Rio Grande do Sul and Solifugae: Difference between pages

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{{Taxobox begin | color = pink | name = Solifugae}}

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{{Taxobox image | image = [[Image:Wind_scorpion.JPG|250px|Wind Scorpion]] | caption = ''Wind scorpion''}}

<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#DEFFAD">'''Statistics'''</th></tr>

{{Taxobox begin placement | color = pink}}

<TR><TD>Capital:</td><td>[[Porto Alegre]]</td></tr>

{{Taxobox regnum entry | taxon = [[Animal]]ia}}

<TR valign=top><TD>Area:</td><td>282,062 [[square kilometre|km&sup2;]]

{{Taxobox phylum entry | taxon = [[Arthropoda]]}}

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{{Taxobox classis entry | taxon = [[Arachnid]]a}}

</td></tr>

{{Taxobox ordo entry | taxon = '''Solifugae'''}}

<TR valign=top><TD>Inhabitants:</td><td>10,167,800 <small>''(2000)''</small>

{{Taxobox end placement}}

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{{Taxobox section subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Genera}}

</td></tr>

''[[Eremobates]]''<br>

<TR valign=top><TD>[[population density|Pop. density]]:</td><td>36.0 inh./km&sup2;

''[[Syndaesia]]''

<!--<br>[[List of the states of Brazil by population density|Ranked xxth]]--></td></tr>

{{Taxobox end}}

<tr><td>[[Timezone]]:</td><td>GMT-3</td></tr>

<tr><td>Governor:</td><td>Germano Antonio Rigotto</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[ISO 3166-2]]:</td><td>BR-RS</td></tr>

<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#DEFFAD">'''Map'''</th></tr>

<tr><td colspan="2" align=center>[[Image:Brazil Rio Grande do Sul.png|Map of Brazil highlighting the state]]</td></tr>

</table>

A '''Solifugid''' (plural form '''Solifugae''') is an [[arachnid]] belonging to the order '''Solifugae'''. The order is also known by the names '''Solpugida''', '''Solifugae''', '''Solpugides''', '''Solpugae''', '''Galeodea''', and '''Mycetophorae'''.

'''Rio Grande do Sul''' is the southernmost [[States of Brazil|state]] in [[Brazil]]. It is bordered on the north by the Brazilian state of [[Santa Catarina (Brazil)|Santa Catarina]], on the east by the [[Atlantic Ocean]], on the south by [[Uruguay]], and on the west by [[Argentina]].

The order includes 900 known species, whose nicknames include "'''wind scorpion'''", "'''sun spider'''", and "'''camel spider'''".

Most solifuges live in tropical or semitropical regions, where they inhabit warm and arid habitats. Some species however also live in grassland or forest habitats. The most distinctive features of solifuges is their large [[chelicera|chelicerae]]. Each of the two chelicerae are composed of two articles forming a powerful pincer; each article bears a variable number of teeth. Males in all families but Eremobatidae possess a [[flagellum]] on the basal article of the chelicera. Solifuges also have long [[pedipalp|pedipalps]], which function as sense organs similar to the insects [[antenna|antennae]]. Pedipalps terminate in eversible [[adhesive organ|adhesive organs]].

==History==

Although mainly rural for much of its early history, Rio Grande do Sul served as the launching pad for several major wars Brazil waged against its southern and western neighbors. It also was a focal point for internal rebellion in the [[19th century]]. [[Getulio Vargas]], who led Brazil as dictator from 1930 and later was elected president in 1950 (before committing suicide), was a native of Rio Grande do Sul.

Solifuges are carnivorous or omnivorous, with most species feeding on [[termite|termites]], [[darlikng beetle|darkling beetles]] and other small arthropods. Prey is located with the pedipalps and killed and cut into pieces by the chelicerae. The prey is then liquified and the liquid ingested through the pharynx. Reproduction can involve direct or indirect [[sperm]] transfer; when indirect, the male emits a [[spermatophore]] on the ground and then inserts it with his chelicerae in the female's genital pore.

The Rio Grande do Sul's praires ahs been place of bloodies wars: the dispute between Portugal and Spain for the Sacramento Colony, the Guarani Reduciones War , the [[War of Tatters]], the Federalist Revolution, the Maurers Revolt, and the Vargas's levant.

The name Solifugae comes from [[Latin]] and means (roughly) "flee from the sun", which they do. They are mostly [[nocturnal|active at night]] and seek shade during the day, a behavior which made coalition soldiers in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 invasion]] of [[Iraq]] think these arachnids were attacking them. In reality, they were moving toward the newly available shade provided by the soldiers' presence. The absence of shade sends them away.

Rio Grande do Sul's population consists primarily of the descendants of European [[immigrant]]s, especially [[Portugal|Portuguese]], [[Italy|Italians]], [[Spaniards]], and [[Germans]] but to a much smaller extent, very small groups of [[Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Lithuanians in Brazil|Lithuanians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Jew]]s and later on in the 1960s, some [[ethnic Japanese|Japanese]] immigrants settled in different areas of the state.

<!-- more detail needed: sizes of different species, etc.

The leg span of Camel Spiders in the [[Middle East]] may reach 5 inches while in North America they are typically around 1-1/2 to 2 inches.

The first [[Germany|German]] immigrant families arrived in Rio Grande do Sul in [[1824]] at [[São Leopoldo]] town and in the following century an estimated quarter of a million [[Germans]] settled in the country, mostly in Rio Grande do Sul and the neighboring state of [[Santa Catarina]].

-->

Most of the [[German language|German speakers]] in southern Brazil spoke or eventually adopted the [[Hunsrückisch]] [[dialect]] so that it became the most commonly used German dialect in this part of the world and still spoken by millions today (also referred to as [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] to differentiate it from the Hunsrückisch spoken in Germany).

==Myths==

Solifugae are the subject of many [[myths]] and exaggerations about their size, speed, behavior, appetite, and lethality. They are not especially large or fast; the biggest have a legspan of perhaps 5 inches, and the fastest can run perhaps 10 miles per hour. They have no [[venom]] and do not spin [[Spiderweb|webs]]. In the [[Middle East]] it is commonly believed that Solifugae will feed on living human flesh. The story goes that the creature will inject an anesthetizing venom into the exposed skin of its sleeping victim, then feed voraciously, leaving the victim to awaken with a gaping wound. Solifugae, however, do not produce such an anesthetic and do not attack prey larger than themselves.

In its 180 years of history [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] has been greatly influenced by other German dialects (such as [[Pomeranian]], [[Pfälzisch]]) and by [[immigrant languages]] such as the national language, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] but also to some degree by [[Italian language|Italian]].

=== Classification ===

[[Talian]] is a uniquely Brazilian variety of [[Italian language|Italian]] not spoken anywhere else in the world. The emergence of [[Talian]] in Rio Grande do Sul happened because of the great variety of Italian dialects that came together into a fairly compact and specific geographical ___location of the state. Talian is frequently called ''Vêneto'' because it is close to the [[Venetian language]] spoken in Italy's [[Veneto]] region.

[[Image:Wind_scorpion2.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Wind scorpion, Eastern Washington, USA]]

There are thirteen families belonging to the order Solifugae:

Italian immigrants began arriving in the area in the late 1800, settling mostly in the Northeast hilly parts of the Rio Grande do Sul. Soon the region became the most important grape and wine-producing region of [[Brazil]]. Although the climate does not favor the production of the finest wines, in the last few years great progress has been made, especially with white sparkling wines.

** [[Ammotrechidae]]

** [[Ceromidae]]

All minority languages in the southern Brazil have been experiencing significant degrees of decline in the last few decades, not only [[immigrant languages]] such as [[Italian language|Italian]] or [[Talian]] and [[German language|German]], but also the [[Indigenous people of Brazil|indigenous languages]] of the [[Kaingang]] (also spelled ''Kaingáng'', ''Cainguangue'', etc.) and the [[Guarany]] (spelled ''Guaraní'' in Portuguese).

** [[Daesiidae]]

** [[Eremobatidae]]

In the far western area of the state are the remnants of Brazil's [[17th century]] [[Jesuit]] missions or reductions (''aldeias'') to the Guaraní Indians. Important to the region, it should be notited that Jesuit Father [[Roque Gonzales]] also known as [[Roque Gonzales de Santa Cruz]] arrived from [[Paraguay]] on the 03 of May of [[1626]] to establish the [[Saint Nicolas]] [[Mission Reduction]] (today known as [[São Nicolau, Brazil|São Nicolau]] in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) was the first white person to enter in what is today know as the state of Rio Grande do Sul. From all the ruines left behind by the vanished [[Guarany Missions]] (or [[Missões Guaranís]] in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]), the most significant one is [[São Miguel]] or [[São Miguel Arcanjo]], located nearby the present city of [[Santo Angelo]]. There is a very interesting ongoing [[Light and Sound]] (or [[Som e Luz]] in Portuguese) nightly show that happens at and is displayed upon the ruins of the [[São Miguel]] church.

** [[Galeodidae]]

** [[Gylippidae]]

==Main cities==

** [[Hexisopodidae]]

** [[Karschiidae]]

[[Porto Alegre]] (also the state capital), [[Caxias do Sul]], [[Pelotas]], [[Canoas]], [[São Leopoldo]], [[Novo Hamburgo]], [[Santa Maria]], [[Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande]], [[Passo Fundo]], [[Santa Cruz do Sul]], [[Gravataí]], [[Bento Gonçalves]].

** [[Karschiidae]]

** [[Melanoblossidae]]

==Minority Languages==

** [[Mummuciidae]]

** [[Rhagodidae]]

[[Minority language]]s spoken in Rio Grande do Sul can be divided into two groups:

** [[Solpugidae]]

===Indigenous languages===

[[Mbyá-Guaraní]] (or simply [[Guaraní]]), [[Kaingang]], etc.

===Immigrant languages===

[[Talian]] ([[Vêneto]]/[[Italian language|Italian]]), [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]], [[Plattdeutsch]], [[Pommeranisch]] ([[German language|German]] dialects), [[Polish language|Polish]] (and other [[Slavic languages]]), etc.

==Economy==

One of the most prosperous Brazilian states, Rio Grande do Sul is known especially for grain production, viticulture, ranching, and for its considerable industrial output. Natives of the state are known as [[gaucho|gaúcho]]s, named after the cattle herders and ranchers who settled the state's [[pampa]] regions.

==Flag==

<table><tr valign="top"><td><center>[[image:Br-RS.png|Flag of Rio Grande do Sul]]</center></td><td>

The flag was established by law no. 5213 of [[January 5]] [[1966]], however its design dates back much more. The independent Rio Grande Republic adopted the flag in 1836, in 1891 the shield in the center was added. According to the common interpretion of the flag colors the green and yellow stands for the [[Flag of Brazil]] and the red for the blood spilt during the internal rebellion for the independent Rio Grande Republic.

</td></tr></table>

==External links==

*[http://www.snopes.com/photos/bugs/camelspider.asp Snopes article on camel spider myths]

*[http://www.rs.gov.br Official homepage] (Portuguese)

*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0629_040629_camelspider.html National Geographic article on Camel Spiders]

*[http://www.chinapost1.org/guestbook.asp ''Camel Spider Blues''] (scroll down to the June 9, 2004 guestbook entry)

{{States_of_Brazil}}

*[http://www.camel-spiders.net Camel Spiders]

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