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'''Post-traumatic stress disorder''' ('''PTSD''') is a term for the psychological consequences of exposure to or confrontation with stressful experiences, which involve actual or threatened death, serious physical injury or a threat to physical integrity and which the person found highly traumatic. Symptoms can include reexperiencing phenomena such as [[nightmare]]s and [[flashback]]s, [[avoidance]] of reminders and [[emotional detachment]], and [[hyperarousal]] with sleep abnormalities, extreme distress resulting from personal "[[trigger]]s", irritability and excessive startle. There is also the possibility of simultaneous suffering of other psychiatric disorders. Experiences likely to induce the condition include [[rape]], [[combat]] exposure, natural catastrophes, violent attacks, visitor experiences, [[childbirth]] and perhaps its accompanying exhaustion, and childhood physical/emotional [[abuse]]. PTSD often becomes a chronic condition but can improve with treatment or even spontaneously.
'''Longhorn''' is [[Microsoft]]'s [[codename]] (for a full list see ''[[Microsoft codenames]]'') for the next version of its [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] [[operating system]], to follow on from [[Windows XP#Service Pack 3 (pending)|Windows XP SP3]] [http://news.com.com/Reversal+Next+IE+update+divorced+from+Windows/2100-1032_3-5577263.html?tag=nl] and [[Windows Server 2003]]. It was originally expected to ship sometime early in [[2006]] as a minor step between [[Windows XP|Whistler]] and [[Windows Blackcomb]] (Longhorn is a name of a [[sports bar]] at the [[Whistler-Blackcomb]] [[ski resort]]).
Gradually, Longhorn assimilated many important new features and technologies of Blackcomb. On [[August 27]], [[2004]], Microsoft announced that they are delaying release of [[WinFS]] so that Longhorn could be released in "a reasonable timeframe" (officially marked as [[December]] of [[2006]]). Two [[beta version]]s have been planned, the first expected to debut in Q2 2005 and the second in Q4 2005, with [[release candidate]]s to be released throughout 2006.
PTSD is primarily an [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety disorder]] and should not be confused with normal grief and adjustment after traumatic events. For most people, the emotional effects of traumatic events will tend to subside after several months. If they last longer than that then consideration should be given to diagnosing a psychiatric disorder. Most people who experience traumatic events will not develop PTSD. PTSD may have a delayed onset of years or even decades and may be triggered by a life event such as the death of someone close or the diagnosis of a serious medical condition. Once PTSD reaches the criteria for diagnosis the untreated course is generally for some worsening and then stability of the level of symptomatology over many years.
Longhorn is currently available as a preview release available to [[MSDN|Microsoft Developer Network]] (MSDN) subscribers, and at select Microsoft developer conferences. The preview release is classified as an [[Alpha version|alpha]] version at the moment, and as such its performance and feature sets are not necessarily representative of the release product. As with many products (including all Windows releases since 98) it has since been leaked onto popular [[file sharing]] networks.
==Background==
Psychological distress after trauma was reported in 1900 BC by an Egyptian physician who described hysterical reactions to trauma (Veith 1965). “Hysteria” was also related to “traumatic reminiscences” a century ago (Janet 1901). At that time Freud’s pupil Kardiner was the first to describe what later became posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (Lamprecht & Sack 2002).
Hippocrates utilized a homeostasis theory to explain illness, and stress is often defined as the reaction to a situation that threatens the balance or homeostasis of a system (Antonovsky 1981). The situation causing the stress reaction is defined as the “stressor”, but the stress reaction, and not the stressor is what jeopardizes the homeostasis (Aardal-Eriksson 2002).
==Technologies==
Posttraumatic stress is thus an imbalance according to stress theory. PTSD is a rather recent diagnosis in psychiatric [[nosology]] appearing in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) for the first time in 1980. It is claimed that the development of the PTSD concept partly has socio-economic and political implications (Mezey & Robbins 2001). War veterans were to a great deal incapacitated by psychiatric illness, including posttraumatic stress in the aftermath of the Vietnam war. They had however difficulties receiving economic compensation since there was no psychiatric diagnosis available by which they could claim indemnity. This situation has changed and PTSD is now the only psychiatric diagnosis for which a person can receive compensation such as a war veteran indemnity pension in the USA (Mezey & Robbins 2001).
Microsoft labels the key new technologies as "The Pillars of Longhorn", which are:
PTSD like symptoms were thus recognized in combat veterans following many historical conflicts however the modern understanding of the condition dates to the [[1980s]].
* '''Fundamentals''': new developments to the basic structure of the operating system including the [[Microsoft .NET|.NET]] framework, further support for [[digital rights management]] (DRM), an application deployment engine ("[[ClickOnce]]"), improvements to the installation of applications (Windows Installer/MSI 4.0), and the Trustworthy Computing initiative, previously known as Pallidium, see also ([[trusted computing]]).
* '''[[Avalon (API) | Avalon]]''': a new [[user interface]] subsystem and [[Application programming interface|API]] based on [[XML]], .NET, and [[vector graphics]], which will make use of [[3D computer graphics]] hardware and [[Direct3D]] technologies. See [[Windows Graphics Foundation]].
* '''[[Indigo (messaging system) | Indigo]]''': a service-oriented messaging system to allow programs to interoperate as part of the .NET framework.
* '''[[WinFX]]''': a new API to allow access to these new features, replacing the current "Win32" API (see [[Windows API]]).
It is worth noting that Avalon, Indigo, and WinFX are technologies that will be made available to [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Server 2003]] as well, and are therefore not technologies to be exclusive to Longhorn, but rather developed in time for the Longhorn release, to be incorporated in that operating system. This doesn't imply coming visual changes to these operating systems though, as Aero will still be exclusive to Longhorn. The reason for [[backporting]] these technologies is to allow an easier introduction to these technologies to developers and end users.
March 26th Microsoft released a Community Preview featuring both Avalon and Indigo to enable developers to experiment with the new technologies without running the Alpha version of Longhorn. Due to many requests it was released to the general public and is available at Microsoft's website [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=85ab132b-f1aa-4422-b053-272d79863013&DisplayLang=en].
==Features==
==Diagnostic Criteria==
Additionally, Longhorn will include many other new features.
The diagnostic criteria for PTSD according to [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] -IV (DSM-IV) go from A to F. It is noticeable that the stressor criterion A is divided into two parts. The first part A1 requires that “the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others”. The second part A2 requires that “the person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror”. The DSM-IV A criterion differs substantially from the previous DSM-III-R stressor criterion which specified that the traumatic event should be of a type that would cause “significant symptoms of distress in almost anyone”, and that the event was “outside the range of usual human experience”. Therefore since the introduction of DSM-IV the number of possible PTSD-traumas has increased, and one study suggests that the increase is around 50% (Breslau & Kessler 2001).
===Aero===
==Symptoms and their possible explanations==
Longhorn will include a completely re-designed user interface, code-named ''Aero''. The new interface is intended to be cleaner and more aesthetically pleasing than previous Windows interfaces. The most visible addition to the interface is the ''sidebar'', an area at the side of the screen consisting of ''tiles'' which display dynamic information about whatever window is currently in the foreground, which is essentially an extension of the "system tray" on the Windows [[task bar]]. Note that the sidebar had been removed as part of the WinHEC 2005 release (Build 5048).
Symptoms can include general restlessness, [[insomnia]], [[aggression|aggressiveness]], [[clinical depression|depression]], [[dissociation]] with reality, emotional detachment, or [[nightmare]]s. Amplification of other underlying psychological conditions may also occur. Young children suffering from PTSD will often enact aspects of the trauma through their play, and may often have nightmares that lack any recognizable content.
===Search===
One patho-psychological way of explaining PTSD is characterized by viewing the condition as secondary to deficient emotional or cognitive processing of a trauma (Cordova 2001). This view also helps to explain the three symptom clusters of the disorder (Shalev 2001).
Longhorn will feature a new search engine which will allow for instant display of results for a given search. This is in contrast to the search engine of Windows XP, which can take several minutes to display results. The Longhorn search will allow you to add multiple filters to continually refine your search (Such as "File contains the word 'example'"). There will also be saved searches which will act as [[Virtual Folders]], where opening a folder will execute a specific search automatically and display the results as a normal folder. The search will also feature other usability improvements. The Longhorn search is actually built on an expanded and improved version of the indexing service for the search in Windows XP.
===Metro===
'''Intrusion'''. Since the person cannot process the difficult emotions in a normal way, she is plagued by recurrent nightmares, or daytime flashbacks, while she realistically reexperiences the trauma. These reexperiences are characterized by high anxiety levels, and make up one part of the PTSD symptom cluster triad called intrusive symptoms.
Metro is the codename for Microsoft's next generation document format, which is based on XML. It is similar in many ways to [[Adobe Systems]]' [[PDF]]. Metro is intended to allow users to view, print, and archive files without the original program that created it. The name Metro also refers to the print path in Longhorn. With Metro, documents can remain in the same format from the time they are created to the time they are printed. Microsoft states that Metro will provide better fidelity to the original document by using a consistent format for both screen and print output.
While many analysts suspect Metro is intended to be a "PDF-killer," Microsoft insists that they are not attempting to duplicate all the functionality of the PDF. For example, at the time of this writing, Metro is not planned to have the capabilities for dynamic documents.
'''Hyperarousal'''. PTSD is also characterized by a state of nervousness with the organism being prepared for “fight or flight”. The typical hyperactive startle reaction characterized by “jumpiness” in connection with high sounds or fast motions is typical for another part of the PTSD cluster called hyperarousal symptoms, and could also be secondary to an incomplete processing.
===Other Features===
'''Avoidance'''. The hyperarousal and the intrusive symptoms are eventually so distressing that the individual strives to avoid contact with everything, and everyone, even her own thoughts, that can arouse memories of the trauma and thus cause the intrusive and hyperarousal states to go on. She isolates herself, being detached in her feelings with a restricted range of emotional response, and can experience so-called emotional numbing. This avoiding behavior is the third and most important part of the symptom triad that makes up the PTSD criteria.
* Full support for the "[[NX bit|NX]]" (No-Execute) feature of processors. This feature, present in [[AMD]]'s [[AMD64]] architecture, as well as [[Intel]]'s [[EM64T]] Architecture, can flag certain parts of memory as containing data instead of executable code, which prevents overflow errors from resulting in arbitrary code execution. This should not be confused with [[trusted computing]] facilities provided by a so-called ''[[Fritz-chip]]''.
The avoidance behavior could also be explained by a feeling of being different due to both the exclusiveness of the trauma and the strange and painful symptoms of intrusion and hyperarousal causing [[depersonalization]].
* Built-in [[DVD]] recording capabilities, including [[Mount Rainier (packet writing)|Mt. Rainier]] support.
* A new installation program that will install Longhorn in about 15 minutes (which is present in alpha build 4074 of Windows Longhorn).
* Native Raw Image support (As used by most digital cameras).
* Native, embedded RSS support, with developer API.
* Some level of file encryption support, which will prevent unauthorized viewing of files on stolen laptops/hard drives.
* The "My" prefixes will be dropped, so "My Documents" will just be "Documents", "My Computer" will just be "Computer", etc.
==Technologies/Features Delayed until future release==
==Biology of PTSD==
* '''[[WinFS]]''' (short for either ''Windows Future Storage'' or ''Windows File System''): a combined [[relational database]] and [[filesystem]], based on the next version of [[Microsoft SQL Server|SQL Server]] (codenamed ''Yukon''). Working on top of [[NTFS]], it will provide abilities to represent objects and their relationships, rather than just a hierarchy of files and folders. The removal of WinFS from Windows Longhorn was announced in August 2004, and is expected to be released as an update to Longhorn, entering beta stages at about the same time as Longhorn is released, but also will be ported to Windows XP to help end users along with the transition phase to Longhorn. Microsoft's promotion of this technology has spurred the recent trend towards [[desktop search]] tools.
PTSD displays biochemical changes in the brain and body different from other psychiatric disorders such as major depression. In PTSD patients the dexamethasone cortisol suppression is strong while it is weak in patients with major depression. In most PTSD patients the urine secretion of cortisol is low, at the same time as the catecholamine secretion is high, and the norepinephrine/cortisol ratio is increased. Brain catecholamine levels are low, and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations are high. There is also an increased sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with a strong negative feedback of cortisol due to a generally increased sensitivity of cortisol receptors (Yehuda, 2001).
* '''[[MSH (shell)|Monad]]''' A new [[command-line interface]] called ''[[MSH (shell)|MSH]]'', and codenamed ''Monad'' will not be fully implemented in Longhorn, but will exist in it to some extent. It plans to combine the Unix [[pipes and filters]] philosophy with that of [[object-oriented programming]].
The response to stress in PTSD is abnormal with long-term high levels of norepinephrine, at the same time as cortisol levels are low, a pattern associated with facilitated learning in animals. Translating this reaction to human conditions gives a pathophysiological explanation for PTSD by a maladaptive learning pathway to fear response (Yehuda 2002). With this deduction follows that the clinical picture of hyperreactivity and hyperresponsiveness in PTSD is consistent with the sensitive HPA-axis.
Swedish UN soldiers serving in Bosnia with low pre-service salivary cortisol levels had a higher risk of reacting with PTSD symptoms following war trauma than soldiers with normal pre-service levels (Aardal-Eriksson 2001).
Another possible factor in PTSD is that a persistence of depressive symptoms may be caused by an underlying biochemical disorder associated with insulin resistance (dysglycemia) that can be treated by a hypoglycemic diet.
In [[animal research]], a part of the brain called the [[amygdala]] has been shown to be needed to form fear memories. From [[brain imaging]] studies, the amygdala has also been shown to be active in human fear. Dysfunction of the amygdala may be involved in PTSD. Further animal and clinical research into the amygdala and [[fear conditioning]] may provide additional treatments for the condition.
==Prevalence==
PTSD may be experienced following any traumatic experience or series of experiences which satisfy the criteria and that do not allow the victim to readily recuperate from the detrimental effects of stress. It is believed that of those exposed to traumatic conditions between 5% (life threatening disease such as cancer) and 80% (rape) will develop PTSD depending on the severity of the trauma and personal vulnerability.
==Graphics hardware requirements==
In peacetime, 30% of those that suffer will go on to develop a chronic condition; in wartime, the levels of disorder are believed to be higher.
Longhorn's graphics requirements are defined in relation to the different desktop experiences.
===Aero Glass===
In recent history the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster]], which took place [[December 26]], [[2004]] and took hundreds of thousands of lives and the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center]] and the [[Pentagon]] may have caused PTSD in many survivors and rescue workers. Today relief workers from organizations such as [[The Red Cross]] and the [[Salvation Army]] provide counseling after major disasters as part of their standard procedures to curb severe cases of post-traumatic stress disorder.
This graphics mode adds support for 3D graphics, animation and visual special effects in addition to the features offered by Aero Express.
*Intended for mainstream and high-end graphics cards.
*At least 64 MB of graphics memory, 128 MB recommended, or 256 MB for 1600x1200+.
*At least 32 [[bits per pixel]].
*3D hardware acceleration with capabilities equal to [[DirectX]] 9.
*A memory bandwidth of 2 GB / second.
*Capable of drawing ~1.5M triangles / second, one window being ~150 triangles.
*A graphics card that uses AGP 4X or PCI Express 8-lane bus.
Although this may appear expensive by today's standards, it is likely that such a configuration will be entry-level or lower by Longhorn's release.
===Aero Diamond===
==Cancer as PTSD-trauma==
A graphics mode customized for the Longhorn Media Center Edition, and will not be made available in the other editions.
PTSD is normally associated with trauma such as violent crimes, rape, and war experience. However there have been a growing number of reports of PTSD in [[cancer]] survivors and their relatives (Smith 1999, Kangas 2002). Most studies deal with survivors of [[breast cancer]] (Green 1998, Cordova 2000, Amir & Ramati 2002), and cancer in children and their parents (Landolt 1998, Stuber 1998), and show prevalence figures of between 5 and 20%. Characteristic intrusive and avoidance symptoms have been described in cancer patients with traumatic memories of injury, treatment, and death (Brewin 1998). There is yet disagreement on whether the traumas associated with different stressful events relating to cancer diagnosis and treatment actually qualify as PTSD stressors (Green 1998). Cancer as trauma is multifaceted, includes multiple events that can cause distress. Cancer trauma, like combat, is often characterized by extended duration with a potential for recurrence, and a varying immediacy of life-threat (Smith 1999).
==Treatment=Aero Express===
The lesser Aero visual experience offering only the basic visual improvements introduced by Longhorn, such as composition based DPI scaling.
PTSD is usually [[therapy|treated]] by a combination of [[psychotherapy]] (cognitive-behavioral therapy, group therapy, and exposure therapy are popular) and drug therapy ([[antidepressant]] or [[atypical antipsychotics]], e. g. brand names such as [[Prozac]] (fluoxetine), [[Effexor]] (venlafaxin), [[Zoloft]] (sertraline), [[Remeron]] (mirtazapine), [[Zyprexa]] (olanzapine), or [[Seroquel]] (quetiapine)). Talk therapy may prove useful, but only insofar as the individual sufferer is enabled to come to terms with the trauma suffered and successfully integrate the experiences in a way that does not further damage the psyche. Forbes ''et al.'' (2001)<sup>1</sup> have shown that a technique of "rewriting" the content of nightmares through imagery rehearsal so that they have a resolution can not only reduce the nightmares but also other symptoms. The US FDA recently approved a clinical protocol that combines the drug [[MDMA]] ("Ecstasy") with talk therapy sessions (this doesn't mean that Ecstasy has proven efficiency for treating PTSD).
*Intended for mainstream or lower-end graphics cards.
Basic counseling includes education about the condition and provision of safety and support (Foa 1997). Cognitive therapy shows good results (Resick 2002), and group therapy may be helpful in reducing isolation and stigma (Foy 2002).
*Uses the Avalon Desktop Composition window manager.
*A Longhorn Driver Display Model (LDDM) driver is a requirement.
===To Go===
Dr. [[Jan Bastiaans]] of the [[Netherlands]] has developed a form of [[psychedelic]] [[psychotherapy]] involving [[LSD]], with which he has successfully treated [[concentration camp]] survivors who suffer from PTSD [http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v09n2/09203maa.html].
The new Longhorn look & feel without any visual special effects, similar to the visual style Luna of Windows XP in that it resembles merely an application [[skin (computing)|skin]]. As with Luna, no additional hardware requirements compared to the classic Windows interface.
*A simple option for consumer upgrades, and mobile / low-cost devices.
*No additional requirements compared to the lesser Classic mode.
*Fallback mode in case the hardware requirements for Aero aren't met.
===Classic===
PTSD is often [[comorbid]] with other [[mental illness|psychiatric disorders]] with [[Clinical depression|depression]] and [[substance abuse]] being the most common.
The most basic user interface offered by Longhorn, which is also seen in [[Windows 2000]], or [[Windows XP]] with its visual style Luna deactivated.
* An option for corporate deployments and upgrades.
There have been scores of other treatments suggested for the treatment of PTSD. Two of these controversial techniques are [[Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing]] (EMDR) and [[Traumatic Incident Reduction]] (TIR).
* Requires Windows XP Display Driver Model (XPDM) or LDDM drivers.
* No graphics card hardware requirements exceeding those of Windows XP.
'''EMDR''' is a technique developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro (Shapiro 1989), in which the therapist induces eye movements in the client which is meant to access the traumatic event and allow the integration of emotions and sensations that occurred during the traumatic event. Critics claim that EMDR is no more effective than CBT and that it derives its benefits from the therapist client interaction and not the eye movements. The link was once thought to be through the rapid eye-movements (REM) of sleep. During REM sleep the individual is presumably processing what she has experienced during the day. In PTSD the realistic nightmares of reexperiencing the trauma could be seen as unsuccessful processing of the trauma during REM sleep. It was proposed that EMDR then supposedly mimicks the brain’s activities during REM sleep. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that neither eye movements nor alternating attentional movements make any additive effect to the therapy which also demonstrates inferior long term outcome in comparison to exposure based treatments (Devilly & Spence, 1999)<sup>2</sup>.
'''TIR''' is a less well known technique for reducing and eliminating the effects of a traumatic event. TIR is more of a graduated exposure technique that is controlled by the client. In TIR the client retells the trauma and releases the emotions held in check. In addition the client remembers the event and allows the conscious mind to process any decisions, intentions and cognitive distortions that might have occurred during or after the trauma. Practitioners who have been trained in both EMDR and TIR report that TIR is safer because it is focused on a single event and EMDR can occasionally trigger several events and multiple emotions. Interviews with these practitioners have suggested that, while they continue to use both techniques, TIR is the preferred intervention for known traumatic events where the client wants insight and understanding about the event and the aftereffects of the trauma. Both TIR and EMDR have been described as unscientific. TIR is derived from Scientology and has no controlled outcome studies to back any of their claims. It is not an empirically supported treatment and, under no circumstances, should this be a first-line treatment.
==See also==
* [[combat stress reaction]]
* [[Survivor syndrome]]
* [[acute stress reaction]]
* [[Invasion and occupation of Iraq casualties]] Civilian casualties section
* [[Waking the Tiger]]
==Fiction==
*[[Pat Barker]]: ''[[Regeneration (book)|Regeneration]]''
*[[William Somerset Maugham]]: ''[[The Razor's Edge]]''
*[[Philip Roth]]: ''[[The Human Stain]]''
*[[Rebecca West]]: ''[[The Return of the Soldier]]''
*[[Leslie Marmon Silko]]: ''[[Ceremony]]''
*[[David Morrell]]: ''[[First Blood]]''
==Non-Fiction==
*[[Spike Milligan]]: ''Mussolini: His Part in My Downfall''. In this war diary Milligan, one of Britain's greatest post-war comedians, details his descent into madness during the Italian campaign of World War II. The sequel, ''Where Have All the Bullets Gone?'' describes the appallingly unsympathetic treatment he received at the hands of military doctors.
==References==
*[http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/display/graphics-reqs.mspx Graphics Hardware and Drivers for "Longhorn"] – Version as of April, 2004; retrieved June 10, 2004
<sup>1</sup> [http://www.kluweronline.com/article.asp?PIPS=300244&PDF=1 Forbes, D. ''et al.'' (2001)] ''Brief report: treatment of combat-related nightmares using imagery rehearsal: a pilot study'', Journal of Traumatic Stress '''14''' (2): 433-442
*Microsoft (August 27, 2004). [http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2004/Aug04/08-27Target2006PR.asp Microsoft Announces 2006 Target Date for Availability Of "Longhorn"]. Press Release. Retrieved November 30, 2004.
<sup>2</sup> [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VDK-3XWJVV5-8&_user=907278&_handle=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAAYEBAVBV-AAAZCAWWBV-AAZDCDAAD-AB-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F1999&_rdoc=8&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235985%231999%23999869998%23141373!&_cdi=5985&view=c&_acct=C000047763&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=907278&md5=4189234ef106f495eff0b1bdc6063f5d Devilly, G.J., & Spence, S.H. (1999).] The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive behavioral trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 131–157.
== External links ==
* [http://www.ncptsd.org National Center for PTSD]
* [http://www.swin.edu.au/victims Victims Website]
* [http://www.swin.edu.au/ptsd Trauma Web]
* [http://www.bein.com/trauma/ Help For PTSD]
* [http://www.brainexplorer.org/brain_disorders/Focus_PTSD.shtml www.brainexplorer.org: Neurobiological background infos and studies about medication]
* [http://www.emdr.com EMDR Institute]
* [http://www.skepdic.com/emdr.html Criticism of EMDR]
* [http://www.tir.org TIR website]
* [http://www.hypoglycemia.asn.au/articles/PTStress.html PTSD & Hypoglycemia]
==External links==
*[http://msdn.microsoft.com/longhorn Microsoft Longhorn Developer Center] -- Developer information on Longhorn at [[MSDN]].
**[http://msdn.microsoft.com/Longhorn/understanding/pillars/default.aspx The Pillars of Longhorn]
**[http://longhorn.msdn.microsoft.com Microsoft Longhorn SDK] -- Documentation of the Longhorn APIs made public so far at [[MSDN]].
*[http://www.winsupersite.com/longhorn/ Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows] -- Detailed information regarding Longhorn, including screenshots.
**[http://www.winsupersite.com/reviews/pdc2003.asp PDC 2003 Section] -- Information regarding Longhorn build 4051, released at PDC 2003.
*[http://www.aci.com.pl/mwichary/guidebook/interfaces/windows/longhorn GUIdebook: Windows Longhorn Gallery] - A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces
*[http://www.longhornblogs.com/ Longhorn Blogs] -- Non-corporate, community-based initiative of Microsoft's next version of Windows
*[http://www.longhornbuzz.com/ Longhorn Buzz] -- Non-corporate, community-based forums dedicated to Microsoft's next version of Windows
*[http://www.windowslonghorn.net/ Longhorn News] -- Non-corporate, community-based news site, dedicated to Longhorn news.
**[http://www.windowslonghorn.net/modules.php?set_albumName=WindowsBetas&op=modload&name=gallery&file=index&include=view_album.php Gallery Section] -- Screenshots from development versions of Longhorn.
{{History of Windows}}
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