Cryptozoology and Carl Friedrich Gauss: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Gauss.jpg|right|thumbnail|222px|Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

'''Cryptozoology''' is the study of [[rumor]]ed or [[mythological]] [[animal]]s that are presumed (at least by the [[researcher]]) to exist, but for which conclusive proof does not yet exist; or are generally considered [[extinction|extinct]], but occasionally reported. Those who study or search for such animals are called ''cryptozoologists'', while the [[hypothesis|hypothetical]] creatures involved are referred to by some as "cryptids".

'''Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß)''' ([[April 30]], [[1777]] in [[Braunschweig (city)|Braunschweig]] - [[February 23]], [[1855]] in [[Göttingen]]) was a legendary [[Germany|German]] [[mathematician]], [[astronomer]] and [[physicist]] with a very wide range of contributions; he is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.

Invention of the term is usually attributed to [[zoologist]] [[Bernard Heuvelmans]], who coined the word to mean "the study of hidden animals". However as the world's living well-known cryptozoologist [[Loren Coleman]] has pointed out in his recent books, actually Heuvelmans noted that independently the late Scottish cryptozoologist Ivan T. Sanderson coined the word "cryptozoology" in the 1930s or 1940s. Heuvelmans' monumental [[1955]] book, ''[[On The Track of Unknown Animals]]'' is often seen as the discipline's genesis, but Heuvelmans himself traced the scholarly origins of the discipline to [[Anthonid Cornelis Oudemans]] and his [[1892]] study, ''The Great [[sea serpent|Sea Serpent]]''.

==Biography==

Heuvelmans argued that cryptozoology should be undertaken with [[scientific rigor]], but also with an [[open-mind]]ed, [[interdisciplinary]] approach. Furthermore, according to Heuvelmans, special attention should also be given to [[folklore]] regarding creatures. While often layered in unlikely, fantastic elements, folktales may contain grains of truth that could help guide those researching reports of unusual animals.

===Early years===

[[Image:Gaussportrait.jpg|right]]

Gauss was born in [[Braunschweig (city)|Braunschweig]], Duchy of [[Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] (now part of [[Lower Saxony]], [[Germany]]), as the only son of lower-class uneducated parents. According to legend, his genius became apparent at the age of three, when he corrected, in his head, an error his father had made on paper while calculating finances. It is also said that while in [[elementary school]], his teacher tried to occupy pupils by making them add up the (whole) numbers from 1 to 100. A few seconds later, to the astonishment of all, the young Gauss produced the correct answer, having realized that pairwise addition of terms from opposite ends of the list yielded identical intermediate sums: 1+100=101, 2+99=101, 3+98=101, etc., for a total sum of 50 × 101 = 5050. (see: [[addition|summation]]) It however appears that the problem Gauss was given was more difficult and this anecdote has been told to students for the sake of maintaining "historic truth" [http://mathforum.org/social/articles/ross.html]

The Duke of Brunswick awarded Gauss a scholarship to the Collegium Carolinum, which he attended from [[1792]] to [[1795]], and from there went on to the [[University of Göttingen]] from 1795 to 1798. While in college, he independently rediscovered several important theorems; his breakthrough occurred in [[1796]] when he was able to show that any regular [[polygon]], each of whose odd factors are distinct [[Fermat prime]]s, can be [[ruler-and-compass construction|constructed by ruler and compass]] alone, thereby adding to work started by classical Greek mathematicians. Gauss was so pleased by this result that he requested that a regular [[heptadecagon|17-gon]] be inscribed on his [[tomb stone|tombstone]]. The stonemason declined, though, stating that the difficult (at the time) construction would essentially look like a circle.

Some cryptozoologists align themselves with a more scientifically rigorous field like [[zoology]], while others tend toward an [[anthropology|anthropological]] slant or even a [[forteana|Fortean]] perspective. The fringes of cryptozoology are often considered [[pseudoscience]] by mainstream [[biologists]].

In fact, 1796 was probably the most famous year for Gauss and number theory itself: the construction of the heptadecagon was discovered on March 30th, his famous [[quadratic reciprocity]] law on April 8th, the [[prime number theorem]] conjectured on May 31st, he also discovered that every integer is representable as a sum of at most three [[triangular numbers]] on July 10th ("Heureka! num=

==Mainstream reaction==

<math>\Delta+

\Delta+\Delta</math>") and on October 1st published a result on the number of solutions of polynomials with coefficients in finite fields (This ultimately led to the [[Weil conjectures]] 150 years later).

Gauss was the first to prove the [[Fundamental Theorem of Algebra|fundamental theorem of algebra]], in his [[1799]] dissertation; in fact, he produced four entirely different proofs for this theorem over his lifetime, clarifying the concept of [[complex number]] considerably along the way.

While many cryptozoologists strive for legitimacy and many are respected scientists in other fields, and though discoveries of previously unknown animals are often subject to great attention, cryptozoology ''per se'' has never been fully embraced by the scientific community, and one cannot obtain a cryptozoological degree from any [[college]] or [[university]].

===Middle years===

Recently, however, [[Henry Gee]], editor of the prestigious journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', writes that cryptozoology "can come in from the cold" [http://www.nature.com/news/2004/041025/full/041025-2.html] due to the unexpected and startling discovery of ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' (further details below).

[[Image:1993-DM-10.jpg|frame|A 10 [[Deutsche Mark]] [[banknote]] from [[Germany]] 1993 showing Carl Friedrich Gauss ([http://www.germannotes.com http://www.germannotes.com])]]

==Justifications for cryptozoology==

Gauss also made important contributions to [[number theory]] with his [[1801]] book ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]'', which contained a clean presentation of [[modular arithmetic]] and the first proof of the law of [[quadratic reciprocity]]. In that same year, [[Italy|Italian]] astronomer [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] discovered the planetoid [[1 Ceres|Ceres]], but could only watch it for a few days. Gauss predicted correctly the position at which it could be found again, and it was rediscovered by [[Franz Xaver von Zach]] on December 31, 1801 in [[Gotha (town)|Gotha]], and one day later by [[Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers|Heinrich Olbers]] in [[Bremen]]. Zach noted that "without the intelligent work and calculations of Doctor Gauss we might not have found Ceres again." Though Gauss had up to this point been supported by the stipend from the Duke, he doubted the security of this arrangement, and also did not believe pure mathematics to be important enough to deserve support. Thus, following this path, he sought a position in astronomy, and in [[1807]] was appointed professor of astronomy and director of the astronomical observatory in [[Goettingen|Göttingen]], which he held for the remainder of his life.

A cryptozoologist may propose that an interest in such a phenomenon does not entail [[belief]], but a detractor will reply that accepting unsubstantiated sightings is itself a belief. Cryptozoologists tend to be responsible for disproving their own objects of study. For example, some cryptozoologists have collected statistical data and studied witness accounts that challenge the validity of many [[Bigfoot]] sightings.

The discovery of [[1 Ceres|Ceres]] and then of the planetoid [[2 Pallas|Pallas]] by Olbers in 1802 led Gauss to his work on a theory of the motion of planetoids disturbed by large planets, published in 1809 under the name ''Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientum'' (theory of motion of the celestial bodies moving in conic sections around the sun). Among its contents were the introduction of the [[gaussian gravitational constant]], and an influential treatment of the [[method of least squares]], a procedure used in all sciences to this day to minimize the impact of [[measurement error]]. He was able to prove the correctness of the method under the assumption of [[normal distribution|normally distributed]] errors (see [[Gauss-Markov theorem]]; see also [[Gaussian]]). The method had been described earlier by [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] in [[1805]], but Gauss claimed that he had been using it since 1795.

Scientists have demonstrated that some creatures of [[mythology]], legend or [[local folklore]] were rooted in real animals or phenomena. Thus, cryptozoologists hold that people should be open to the possibility that many more such animals exist. In the early days of [[western]] exploration of the world, many [[native]] tales of unknown animals were initially dismissed as mythology or [[superstition]] by western scientists, but consequently proven to have a real basis in biological fact. Cryptozoologists often point out that natives often know a great deal more about their immediate environment (and the animals that inhabit it) than western investigators, and therefore suggest that, even today, thus far unproven tales and traditions regarding unknown undescribed animals in native folklore should not be summarily dismissed in the same way.

Gauss had been asked in 1818 to carry out a geodesic [[survey]] of the state of [[Hanover]] to link up with the existing Danish grid. Gauss was pleased to accept and took personal charge of the survey, making measurements during the day and reducing them at night, using his extraordinary mental capacity for calculations. He regularly wrote to [[Schumacher]], [[Olbers]] and [[Bessel]], reporting on his progress and discussing problems. Because of the survey, Gauss invented the [[heliotrope (Gauss)|heliotrope]] which worked by reflecting the Sun's rays using a of mirrors and a small telescope. However, inaccurate base lines were used for the survey and an unsatisfactory network of triangles.

There are several animals cited as examples for continuing cryptozoological efforts:

Gauss also stated that he had discovered the possibility of [[non-euclidean geometry|non-Euclidean geometries]] before everybody else but that he never published it. His friend [[Farkas Bolyai|Farkas (Wolfgang) Bolyai]] (with whom Gauss had sworn "brotherhood and the banner of truth" as a student) had tried in vain for many years to prove the [[parallel postulate]] from Euclid's other axioms of geometry and failed. Bolyai's son, [[Janos Bolyai|János Bolyai]], discovered non-Euclidean geometry in [[1829]]; his work was published in [[1832]]. After seeing it, Gauss wrote to Farkas Bolyai: ''"To praise it would amount to praising myself. For the entire content of the work ... coincides almost exactly with my own meditations which have occupied my mind for the past thirty or thirty-five years ."'' This unproved statement (that nonetheless nowadays is generally taken at face value) understandably put a strain on his relationship with János Bolyai (who thought that Gauss was "stealing" his idea).

*The [[coelacanth]], a primitive [[fish]], a "[[living fossil]]" believed to have been extinct for 65 million years, was caught in a fishing net in [[1938]] off the coast of [[South Africa]].

In [[1818]]<!--PlanetMath says 1816. Which is correct?-->, Gauss started a [[geodesic]] survey of the state of Hanover, work which later led to the development of the [[normal distribution]] for describing measurement errors and an interest in [[differential geometry]] and his [[theorema egregrium]] establishing an important property of the notion of curvature.

*Of an even older lineage than the coelacanth are the [[Graptolite]]s. Living representatives were first found in [[1882]], although the group had previously been presumed to have been extinct for 300 million years. Cryptozoologists point these out to demonstrate that there are many unexplored regions of the world left, and that remote exotic locations or specialized [[ecosystem]]s relatively untouched by man may contain unexpected life.

===Later years, death, and afterwards===

*Similarly cited is the [[1976]] discovery of the previously unknown [[megamouth shark]], discovered off [[Oahu]], [[Hawaii]], when it tried to eat a ship's anchor. Some have cautioned against applying the "megamouth analogy" too broadly to hypothetical creatures, noting that while "the megamouth does show that the oceans have a lot of secrets left to reveal ... The megamouth is not a useful analogy to support the existence of marine cryptids" in general. [http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/~bz050/megalodon.html]

[[Image:GaussBust.jpg|left|frame|''[[Bust]] of C. F. Gauss'']]

*Also cited is the [[2003]] discovery of the remains of ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'', a descendent of ''[[Homo erectus]]'' which took the anthropological community completely by surprise. The fact that myths of a strikingly similar creature, called [[Ebu Gogo]] by the local people, have persisted until as late as the [[19th Century]] has given the field of study new credibility from the rest of the scientific community.

In [[1831]], a fruitful collaboration with the physics professor [[Wilhelm Weber]] developed, leading to results about [[magnetism]] (including finding a representation for the unit of magnetism in terms of mass, length and time) and the discovery of [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws]] in electricity. Gauss and Weber constructed the first electromagnetic telegraph in [[1833]], which connected the observatory with the institute for physics in Göttingen. Gauss ordered a magnetic observatory to be built in the garden of the observatory and with Weber founded the ''magnetischer Verein'' ("magnetic club"), which supported measurements of earth's magnetic field in many regions of the world.

He died in [[Goettingen|Göttingen]], [[Hanover (state)|Hanover]] (now part of [[Lower Saxony]], [[Germany]]) in [[1855]] and is interred in the cemetery ''[[Albanifriedhof]]'' there. His brain has been well-preserved to date.

*Cryptozoological supporters have noted that many unfamiliar animals, when first reported, were considered [[hoax]]es, delusions or misidentifications. The [[platypus]], [[giant squid]] (and it should be noted that the [[colossal squid]] has now been discovered), mountain [[gorilla]], and [[komodo dragon]] are a few such creatures. Supporters note that unyielding [[skeptic]]ism may in fact inhibit discovery of unknown animals. Others have suggested a rigid [[world view]] disallows many [[academic]]s from accepting evidence contrary to their preconceptions.

===Personal life===

[[Georges Cuvier]]'s so-called "[[Rash Dictum]]" is sometimes cited as a reason that researchers should avoid "rash" conclusions: In [[1821]], Cuvier remarked that it was unlikely for any large, unknown animal to be discovered, not because they aren't conspicious, but because there aren't that many. Many such discoveries have been made since Cuvier's statement (though less than 50 in number). It's been argued that the chances of uncovering large, previously unknown vertebrates are very slender when compared to uncovering unknown invertebrates. It is the commitment to spectacular animals (mostly vertebrates) that makes cryptozoology's critics suspicious of sensationalism.

Although Gauss never worked as a professor of mathematics and disliked teaching (it is said that he only attended a single scientific conference, which was in [[Berlin]] in 1828), several of his students turned out to be influential mathematicians, among them [[Richard Dedekind]] and [[Bernhard Riemann]].

Along similar lines, the emblem of the [[Society for Cryptozoology]] is the [[okapi]], a forest-dwelling relative of the [[giraffe]] that was unknown to Western scientists prior to [[1901]].

Gauss was deeply religious and conservative. He supported monarchy and opposed [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] whom he saw as an outgrowth of revolution. Gauss' personal life was overshadowed by the early death of his beloved first wife, Johanna Osthoff, in [[1809]], soon followed by the death of one child, Louis. Gauss plunged into a depression from which he never fully recovered. He married again, to Friederica Wilhelmine Waldeck (Minna), but the second marriage does not seem to have been very happy. When his second wife died in [[1831]] after long illness, one of his daughters, Therese, took over the household and cared for Gauss until the end of his life. His mother lived in his house from [[1812]] until her death in [[1839]]. He rarely if ever collaborated with other mathematicians and was considered aloof and austere by many.

==Notable topics of interest in cryptozoology==

Gauss had six children, three by each wife. With Johanna ([[1780]]&ndash;[[1809]]), his children were Joseph ([[1806]]&ndash;[[1873]]), Wilhelmina ([[1808]]&ndash;[[1846]]) and Louis ([[1809]]&ndash;[[1810]]). Of all of Gauss' children, Wilhelmina was said to have come closest to his talent, but regrettably, she died young. With Minna Waldeck, a friend of Johanna's whom he married after her death, he had three children: Eugene ([[1811]]&ndash;[[1896]]), Wilhelm ([[1813]]&ndash;[[1879]]) and Therese ([[1816]]&ndash;[[1864]]). Eugene immigrated to the [[United States]] about [[1832]] after a falling out with his father, eventually settling in [[Saint Charles, Missouri|St. Charles]], [[Missouri]], where he became a well respected member of the community. Wilhelm came to settle in [[Missouri]] somewhat later, starting as a farmer and later becoming wealthy in the shoe business in [[St. Louis]]. Therese kept house for Gauss until his death, after which she married.

===Primates and man-apes===

Gauss is said to have claimed, "There have been only three epoch-making mathematicians: [[Archimedes]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], and [[Ferdinand Eisenstein|Eisenstein]]".

*[[Almas (cryptozoology)|Almas]]

*[[Bigfoot]]

*[[Bili Ape]]

*[[Fear liath]]

*[[Humanzee]] (debunked by DNA tests)

*[[Ameranthropoides loysi|Loys's Ape]]

*[[Minnesota Iceman]]

*[[Monkey-man of New Delhi]]

*[[Mono Grande]]

*[[Nguoi Rung]]

*[[Orang Pendek]]

*[[Sasquatch]]

*[[Skunk Ape]]

*[[Spring Heeled Jack]]

*[[Yeren]]

*[[Yeti]] (otherwise known as the Abominable Snowman)

*[[Yowie]]

===BipedalCommemorations monstersof Gauss===

From [[1989]] until the end of [[2001]], his portrait and a normal distribution curve were featured on the German ten-mark banknote.

*[[Chupacabra]]

*[[The Clutchbone]]

*[[Dover Demon]]

*[[Goatman (cryptozoology)|Goatman]]

*[[Jersey Devil]]

*[[Lizard Man of Scape Ore Swamp]]

*[[Loveland Frog]]

*[[Mothman]]

*[[Owlman]]

*[[Pope Lick Monster]]

*[[Ras El-Khaimah cave monster]]

*[[Reptilian humanoid|Lizard men]]

*[[Shadowman]]

*[[Wendigo]]

[[G. Waldo Dunnington]] was a life-long student of Gauss. He wrote many articles, and a biography: ''Carl Frederick Gauss: Titan of Science.'' This book was re-issued in 2003, after having been [[out of print]] for almost 50 years.

===Carnivorous mammals===

*The [[Beast of Bodmin]]

*The [[Beast of Exmoor]]

*[http://www.skepticreport.com/mystics/beastfunen.htm ''The Beast of Funen'']

*The [[Beast of Gévaudan]] (mysterious "giant wolf" attacks in 18th century France)

*The [[Bunyip]]

*[[Chupacabra]]

*[[Crocotta]]

*[[Dobhar-chu]]

*[[Gulon]]

*[[Hyote]]

*[[Japanese Wolf]]

*[[Jersey Devil]]

*[[Mngwa]]

*[[Mongolian Death Worm]]

*[[Thylacine]]

== See also ==

===Herbivorous mammals===

* [[Topics named after Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[Bonnacon]]

*[[Jackalope]] (fictional)

*[[Kting Voar]]

*[[Megatherium]]

*[[Musimon]]

*[[Unicorn]]

*[[Wolpertinger]]

*[[Yale (mythical creature)|Yale]]

===Sea andFurther lakereading monsters===

*[[Cadborosaurus willsi]]

*[[Champ]]

*[[Kraken|The Kraken]]

*[[Loch Ness Monster]]

*[[Megalodon]]

*[[Mermaids]]

*[[Ogopogo]]

*[[Sea monk]]

*[[Sea monster]]s

*[[Sea serpent]]

*[[Trunko]]

* Simmons, J, ''The giant book of scientists -- The 100 greatest minds of all time'', Sydney: The Book Company, (1996)

===Reptiles===

*[[Buru (cryptozoology)|Buru]]

*Giant [[Anaconda]]s

*[[Hoop snake]]

*[[Kongamato]]

*[[Megalania prisca]], the giant Australian [[monitor lizard]]

*[[Mokele mbembe]]

*[[Mongolian Deathworm]]

*[[Sirrush]]

*[[Dragon]]

*[[snallygaster | Snallygaster]]

* Dunnington, G. Waldo, ''Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science'', The Mathematical Association of America; (June 2003)

===Birds===

*[[Dodo]]

*[[Moa]]

*[[Phoenix]] or "[[Fire bird (mythology)|fire bird]]"

*[[Thunderbird (cryptozoology)|Thunderbird]]

*{{Book reference | Author=[[Eric Temple Bell|Bell, E.T.]] | Title=Men of Mathematics | Publisher=New York: Simon and Schuster | Year=1937 | ID= ISBN 0671464000}}

===Plants===

*[[Carnivorous trees]]

== References and external links ==

===Others===

{{wikiquote}}

*[[Anano]]

* {{planetmath reference|id=5594|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss}}

*[[Ikal]]

* [http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/2977/gauss/english.html Carl Friedrich Gauss], comprehensive site including biography and list of his accomplishments

*[[Mapinguary]]

*[http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss]

*[[Mermecolion]]

* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Gauss}}

*[[Naree Pons]]

* [http://www.mathsong.com/cfgauss Carl Frederick Gauss], site by Gauss' great-great-great granddaughter, including a scanned letter written to his son, Eugene, and links to his genealogy.

*[[Rod (cryptozoology)|Rod]]

* [http://www.gausschildren.org Gauss and His Children], site for Gauss researchers and descendants of Gauss.

*[[Squonk]]

* [http://www.gauss.info Gauss], general information, submit your site about Gauss.

*[[Yppotryl]]

* [http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/06/carl-friedrich-gauss.html Carl Friedrich Gauss], covers topics in the history of Fermat's Last Theorem from Diophantus of Alexandria to Andrew Wiles.

===Obituaries===

===General terms for cryptids===

* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html MNRAS '''16''' (1856) 80]

*[[New Jersey Vegetable Monster]]

[[Category:1777 births|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

*[[Unidentified Mysterious Animal|UMA]]

[[Category:1855 deaths|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

[[Category:Number theorists|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

[[Category:German mathematicians|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

[[Category:18th century mathematicians|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

[[Category:19th century mathematicians|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

[[Category:German astronomers|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

[[Category:German physicists|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

[[Category:German scientists|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

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[[Category:Calculating prodigies|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]]

[[bg:&#1050;&#1072;&#1088;&#1083; &#1060;&#1088;&#1080;&#1076;&#1088;&#1080;&#1093; &#1043;&#1072;&#1091;&#1089;]]

There are also some areas of cryptozoology that deal with "mysterious" animals, though in some cases this could also be considered [[forteana]] or [[parapsychology]]:

[[bn:&#2453;&#2494;&#2480;&#2509;&#2482; &#2475;&#2509;&#2480;&#2495;&#2465;&#2480;&#2495;&#2453; &#2455;&#2494;&#2441;&#2488;]]

*[[Beastde:Carl ofFriedrich BodminGauß]]

[[es:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[Devil dog]]s

[[fr:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[Phantom cats]]

[[id:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[Phantom kangaroos]]

[[it:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

[[he:&#1511;&#1512;&#1500; &#1508;&#1512;&#1497;&#1491;&#1512;&#1497;&#1498; &#1490;&#1488;&#1493;&#1505;]]

==See also==

[[ko:&#52852;&#47484; &#54532;&#47532;&#46300;&#47532;&#55176; &#44032;&#50864;&#49828;]]

*[[:Category:Cryptids|Cryptids]]

[[nl:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[Index of fictional species]]

[[ja:&#12459;&#12540;&#12523;&#12539;&#12501;&#12522;&#12540;&#12489;&#12522;&#12498;&#12539;&#12460;&#12454;&#12473;]]

*[[Legendary creature]]

[[no:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[List of legendary creatures]]

[[pl:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[List of notable cryptozoologists]]

[[pt:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[List_of_publications_in_biology#Cryptozoology| Important publications in cryptozoology]]

[[ru:&#1043;&#1072;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;, &#1050;&#1072;&#1088;&#1083; &#1060;&#1088;&#1080;&#1076;&#1088;&#1080;&#1093;]]

*[[Monster]]

[[sl:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

*[[cryptic (zoology)]] - animals that are difficult to observe due to their behaviour or [[camouflage]]

[[fi:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

[[sv:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]

Related studies:

[[th:&#3588;&#3634;&#3619;&#3660;&#3621; &#3615;&#3619;&#3637;&#3604;&#3619;&#3636;&#3594; &#3648;&#3585;&#3634;&#3626;&#3660;]]

*[[cryptotaxonomy]]

[[zh:&#21345;&#29246;·&#24343;&#37324;&#24503;&#37324;&#24076;·&#39640;&#26031;]]

*[[paleocryptoanthropology]]

*[[UFOlogy]]

*[[xenobiology]]

Due to some fields of study in cryptozoology, see also [[pseudoscience]] and [[protoscience]].

==Bodies of water in which sea monsters are said to live==

*[[Bear Lake]] (Utah)

*[[Chesapeake Bay]] (Maryland)

*[[Faymouth Ency]] (Cornwall/England)

*[[Flathead-See]] (Montana/USA)

*[[Kleifarvatn]] (Iceland)

*[[Lake Champlain]] (USA/Canada)

*[[Lake Erie]] (USA)

*[[Lake Miosa]] (Scandinavia)

*[[Lake Okanagan]] (Canada)

*[[Lake Simcoe]] (Toronto/Canada)

*[[Lake Tahoe]] (USA)

*[[Lake Thunderbird]] (Oklahoma)

*[[Loch Ness]] (Scotland)

*[[Loch Morar]] (Scotland)

*[[Lough Keane]] (Ireland)

*[[Lough Ree]] (Ireland)

*[[Lough Muck]] (Ireland)

*[[Manitoba See]] (Manitoba/Canada)

*[[Menbu-See]] (China)

*[[Storsjön]] (Sweden)

*[[Tian-Chi-See]] (China)

*[[Seljordsvatnet]] (Norway)

*[[Vansee]] (Turkey)

==Sources==

*Jerome Clark, &#8216;&#8217;Unexplained! 347 Strange Sightings, Incredible Occurrences, and Puzzling Physical Phenomena&#8217;&#8217;, Visible Ink Press, 1993.

*[[Loren Coleman]] and Jerome Clark, &#8216;&#8217;Cryptozoology A to Z&#8217;&#8217;, Fireside/Simon and Schuster, 1999.

*Loren Coleman, &#8216;&#8217;Tom Slick: True Life Encounters in Cryptozoology&#8217;&#8217;, Linden Press, 2002

*Bernard Heuvelmans, &#8216;&#8217;On The Track Of Unknown Animals&#8217;&#8217;, Hill and Wang, 1958

==External links==

* [http://www.lorencoleman.com The Cryptozoologist]

* [http://www.cryptozoology.com Cryptozoology.com]

* [http://dmoz.org/Science/Anomalies_and_Alternative_Science/Cryptozoology/ Open Directory Project's page for Cryptozoology]

* [http://dinojoe.8m.com/crypto/cryptolinks.html Cryptozoology links]

* [http://www.internationalsocietyofcryptozoology.org/ The International Society of Cryptozoology]

* [http://www.parascope.com/en/cryptozoo/index.htm Enigma Cryptozoo, a website about cryptids]

* [http://www.pabigfootsociety.com Pennsylvania Bigfoot Society]

* [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/mermaids/8.html Are Mermaids Real? (Mermaids on the Web)]

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[[Category:Protoscience]]

[[Category:Zoology]]

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[[Category:Legendary creatures]]

[[Category:Forteana]]

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