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The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 sometimes known as the '''First Kashmir War''' was a war fought between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] over the region of [[Kashmir]] from [[1947]] to [[1949]]. It was the first of the many wars fought among the two newly independent nations.
{{language|name=Thai|nativename=ภาษาไทย
==Cause==
|familycolor=lavender
The state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] had been part of India since time immemorial. It was one of a number of Indian states that recognised British paramountcy. Prior to the withdrawal of the British from India, the state came under pressure from both India and Pakistan to join their states. The [[Maharaja]] of Kashmir, [[Hari Singh]] wanted to remain independent and tried to delay the issue. However at the time of British withdrawal the state was invaded by a concentrated force of Pakistani-backed irregulars and regular Pakistani soldiers. This forced him to accede Kashmir to India who promptly rushed into Kashmir and thus the war had started.
|states=[[Thailand]]
|region= --
|speakers=46–50 million|rank=24
|family=[[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]<br>
[[Kam-Tai languages|Kam-Tai]]<br>
[[Be-Tai languages|Be-Tai]]<br>
[[Tai-Sek languages|Tai-Sek]]<br>
[[Tai languages|Tai]]<br>
[[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]]<br>
[[East Central Tai languages|East Central]]<br>
[[Chiang Saeng languages|Chiang Saeng]]<br>
'''Thai'''
|nation=[[Thailand]]
|agency=--
|iso1=th|iso2=tha|sil=THJ}}
==Summary of War==
The '''Thai language''' is the official language of [[Thailand]]. The Thai name for the language is ภาษาไทย (''phasa thai'', meaning "the language of Thais"). Thai is part of the [[Tai languages]] group of the [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]] [[language family]]. The Tai-Kadai languages are thought to have originated in southern [[China]], and some linguists have proposed links to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], or [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language families. It is a [[tonal language|tonal]] and [[analytic language|analytic]] language. The combination of tonality, complex [[orthography]], [[relational marker]]s and a different [[phonology]] can make Thai a difficult language for Westerners to learn.
The AZK had several advantages in the war, notably:
*Prior to the war the Jammu and Kashmir state forces had been spread thinly around the border as a response to terrorist activity, and so were badly deployed to counter a full scale invasion.
*Some of the state forces rebelled and joined the invaders.
*The AZK were also aided by regular Pakistani soldiers who manned some of their units, with the proportion increasing throughout the war.
*British officers may have helped the Pakistanis plan the attack.
As a result of these advantages the main invasion force quickly brushed aside the Jammu and Kashmir state forces. But the attacker’s advantage was not vigorously pressed and the Indians saved the country by airlifting reinforcements. This was at the price of the state formally succeeding to India. With Indian reinforcements the Pakistani / AZK offensive ran out of steam towards the end of 1947. The exception to this was in the High Himalayas sector where the AZK were able to make substantial progress until turned back at the outskirts of Leh in late June 1948. Throughout 1948 many small-scale battles were fought. None of these gave a strategic advantage to either side and the fronts gradually solidified. Support for the AZK forces by Pakistan became gradually more overt with regular Pakistani units becoming involved. A formal cease-fire was declared on [[31 December]], 1948.
==Results of the War==
The independent state of Jammu and Kashmir ceased to exist. The cease fire line has over the years became a de facto division of the country. This has given about one third of the land area to Pakistan and about two thirds to India. The Indians retained control of the relatively wealthy and populous Kashmir Valley, and a majority of the population. In [[1956]], this area became the state of Jammu and Kashmir in the India union.
==LanguagesStages andof Dialectsthe War==
This war has been split into ten stages by time. The individual stages are detailed below.
Standard Thai, also known as Central Thai or Siamese, is the official language of Thailand, spoken by about 25 million people (1990) including speakers of Bangkok Thai (although the latter is sometimes considered as a separate dialect). [[Khorat Thai]] is spoken by about 400,000 (1984) in [[Nakhon Ratchasima]]; it occupies a linguistic position somewhere between Central Thai and [[Isan language|Isan]], and may be considered a dialect of either.
===Initial Invasion 22 Oct 1947 – 26 Oct 1947 (Op Gulmarg)===
In addition to Standard Thai, Thailand is home to several other related [[Tai languages]], including:
[[Image:J&K01low.jpg|Initial Invasion 22 Oct 1947 – 26 Oct 1947 (Op Gulmarg)]]<br>
*[[Isan language|Isan]] (Northeastern Thai), the language of the [[Isan]] region of Thailand, is considered by some to be a dialect of the [[Lao language]], which it closely resembles. It is spoken by about 15 million people (1983).
A large invasion of the Kashmir valley was mounted by the irregular forces, aimed at Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir. The state forces were defeated and the way to the capital, ([[Srinagar]]), was open. There was also a mutiny by state forces in favour of the AZK in Domel.
*[[Lü language|Lü]] (Tai Lue, [[Dai]]), spoken by about 78,000 (1993) in northern Thailand.
In desperation, Hari Singh, the ruler of Kashmir requested the Indian Government for Indian troops to stop the uprising. The Indians told him that if Singh signed an Instrument of Accession allowing Kashmir to join the Indian Union, only then would India rush in troops for the protection of one of its territories. This, the Maharaja promptly did. Following this accession, the Indian troops arrived and quickly blocked the advance of the invaders, preventing the imminent sacking of Srinigar.
*[[Northern Thai language|Northern Thai]] (Lanna, Kam Mueang, or Tai Yuan), spoken by about 6 million (1983).
However, many of the irregular forces went home with their loot after plundering local towns and thus failed to press the attack home. In the Punch valley the Jammu and Kashmir state forces retreated into towns and were besieged.
*[[Phuan language|Phuan]], spoken by an unknown number of people in central Thailand and Isan.
*[[Phu Thai language|Phu Thai]], spoken by about 156,000 around [[Nakhon Phanom province]] (1993).
*[[Shan language|Shan]] (Thai Luang, Tai Long), spoken by about 56,000 in north-west Thailand (1993).
*[[Song language|Song]], spoken by about 20,000 to 30,000 in central and northern Thailand(1982).
*[[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] (Pak Dtai or Dambro), spoken about 5 million (1990).
*[[Tai Dam language|Tai Dam]], spoken by about 20,000 (1991) in Isan and [[Saraburi province]].
----
Statistics are from [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue 2003-10-4]. Many of these languages are spoken by larger numbers outside Thailand. Most speakers of dialects and minority languages speak Central Thai in addition.
===Indian defence of the Kashmir Valley 27 Oct 1947 – 17 Nov 1947===
Within Standard Thai, there are different forms for different social contexts:
[[Image:J&K02low.jpg|Indian defence of the Kashmir Valley 27 Oct 1947 – 17 Nov 1947]]<br>
*Street Thai: informal, without polite terms of address, as used between close relatives and friends.(ภาษาพูด)
Indian forces, rapidly airlifted to Srinagar managed to defeat the irregular forces on the outskirts of the town. This was partially due to an outflanking manoeuvre by armoured cars. Shattered, the AZK were pursued as far as Baramula and Uri and these towns were recaptured. In the Punch valley the sieges of the loyal Jammu and Kashmir state forces continued. Meanwhile, the troops in Gilgit (the Gilgit Scouts) mutinied and this yielded most of the far north of the state to the AZK.
*Elegant Thai: official and written version, includes respectful terms of address; used in simplified form in [[newspaper]]s.(ภาษาเขียน)
----
*Rhetorical Thai: used for public speaking.
=== Attempted link-up at Punch 18 Nov 1947 – 26 Nov 1947===
*Sacred Thai.
[[Image:J&K03low.jpg|Attempted link-up at Punch 18 Nov 1947 – 26 Nov 1947]]<br>
*Royal Thai. (ราชาศัพท์)
The Indian forces ceased their pursuit of the shattered AZK forces and swung south in an attempt to relieve Punch. This was less successful than hoped, because inadequate reconnaissance had underestimated the difficulty of the roads. Although the relief column eventually reached Punch, the siege could not be lifted. A second relief column reached only Kotli and was forced to evacuate its garrison. Mirpur was captured by the AZK and its inhabitants particularly the Hindus were slaughtered.
----
===Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri 25 Nov 1947 - 6 Feb 1948===
[[Image:J&K04low.jpg|Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri 25 Nov 1947 - 6 Feb 1948]]<br>
The Pakistani/AZK forces attacked and captured Jhanger. They then attacked Naoshera unsuccessfully. In both areas they killed and raped not only Hindus but any muslims who were against them. Other Pakistani/AZK forces made a series of unsuccessful attacks on Uri. In the south a minor Indian attack secured Chhamb. By this stage of the war the front line began to stabilise as more Indian troops became available.
----
===Op Vijay: counterattack to Jhanger 7 Feb 1948 - 1 May 1948===
[[Image:J&K05low.jpg| Op Vijay: counterattack to Jhanger 7 Feb 1948 - 1 May 1948]]<br>
The Indian forces launched a counterattack in the south recapturing Jhanger and Rajauri. In the Kashmir Valley the Pakistani/AZK forces continued attacking the Uri garrison. In the north Skardu was brought under siege by Pakistani/AZK forces.
----
===Indian Spring Offensive 1 May 1948 - 19 May 1948===
[[Image:J&K06low.jpg|Indian Spring Offensive 1 May 1948 - 19 May 1948]]<br>
The Indians held onto Jhanger against numerous counterattacks from the AZK, who were increasingly supported by regular Pakistani Forces. In the Kashmir Valley the Indians attacked, recapturing Tithwail. The AZK made good progress in the High Himalayas sector, infiltrating troops to bring Leh under siege, capturing Kargil and defeating a relief column heading for Skardu.
----
===Operations Gulab and Erase 19 May 1948 - 14 Aug 1948===
[[Image:J&K07low.jpg|Indian Spring Offensive 1 May 1948 - 19 May 1948]]<br>
The Indians continued to attack in the Kashmir Valley sector driving north to capture Keran and Gurais. They also repelled a counterattack aimed at Tithwail. In the Punch Valley the forces besieged in Punch broke out and temporarily linked up with the outside world again. The AZK made good progress in the High Himalayas sector and got to the outskirts of Leh and eventually captured Skardu. However an attempt to take the town of Leh itself was unsuccessful.
----
===Operation Duck 15 Aug 1948 - 1 Nov 1948===
[[Image:J&K08low.jpg|Operation Duck 15 Aug 1948 - 1 Nov 1948]]<br>
During this time the front began to settle down with less activity by either side, the only major event was an unsuccessful attack by the Indians towards Dras (Operation Duck). The siege of Punch continued.
----
===Operation Easy. Punch link-up 1 Nov 1948 - 26 Nov 1948===
[[Image:J&K09low.jpg|Operation Easy. Punch link-up 1 Nov 1948 - 26 Nov 1948]]<br>
The Indians now started to get the upper hand in all sectors. Punch was finally relieved after a siege of over a year. The AZK forces in the High Himalayas, who had previously made good progress, were finally defeated. The Indians pursued as far as Kargil before being forced to halt due to supply problems. The Zoji-La pass was forced by using tanks (which had not been thought possible at that altitude) and Dras was recaptured. The use of tanks was based on experience gained in Burma in 1945.
----
===Moves up to cease-fire. 27 Nov 1948 - 31 Dec 1948===
[[Image:J&K10low.jpg| Moves up to cease-fire. 27 Nov 1948 - 31 Dec 1948]]<br>
Realising that they were not going to make any further progress in any sector, the Pakistanis decided to end the war. A UN cease-fire was arranged for the 31st Dec 1948. A few days before the cease-fire the Pakistanis launched a counter attack, which cut the road between Uri and Punch.
Less educated Thais can speak only at the first level. Few can speak the Sacred or Royal versions.
After protracted negotiations a cease-fire was agreed to by both countries, which came into effect. The terms of the cease-fire as laid out in the UNCIP resolution (http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm) of [[August 13]], 1948 were adopted by the UN on [[January 5]], 1949. This required Pakistan to withdraw her forces, both regular and irregular, while allowing India to maintain minimum strength of her forces in the state to preserve law and order. On compliance of these conditions a plebiscite was to be held to determine the future of the territory. In all, 1,500 soldiers died on each side during the war and Pakistan was able to acquire roughly two-fifths of Kashmir. (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1947.htm)
==Military insights gained from the war.==
==Script==
===On the use of armour===
The use of light tanks and armoured cars was important at two stages of the war. Both of these Indian victories involved very small numbers of AFVs. These were:-
''Main article: [[Thai alphabet]]''
*The defeat of the initial thrust at Srinagar, which was aided by the arrival of 2 armoured cars in the rear of the irregular forces.
*The forcing of the Zoji-La pass with 11 Stuart M5 light tanks.
The Thai alphabet probably derives from the [[Old Khmer]] (อักขระเขมร) script, which is a southern [[Brahmi]]c script of the [[Indic]] family. Notable features include:
This may show that armour can have a significant psychological impact if it turns up at places thought of as impossible.
It is also likely that the invaders did not deploy anti-tank weapons to counter these threats. Even the lightest weapons will significantly encumber leg infantry units, so they may well have been perceived as not worth the effort of carrying about, and left in rear areas. This will greatly enhance the psychological impact of the armour when it does appear.
#It is an [[abugida]] script, in which the [[implicit vowel]] is a short open ''a'' for [[consonant]]s standing alone and a short open ''o'' if the initial consonant is followed by another consonant.
The successful use of armour in this campaign strongly influenced Indian tactics in the 1962 war where great efforts were made to deploy armour to inhospitable regions (although with much less success in that case).
#Tone markers are placed above the initial consonant of a syllable or on the last consonant of an initial [[consonant cluster]].
#[[Vowel]]s associated with consonants are nonsequential: they can be located before, after, above or below their associated consonant, or in a combination of these positions.
The latter in particular causes problems for computer encoding and text rendering.
There is no universal standard for transliterating Thai into English. For example, the name of King Rama IX, the present monarch, is transliterated variously as Bhumibol, Phumiphon, or many other versions. Guide books, text books and dictionaries may each follow different systems. For this reason, most language courses recommend that learners master the Thai alphabet. In scholarly usage, French scholars tend to romanize Thai with a letter-for-letter transcription according to the original Sanskrit value of the characters. Anglophone scholars generally prefer either a simplified phonetic rendering or some variation on the International Phonetic Alphabet. This article uses a simplified [[IPA]] system which does not indicate tone or vowel quantity.
The Thai Royal Institute [http://www.royin.go.th/] publishes sets of rules for transliterating Thai words into the Roman alphabet and vice versa (the [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription]]), but these are far from universally applied. The [[ISO]] published an international standard for the transliteration of Thai into Roman script in September 2003 [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=20574&ICS1=1&ICS2=140&ICS3=10] .
==Grammar==
From the perspective of [[linguistic typology]], Thai can be considered to be an [[analytic language]]. The [[word order]] is [[Subject (grammar)|Subject]]-[[Verb]]-[[Object (grammar)|Object]], although the subject is often omitted. As in many Asian languages, the Thai pronominal system varies according to the sex and relative status of speaker and audience.
===Adjectives===
[[Adjective]]s ''follow'' the noun. A duplicated adjective is used for emphasis, e.g.
คนอ้วนๆ (''khon uan uan'')-
"a really fat person."
[[Comparative]]s take the form "A X กว่า (''gwa'') B" (A is more X than B). The [[superlative]] is expressed as A X ที่สุด (''theesut'').
===Verbs===
[[Verb]]s do not [[inflected language|inflect]] (i.e. do not change with person, tense, voice, mood or number) nor are there any [[participles]]. Duplication conveys the idea of doing the verb a lot. The [[passive voice]] is indicated by the insertion of โดน (''dohn'') or ถูก (''thuuk'') before the verb. [[Tense]] is conveyed by [[tense marker]]s before or after the verb: กำลัง (''gamlang'') before the verb or อยู่ (''yuu'') after the verb for the [[Present_tense|present]]; จะ (''ja'') before the verb for the [[Future_tense|future]]; ได้ (''dai'') before the verb (or a time expression) for the [[Past_tense|past]].
===Adverbs===
Many [[adverb]]s are expressed by a duplicated adjective. Adverbs usually follow the verb.
===Nouns===
[[Noun]]s are uninflected and have no [[Grammatical gender|gender]]; there are no [[plural]] forms or [[Grammatical_article|article]]s. Plurals are expressed by adding "nouns of multitude" (ลักษณนาม) or [[classifier]]s in the form of
noun-number-classifier, e.g. "teacher five person" for "five teachers".
While in English, such classifiers are usually absent ("four chairs") or optional ("two bottles of beer" ''or'' "two beers"), a classifier is almost always used in Thai (hence "chair four item" and "beer two bottle").
===Pronouns===
Subject [[pronoun]]s are often omitted, while [[nickname]]s are often used where English would use a pronoun. There are specialised pronouns in the royal and sacred Thai languages. The following are appropriate for conversational use:
*ผม (''phom'') = I/me (masculine)
*ดิฉัน (''di-chan'') = I/me (feminine)
*ฉัน (''chan'') = I/me (masculine or feminine; informal)
*คุณ (''khun'') = you (polite)
*เธอ (''thœ'') = you (informal)
*เรา (''rao'') = we
*เขา (''khao'') = he/she
*มัน (''man'') = it
*พวกเขา (''phuak-khao'') = they
*พี่ (''phee'') = older brother or sister (often used loosely for older non-relatives)
*น้อง (''nong'') = younger brother or sister (often used loosely for younger non-relatives)
===Particles===
The [[Grammatical_particle|particle]]s are often untranslatable words added to the end of a sentence to indicate respect, a request, encouragement or other moods (similar to the use of [[intonation]] in English), as well as varying the level of formality. They are not used in written Thai. The most common particles indicating respect are ครับ (pronounced "khrap", with a high tone, the "r" sound is usually omitted) for a man, and ค่ะ (pronounced "kha" with a falling tone) for a woman; these can also be used to indicate an affirmative.
Other common particles are:
* จ๊ะ (''ja'') indicating a request;
* จ้ะ, จ้า or จ๋า (''ja'') indicating emphasis;
* ละ or ล่ะ (''la'') indicating emphasis;
* สิ (''si'') indicating emphasis or an imperative; and
* นะ (''na'') indicating a request.
==Phonology==
{{IPA notice}}
===Tones===
There are five phonemic tones: middle, low, high, rising and falling. They are indicated in the written script by a combination of the class of the initial consonant (high, mid or low), [[vowel length]] (long or short), closing consonant ([[unvoiced]]/[[Stop_consonant|stop]] or [[voiced]]/[[sonorant]]) and sometimes one of four [[tone mark]]s. The tonal rules are shown in the following chart:
<p ALIGN="CENTER"><center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=500>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Thai Tones'''</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Long vowel, or vowel plus voiced consonant'''</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Long vowel plus unvoiced consonant'''</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Short vowel, or short vowel plus unvoiced consonant'''</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Mai ek (อ่)'''</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Mai tho (อ้)'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''High class consonant'''</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">rising</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">low</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">low</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">low</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">falling</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Mid class consonant'''</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">mid</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">low</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">low</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">low</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">falling</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Low class consonant'''</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">mid</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">falling</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">high</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">falling</td>
<td WIDTH="15%" VALIGN="TOP">high</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
There are a further two, relatively rare tone marks: ''mai tri'' (อ๊) and ''mai chattawa'' (อ๋); these always indicate a high and a rising tone respectively.
The letters ห (high class) and อ (mid class) are often used as silent letters to produce the correct tone. In polysyllabic words, an initial high class consonant with an implicit vowel renders the following syllable also high class.
There are a few exceptions to this system, notably the pronouns ''chan'' and ''khao'', which are both pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone indicated by the script.
===Consonants===
Thai distinguishes among three voice/aspiration patterns for consonants: unvoiced, unaspirated; unvoiced, aspirated; and voiced, unaspirated. Where English has only unvoiced, aspirated {{IPA|/p/}} and voiced, unaspirated {{IPA|/b/}}, Thai distinguishes a third sound which is neither voiced nor aspirated, approximately the sound of the ''p'' in "spliced." There is similarly a {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/tʰ/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} triplet. In the pharyngeal series there is a {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/kʰ/}} pair and in the palatal a {{IPA|/c/}}, {{IPA|/cʰ/}} pair.
<p ALIGN="CENTER"><center>
<table BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=486>
<tr bgcolor="lavender" >
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td>
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Voiced'''</td>
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP">'''Unvoiced'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP" bgcolor="lavender" >'''Aspirated'''</td>
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td>
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP">{{IPA|kʰ}}, {{IPA|cʰ}}, {{IPA|tʰ}}, {{IPA|pʰ}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP" bgcolor="lavender" >'''Unaspirated'''</td>
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP">{{IPA|d}}, {{IPA|b}}</td>
<td WIDTH="33%" VALIGN="TOP">{{IPA|k}}, {{IPA|c}}, {{IPA|t}}, {{IPA|p}}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
=== Vowels ===
The basic vowels of the Thai language, from back to front and close to open, are:
{| border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" summary="Thai Vowels"
|- bgcolor="lavender"
|bgcolor="lavender"| ||'''front'''||'''central'''||'''back'''
|-
|bgcolor="lavender"|'''close'''||{{IPA|i}} (อิ, อี)||{{IPA|ɨ}} (อึ, อื)||{{IPA|u}} (อุ, อู)
|-
|bgcolor="lavender"|'''close-mid'''||{{IPA|e}} (เอ)|| ||{{IPA|o}} (โอ)
|-
|bgcolor="lavender"|'''open-mid'''||{{IPA|æ}} (แอ)||{{IPA|ə}} (เอิอ)||{{IPA|ɔ}} (ออ)
|-
|bgcolor="lavender"|'''open'''||{{IPA|a}} (อะ, อา)|| || {{IPA|ɑ}} (อั, รร)
|}
The vowels each exist in short-long pairs: these are distinct [[phoneme]]s forming unrelated words in Thai, but usually transliterated the same: เขา (''khao'') means he or she, while ขาว (''khao'') means white.
The short-long pairs are as follows:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th colspan="3">Short</th>
<th colspan="3">Long</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Thai</th>
<th>IPA</th>
<th>English</th>
<th>Thai</th>
<th>IPA</th>
<th>English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>กะ</td>
<td>{{IPA|a}}</td><td>u in "nut"</td>
<td>กา</td>
<td>{{IPA|aː}}</td><td>a in "father"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>กิ</td>
<td>{{IPA|i}}</td><td>y in "greedy"</td>
<td>กี</td>
<td>{{IPA|iː}}</td><td>ee in "see"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>กุ</td>
<td>{{IPA|u}}</td><td>oo in "look"</td>
<td>กู</td>
<td>{{IPA|uː}}</td><td>ue in "blue"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>เกะ</td>
<td>{{IPA|e}}</td><td>e in "set"</td>
<td>เก</td>
<td>{{IPA|eː}}</td><td>a in "lame"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>แกะ</td>
<td>{{IPA|æ}}</td><td>a in "at"</td>
<td>แก</td>
<td>{{IPA|æː}}</td><td>a in "ham"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>กึ</td>
<td>{{IPA|ɨ}}</td><td>u in French "du" (short)</td>
<td>กื</td>
<td>{{IPA|ɨː}}</td><td>u in French "dur" (long)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>เกอะ</td>
<td>{{IPA|ə}}</td><td>u in "burn" (short)</td>
<td>เกอ</td>
<td>{{IPA|əː}}</td><td>u in "burn" (long)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>โกะ</td>
<td>{{IPA|o}}</td><td>oa in "boat"</td>
<td>โก</td>
<td>{{IPA|oː}}</td><td>ow in "bowl"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>เกาะ</td>
<td>{{IPA|ɔ}}</td><td>o in "for"</td>
<td>กอ</td>
<td>{{IPA|ɔː}}</td><td>aw in "raw"</td>
</tr>
</table>
The basic vowels can be combined into [[diphthong]]s as follows:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th colspan="3">Short</th>
<th colspan="3">Long</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Thai</th>
<th>IPA</th>
<th>English</th>
<th>Thai</th>
<th>IPA</th>
<th>English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ไก or ใก or ไกย</td>
<td>{{IPA|ɑj}}</td><td>I in "I"</td>
<td>กาย</td>
<td>{{IPA|aːj}}</td><td>I in "I" (stressed)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>เกา</td>
<td>{{IPA|aw}}</td><td>ow in "cow"</td>
<td>กาว</td>
<td>{{IPA|aːw}}</td><td>ao in "Lao"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>เกียะ</td>
<td>{{IPA|ia}}</td><td>ea in "ear"</td>
<td>เกีย</td>
<td>{{IPA|iːa}}</td><td>ea in "ear" (long)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>กิว</td>
<td>{{IPA|iw}}</td><td>ew in "new" (short)</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td><td>--</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>กัวะ</td>
<td>{{IPA|ua}}</td><td>ure in "pure" (short)</td>
<td>กัว</td>
<td>{{IPA|uːa}}</td><td>ewe in "newer"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>กุย</td>
<td>{{IPA|uj}}</td><td>uey in "bluey"</td>
<td>กูย</td>
<td>{{IPA|uːj}}</td><td>ooee in "cooee!"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>เก็ว</td>
<td>{{IPA|ew}}</td><td>e in "set" + o in "poke"</td>
<td>เกว</td>
<td>{{IPA|eːw}}</td><td> a in "lame" + o in "poke"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td><td>--</td>
<td>แกว</td>
<td>{{IPA|æːw}}</td><td>a in "ham" + o in "poke"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td><td>--</td>
<td>เกือ</td>
<td>{{IPA|ɨːa}}</td><td>u in French "dur" + a in "father"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td><td>--</td>
<td>เกย</td>
<td>{{IPA|əːj}}</td><td>u in "burn" + y in "yes"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td><td>--</td>
<td>กอย</td>
<td>{{IPA|ɔːj}}</td><td>oy in "boy" (long)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td><td>--</td>
<td>โกย</td>
<td>{{IPA|oːj}}</td><td>oe in "Chloe"</td>
</tr>
</table>
Additionally, there are three [[triphthong]]s, all of which are long:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Thai</th>
<th>IPA</th>
<th>English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>เกียว</td>
<td>{{IPA|iow}}</td><td>ee + aow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>กวย</td>
<td>{{IPA|uɛj}}</td><td>oo + I in "I"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>เกือย</td>
<td>{{IPA|ɨɛj}}</td><td>u in French "dur" + I in "I"</td>
</tr>
</table>
For a guide to written vowels, see the [[Thai alphabet]] page.
==Vocabulary==
Other than [[compound word]]s and words of foreign origin, most words are [[syllable|monosyllabic]]. Historically, words have most often been imported from [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]]; [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] terminology was a particularly fruitful source of these. Since the beginning of the [[20th century]], however, the [[English language]] has been the greatest influence.
Thailand also uses a distinctive [[Thai six hour clock|six hour clock]] in addition to the [[24 hour clock]].
===Progression of front lines===
*It is interesting to chart the progress of the front lines. After a certain troop density is reached progress was very slow with victories being counted in the capture of individual villages or peaks. Where troop density was lower (as it was in the High Himalayas sector and at the start of the war) rates of advance can be very high.
===Deployment of forces===
*The Jammu and Kashmir state forces were spread out in small packets along the frontier to deal with terrorist incidents. This made them very vulnerable to a conventional attack. India used this tactic against East Pakistan in 1971.
==References==
===Major Sources===
*Segaller, Denis. ''Thai Without Tears: A Guide to Simple Thai Speaking''. Bangkok: BMD Book Mags, 1999. ISBN 9748711528.
*“Operations In Jammu and Kashmir 1947-1948” Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Thomson Press (India) Limited. New Delhi 1987. This is the Indian Official History, and was the major source for this work.
*“The Indian Army After Independence”, by KC Praval, 1993. Lancer International, 1-897829-45-0
==External links==
*“Slender Was The Thread: The Kashmir confrontation 1947-1948”, by Maj Gen LP Sen, 1969. Orient Longmans Ltd New Delhi.
{{InterWiki|code=th}}
*“Without Baggage: A personal account of the Jammu and Kashmir Operations 1947-1949” Lt Gen. E. A. Vas. 1987. Natraj Publishers Dehradun. ISBN 81-85019-09-6.
* [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=THJ Ethnologue write-up on Thai]
===Other Sources===
* [http://www.thai-language.com/ Thai-language.com]
*“The Indian Armour: History Of The Indian Armoured Corps 1941-1971”, by Maj Gen Gurcharn Sandu, 1987, Vision Books Private Limited, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7094-004-4.
* [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/thai.htm IPA and SAMPA for Thai]
*“Thunder over Kashmir”, by Lt Col Maurice Cohen. 1955 Orient Longman Ltd. Hyderabad
* [http://www.kisa.ca/thai Thai learning resources] (kisa.ca)
*“Battle of Zoji La”, by Brig Gen SR Hinds, Military Digest, New Delhi, 1962.
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Thai-english/ Websters Thai-English Dictionary]
*“History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles (1820-1956)”, by Maj K Barhma Singh, Lancer International New Dehli, 1990, ISBN 81-7062-091-0.
* [http://lexitron.nectec.or.th/ LEXiTRON Thai-English, English-Thai Dictionary]
* [http://www.suparsit.com/ Parsit English-Thai Web Translation]
* [http://longdo.ex.nii.ac.jp/ Longdo Thai-English/French/German/Japanese Dictionary]
* [http://www.thai2english.com/ Thai-English Transliteration and Dictionary]
* [http://www.learningthai.com/ Learningthai.com Thai Language Resources]
* [http://www.geocities.com/siamsmile365/thaiparticles/thaiparticles.htm Thai Particles] (Large list of Thai particles with explanations and example sentences.)
* [http://www.guidetothailand.com/thai-scriptphrases.htm GuidetoThailand] (Thai script phrase cards on printer friendly pages.)
==See also==
[[de:Thailändische Sprache]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[eo:Taja lingvo]]
*[[fi:ThainPartition kieliof India]]
[[fr:Thaï]]
[[ms:Bahasa Thai]]
[[nl:Thai (taal)]]
[[id:Bahasa Thailand]]
[[ja:タイ語]]
[[sv:Thailändska]]
[[th:ภาษาไทย]]
[[zh:泰语]]
[[pl:Język tajski]]
[[Category:LanguagesIndo-Pakistan of ThailandWars]]
[[Category:Tai-Kadai languagesKashmir]]
[[Category:Tonal languages1947]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir]]
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