally, both dolpine and pig's intelligence are rated higher than dogs. It is nearly impossible to duplicate these type of tests for whales on the other hand.
====Fishing====
Whalers say that whaling is an essential condition for the successful operation of commercial fisheries, and thus plentiful availability of food from the sea that consumers have become accustomed to. This argument is made particularly forcefully in Atlantic fisheries, for example the [[Atlantic_cod#North-East_Atlantic_Cod|cod]]-[[capelin]] system in the [[Barents Sea]]. A [[Minke Whale]] eats 10 kg fish meat per kg, which puts a heavy predation pressure on commercial species directly or indirectly. Thus whalers say that an annual cull of whales is needed in order that fish be available for humans. Anti-whaling campaigners say that the pro-whaling argument is inconsistent: If the catch of whales is sufficiently small to affect whale numbers, it will also be insufficiently small to affect fish numbers. Thus to make more fish available, they say, sufficiently many whales will have to be killed to put populations at risk. Pro-whaling side argue that purpose of culling is to put population at check not to put populations at risk.
Professor Daniel Pauly ([http://www.fisheries.ubc.ca/members/dpauly/ credentials]) and Director of the Fisheries Centre at the University of British Columbia weighed into the debate in July 2004 when he presented a paper to the 2004 meeting of the IWC in Sorrento. Pauly's primary research is investigating the reasons for the decline in fish stocks in the Atlantic, under the auspices of the Sea Around Us Project. However this report was commissioned by the Humane Society International, one of anti-whaling lobbies. The report says that although cetaceans and pinnipeds are estimated to eat 600m tonnes of food per year, compared with just 150m tonnes eaten by humans <sup>(*)</sup>, the type much of the food that cetaceans eat (in particular deep sea squid and krill) is not eaten by human. Moreover, the reports says, the locations where whales and humans catch fish only overlap to a small degree. In an interview with the BBC Pauly said "The bottom line is that humans and marine mammals can co-exist. There's no need to wage war on them in order to have fish to catch. And there's certainly no cause to blame them for the collapse of the fisheries. It's really cynical and irresponsible for Japan to claim that the developing countries would benefit from a cull of marine mammals. It's the rich countries that are sucking the fish out of the poor countries' own seas." In the report Pauly also considers more indirect effects of whale eating on the availability of fish for fisheries. He continues to conclude that whales are not a significant reason for diminish fish stocks.
However, the dietary behaviour of whales differ among species as well as season, ___location and availability of prey. For example, Sperm Whales's prey species are in general dominated by mesopelagetic squid. However, in Iceland, they are reported to consume mainly fish (Sigurjónsson, et al 1998). Minke Whales are known to eat wide range of species including krill, capeline, herring, sand lance, mackerel, but gadoids, cod, saithe and haddock (Haug et al, 1996). Mink Whales are estimated to consume 633,000 tons of Atlantic herring per year in part of Northeast Atlantic (Folkow et al, 1997). Net loss of five tones of cod and herring fishery per an extra mink whales are estimated to result in Barents Seas. (Schweder, et al, 2000)
*Sigurjónsson, J. and Víkingsson, G.A. 1998. Seasonal abundance of and estimated prey consumption by cetaceans in Icelandic and adjacent waters. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci.)
*Haug, T., Lindstrøm, U., Nilssen, K.T., Røttingen, I. And Skaug, H.J. 1996. Diet and food availability for northeast Atalantic minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Rep. int. Whal. Commn
*Folkow LP, Haug T, Nilsen KT, Nordøy ES (1997) Estimated prey consumption of minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata in Northeast Atlantic waters in 1992-1995. Document ICES CM 1997/GG:01.
*Schweder, T., Hagen, G.S. and Hatlebakk, E. 2000. Direct and indirect effects of minke whale abundance on cod and herring fisheries: A scenario experiment for the Greater Barents Sea. NAMMCO Scientific publications
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3906775.stm BBC News report on Pauly's findings]
(*) These are Pauly's figures. Researchers at the Institute for Cetacean Research gave figures of 90m tonnes for humans and 249-436m tonnes for cetaceans. Reference [http://www.icrwhale.org/eng/56Estimation.pdf]
===Whaling nations===
====Norway====
[[Norway]] is the only country to have registered an objection to the International Whaling Commission moratorium, and is thus not bound by it. In 1993 Norway resumed an openly commercial catch, following a period of five years where a small catch was made, justified by the Norwegian industry as for scientific purposes. The catch is made solely from the North-east Atlantic Minke Whale population, which is estimated to consist of about 110,000 animals. The number of whales caught by Norwegian whalers has been growing steadily in recent years:
:1993 226
:1994 280
:1995 218
:1996 388
:1997 503
:1998 625
:1999 589
:2000 487
:2001 552 (Quota 549)
:2002 634 (Quota 671)
:2003 670 (Quota 711)
:2004 (Quota 670)
(''Sources: Most sources quote the [[High North Alliance]], a pro-whaling lobby operated by Norwegian whalers''. Quotas are set by the Norwegian government).
Prior to the moratorium, Norway caught around 2,000 Minkes per year. The North Atlantic hunt is divided into five areas and lasted from early May to late August. Norway exports a limited amount of whale meat to the Faroes and Iceland. It has been attempting to export to Japan for several years, though this has been hampered by legal protests and concerns in the Japanese domestic market about the effects of pollution on Atlantic whales.
Those opposed to whaling say that this export is a violation of the spirit of the IWC moratorium, which the High North Alliance says it adheres to. Commenting in June 2003, British fisheries minister Elliot Morley said "We believe the Norwegian whaling is against the spirit of the moratorium. They say it's legal, and it's true they registered an objection when the moratorium was agreed by the commission, so under IWC rules they're allowed to continue hunting. But we think it goes against the spirit of the ban, and certainly their attempts to export the meat are illegal. They're desperate to find an export market, and that shows the whaling isn't for domestic consumption - and it's not sustainable."
In May 2004 the Norwegian Parliament passed a resolution to increase considerably the number of Minkes hunted each up - upto 1,800 animals per year by 2006. The move would have to be agreed to the fisheries ministry that sets the quota. The fisheries ministry also proposed a satellite tracking programme to monitor numbers of other species as possible prelude to resuming hunting of them. Commenting on this proposal Rune Frovik of the High North Alliance said "The proposal appears to apply in principle to virtually any species except [[Bowhead Whale|Bowheads]] and [[Blue Whale]]s, though in practice I think the government is most interested in assessing stocks of [[Fin Whale|Fins]], [[Humpback Whale|Humpbacks]], [[Pilot Whale|pilot whales]] and several [[dolphin]]s."
'''References:''' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3753919.stm BBC report on Norwegian Parliament proposals]
====Japan====
[[Japan]] kills some whales, mainly amongst the south Pacific population of [[Minke Whale]], each year. The purpose of this killing is hotly, and perhaps irreconcilably, disputed by the pro- and anti- whaling lobbies. Fundamentally, the Japanese Government and those who manage its whaling activities say the whaling is for scientific research. Those opposed to whaling, such as the governments of the United States and other western countries, say the whaling is a thinly-disguised way of carrying out commercial whaling.
Prior to the general moratorium on whaling to which Japan is a signatory, Japan carried out commercial whaling activities. One of the main dividing issues in the implementation of the moratorium was the reliability of existing data on whale population. Critics of existing data argued that existing data are inappropriate for estimating population dynamics, as they are derived mostly from commercial sources which are unrepresentative in terms of age, sex and distribution. This criticism in turn provided a rationale for Japan to push for whaling for scientific purpose.
Following the moratorium's introduction. Japan continued whaling the next summer under the provision of the scientific research clause in the treaty enforcing the moratorium. Those building the anti-whaling argument point out that this catch used the same boats, crew and equipment going to the same area of the Pacific Ocean as the previous year's catch. Japan says that the scientific research is genuine and absolutely necessary. Indeed it seeks to provide answers to questions about the number of whales, age composition, sex ratio, and natural mortality rate of whales, in order to ascertain whether a commercial catch would be sustainable.
The research is conducted under the auspices of the [[Institute of Cetacean Research]]. The institute is privately-owned but non-profit. The institute receives its funding from whaling company Kyodo Senpaku and from government subsidies. Kyodo Senpaku was formed in 1987 (formerly Kyodo Hogei, since 1976) and is a consolidation of earlier whaling departments of Japanese fisheries. Kyodo Senpaku is a for-profit company that conducts the collection, processing and selling wholesale of the whale specimens on behalf of the research institute. It sells roughly US$60 million worth of whale products each year. It is a requirement of IWC membership to sell any meat taken from research catches.
Neither the International Whaling Commission nor its scientific committee have requested any research by the institute, and both have repeatedly criticized Japanese whaling, and called for it to cease. Even Japanese public at large appear to consider this activity to be a cover, however, they appear to consider such tactics to be justifiable in response to perceived dysfunctional nature of IWC which has yet to lift its moratorium on non-endangered whale species such as mink whale.
In July 2004 it was reported (see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3892909.stm]) that a working group of the Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic has drawn up plans to leave the IWC in order to join a new pro-whaling organization, or [[NAMMCO]], because of the IWC's refusal to back the principle of sustainable commercial whaling. Japan is particularly opposed to the IWC's conservative committee, introduced in 2003, which it says exist solely to prevent any whaling, and the report says Japan plans to withhold some of its IWC membership fee.
'''References:''' An excellent explanation of the Japanese government's position on whaling is given in the book ''The Truth Behind The Whaling Dispute'' by Masayuki Komatsu, lead Japanese delegate to the IWC. It is available online in PDF format [http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/whale/document/whalebk.pdf here].
====Iceland====
[[Iceland]] has a long tradition of subsistence whaling. Indeed whaling of one form or another has been conducted from the island since it became populated more than eleven hundred years ago. The early reliance of whales is reflected in the [[Icelandic language]] - ''hvalreki'' is the word for both "beached whale" and "jackpot".
Iceland allowed Norwegian whalers to set up thirteen whaling stations around the island in 1883. By 1915, 17,000 whales had been taken from Icelandic waters, eradicating [[Northern Right Whale]]s and [[Gray Whale]]s in the area. The Icelandic Government banned whaling in its waters to allow time for population recovery. The law was repealed in 1928.
By 1935 Icelanders had set up their own commercial whaling operation for the first time. They hunted mostly [[Sei Whale|Sei]], [[Fin Whale|Fin]] and [[Minke Whale]]s. In the early years of this operation Blue, Sperm and Humpback Whales were also hunted, but this was soon prohibited due to decimated numbers. Between 1935 and 1985 Icelandic whalers killed around 20,000 animals in total.
Unlike Norway, Iceland did not protest against the IWC moratorium and was thus limited to whaling conducted under the name of scientific research. Between 1986 and 1989 around 60 animals per year were taken. However under strong pressure from the international community, not convinced that the kills were truly for scientific purposes (particularly because the meat was sold to Japan) Iceland ceased whaling altogether in 1989. Following the 1991 refusal of the IWC to accept its Scientific Committees recommendation to allow limited whaling, Iceland left the IWC.
With significant support from its people, Iceland rejoined the IWC in 2002. This allowed it to restart a program of whaling in the late summer of 2003. Although the program is, like the Japanese program, formally classified as for scientific purposes, few accept that this is a realistic representation of Icelandic whaling. The research will primarily consist of measuring fish stocks in the area from which whales have been removed and the strongest advocates for a resumed hunt are fisherman concerned that whales are taking too many fish. The hunt was supported by three-quarters of the Icelandic population. By the end of the hunting season, Iceland had taken 36 Minkes from a quota of 38. More whales are expected to be taken in subsequent years; this years take being called a "feasibility study" by pro-whalers. In 2004 the hunting is to be extended to include the spring and early summer and around 100 whales will be caught.
====Aboriginal groups====
Several countries, most notably the [[United States]], [[Russia]], and [[Greenland]], allow aboriginal groups to hunt whales if they have traditionally done so. The IWC provisions for subsistence whaling specifically prohibits commercial ventures. However these provisions are ignored by the Greenland hunt (about 50 animals annually), where whalers do distribute a proportion their product through commercial channels and it is possible to purchase whale meat at local markets and in small shops in Greenland. Export of whale products has not been attempted.
Provisions for aboriginal groups also allow the limited hunt of endangered species such as the [[Bowhead Whale]]. Canadian groups are licensed by the Canadian government (Canada is not a member of the IWC) to take approximately one Bowhead Whale every two years. The Russian population in [[Chukotka]] in eastern Siberia was allowed one such whale by the IWC in 1999, but the Russian government increased the permitted take two.
The majority of animals taken by the Canadian hunt are either [[beluga]] or [[narwhal]].
The Japanese [[Minke Whale]] hunt in the Antarctic and the [[Inuit]] ( aboriginal ) whale hunt provide approximately the same amount of whale products ( mainly meat and blubber ) to the whalers.
====Caribbean====
Some whaling is conducting from [[Grenada]], [[Dominica]] and [[Saint Lucia]]. Species hunted are the [[Short-finned Pilot Whale]], [[Pygmy Killer Whale]] and [[Spinner Dolphin]]s. Throughout the Caribbean, around 400 Pilot Whales are killed annually. The meat is sold locally.
Limited numbers of [[Humpback Whale]]s are hunted from [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]. In fact the whaling is carried out by a single elderly man and his nephew who carry out the hunt using simple hand-held harpoons and wooden rowing boats. The primitive nature of the hunt has caused it to become something of a spectacle on Bequia - the island from which the pair operate. Up until 2000 it was usual for the whale to take two Humpbacks each year - one mother and one calf. In 2000 the IWC brought this quota down to two animals every three years. The unusual practice of taking a calf has caused great tension at IWC meetings - the anti-whaling side wanting it banned and the pro-whaling side saying it is no different from eating a [[lamb]].
====Faroe Islands====
Around one thousand [[Long-finned Pilot Whales]] are killed in the annual whale "grind" by Faroese fisherman each year. The current practice continues a tradition going back to the tenth century. However anti-whaling campaigners campaign particularly vociferously against Faroese whaling - saying that the method of killing is cruel. ''For a full discussion see [[Whaling in the Faroe Islands]]''.
==References==
*[http://www.highnorth.no/Default.asp High North Alliance pro-whaling group homepage]
*[http://www.whalewatch.org/ WhaleWatch anti-whaling group homepage]
*"For watching or eating, Neither side gives ground in the battle over commercial whaling", ''The Economist'' July 26th 2001.
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3153591.stm BBC News report over Iceland's resumption of whaling]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3542987.stm BBC News report on the Whalewatch claims that the method of killing is inhumane]
*[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=570&ncid=570&e=1&u=/nm/20030817/sc_nm/iceland_whaling_dc_6 Science Reuters story]
*[http://www.highnorth.no/statistik/norwaywhale.htm Catch statistics for whales caught in Norwegian waters by Norwegians 1939-2000 ]
==See also==
*[[Fisheries management]]
*[[Fishery]]
[[Category:Fisheries science]]
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