2000 AD (comics) and Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links/Maintenance: Difference between pages

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[[Image:2000AD_logo.png|right|framed|2000 AD logo]]

[[Wikipedia:Disambiguation|Disambiguation]] pages exist to clarify confusion where two or more similarly named articles exist - for example if two famous people have the same name. Ideally, other articles should not link to disambiguation pages; links should go directly to the appropriate "real" article instead.

'''''2000 AD''''' is a weekly [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction]] oriented [[comic book|comic]].

This page lists disambiguation pages that have had incoming links, which have been fixed. Perhaps they've been added from [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links]]. However, they need monitoring.

The publication, which serialises a number of separate stories each "prog" (see glossary, below) was established by [[IPC Media|IPC Magazines]] in [[1977]], the first issue dated [[26 February]]. IPC, later [[Fleetway]], continued to produce the title until [[1999]], when it was bought by [[Rebellion Developments]]. Due in part to its weekly publication schedule, it is one of only a few comics publication to surpass 1000 issues.

==How to help==

It has been a successful launchpad for getting [[United Kingdom]] talent into the larger [[United States|American]] comics market, and has also been the source of a number of [[film]] licences. Unlike earlier weekly titles, ''2000 AD'' was based on a 6 page strip format. This gave the writers greater opportunity to develop character and meant that the artists had greater scope in designing the layout.

# Pick a disambiguation page to check from the list below.

A long-running joke is that the [[editor]] of ''2000 AD'' is [[Tharg the Mighty]], a green [[alien]] from [[Betelgeuse]] who terms his readers "Earthlets". Tharg uses other unique alien expressions and even appears in his own comic strips. Readers sometimes play along with this: for example, in prog 200 a pair of readers wrote to Tharg claiming that they preferred to be called "Terrans"; the resulting controversy ended in Tharg's accepting a challenge for a duel at a galactic ___location.

# Move it to the bottom of the list.

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# For each of the pages you see there, visit that page and change the link that goes to the disambiguation page to a link to one of the articles listed on the disambiguation page. It is most important to fix articles in the main namespace; articles with "Talk:" and "User:" prefixes, as well as "Wikipedia:" administrative pages, don't necessarily need to be fixed.

#In order to help people find this project, consider using an edit summary like the following: '''<nowiki>disambiguation link repair ([[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages maintenance|You can help!]]</nowiki>)'''

==General lists==

Another running joke is Tharg's supposed use of [[robot]]s to draw and write the strips &mdash; some of which may bear a marked resemblance to actual writers and artists. A fictional reason for Tharg to use mechanical assistance was given when the robots "went on strike" (reflecting real-life [[industrial action]] that occasionally halted IPC's comics production during the 1970s and 1980s). Tharg wrote and drew a whole issue himself, but when he ran it through the quality-control "Thrill-meter", the device melted down on extreme overload. The offending issue had to be taken away, by blindfolded security guards, to a lead-lined vault where there was no danger of anyone seeing it accidentally.

''See: [[British comics]]''

# [[Tudor]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Tudor|links]])

==Popular characters==

# [[SAS]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/SAS|links]])

# [[Naxos]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Naxos|links]])

# [[Commodore]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Commodore|links]])

# [[Nike]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Nike|links]])

# [[Hebrew]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Hebrew|links]])

# [[Billboard]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Billboard|links]])

# [[Attu]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Attu|links]])

# [[Ani]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Ani|links]])

# [[Hui]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Hui|links]])

# [[Palestine]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Palestine|links]])

# [[Orlando]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Orlando|links]])

# [[MVP]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/MVP|links]])

# [[Arian]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Arian|links]])

# [[Hausa]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Hausa|links]])

# [[Fittipaldi]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Fittipaldi|links]])

# [[German]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/German|links]])

# [[Gotha]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Gotha|links]])

# [[Batavia]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Batavia|links]])

# [[Oakland]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Oakland|links]])

# [[Greek (disambiguation)|Greek]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Greek|links]])

# [[British (disambiguation)|British]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/British|links]])

# [[Disney (disambiguation)|Disney]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Disney|links]])

# [[America]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/America|links]])

# [[WBA]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/WBA|links]])

# [[Vietnamese]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Vietnamese|links]])

# [[Queen]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Queen|links]] )

# [[XX]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/XX|links]] )

# [[McLaren]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/McLaren|links]] )

# [[Hittite]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Hittite|links]] )

# [[Saul]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Saul|links]] )

# [[Isfahan]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Isfahan|links]] )

# [[Union]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Union|links]] )

# [[Gujarati]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Gujarati|links]] )

# [[Mercedes]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Mercedes|links]] )

# [[Dragnet]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Dragnet|links]] )

# [[Spring]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Spring|links]] )

# [[MEP]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/MEP|links]] )

# [[Caesar]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Caesar|links]] )

# [[Cleavage]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Cleavage|links]] )

# [[Rock]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Rock|links]] )

# [[Scandinavian]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Scandinavian|links]] )

# [[Vulcan]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Vulcan|links]] )

# [[BA]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/BA|links]] )

# [[Shannon]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Shannon|links]] )

# [[Ainu]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Ainu|links]] )

# [[Chelsea]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Chelsea|links]] )

# [[Kimberley]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Kimberley|links]] )

# [[Lancaster]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Lancaster|links]] )

# [[Arcade]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Arcade|links]] )

# [[Dieppe]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Dieppe|links]] )

# [[Champagne]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Champagne|links]] )

# [[James]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/James|links]] )

# [[Cooper]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Cooper|links]] )

# [[Fez]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Fez|links]] )

# [[Mach]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Mach|links]] )

# [[Pantheon]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Pantheon|links]])

# [[Kawasaki]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Kawasaki|links]])

# [[Augustine]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Augustine|links]] )

# [[King]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/King|links]] )

# [[Yamaha]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Yamaha|links]] )

==Specific lists==

Popular characters from the comic include:

For reference in disambiguating abbreviations in "Politics of" articles, see [[Abbreviations used in CIA World Factbook]].

* [[Judge Dredd]]

* [[ABC Warriors]]

* [[Ace Garp]]

* [[Dan Dare]]

* [[D.R. and Quinch]]

* [[Halo Jones]]

* [[Nemesis the Warlock]]

* [[Robo-Hunter]]

* [[Rogue Trooper]]

* [[Sinister Dexter]]

* [[Sláine (comics)|Sláine]]

* [[Strontium Dog]]

The following disambiguation pages are linked to frequently, and need monitoring.

==Famous creators==

#[[Roman]]

#[[Finnish]]

#[[French]]

#[[German]]

#[[Irish]]

#[[Italian]]

#[[Japanese]]

#[[Mohawk]]

#[[Norwegian]]

#[[Turkish]]

Also note that, although not a disambiguation page, the page for [[American]] relates to the use of the word ''American'' and is not an article about the people of America; most articles linking to this page should probably be re-linked either to [[United States]] or to [[The Americas]].

Well known creators who have worked for ''2000 AD'' include:

A few [[Wikipedia:Non-unique personal names|Non-unique personal names]]:

* [[John Wagner]]

* #[[AlanRobert MooreBradford]]

* #[[GarthRosemary EnnisBrown]]

#[[Thomas Henry Burke]]

* [[Brian Bolland]]

* #[[NeilLon GaimanChaney]]

#[[Donald Davidson]]

* [[Jock (comics)|Jock]]

* #[[KevinGlenn WalkerDavis]]

* #[[PatJim MillsDavis]]

#[[Donald Wills Douglas]]

* [[Mike McMahon (comics)|Mike McMahon]]

* #[[DaveWilliam GibbonsFox]]

* #[[GrantJohn MorrisonHayes]]

* #[[PeterTim MilliganHealy]]

* #[[GordonGrant RennieHill]]

#[[John Holmes]]

* [[Kevin O'Neill (comics)|Kevin O'Neill]]

* #[[SimonGeorge BisleyJessel]]

* #[[DanPaul AbnettJohnson]]

* #[[SimonJenny SpurrierJones]]

* #[[GerryRandy Finlay-DayJones]]

* #[[JohnSteve SmithJones]]

* #[[ArthurHenry RansonKaiser]]

* #[[CarlosWilliam EzquerraKennedy]]

* #[[IanJohn GibsonMoores]]

* #[[TomDon FrameMurray]]

* #[[CamMichael KennedyO'Leary]]

#[[Eddie Perez]]

* [[Massimo Belardinelli]]

* #[[AlanCharles DavisRussell]]

* #[[IanDavid EdgintonSmith]]

* #[[BryanCarlos TalbotValderrama]]

* #[[TrevorRobert HairsineWalser]]

* #[[ChrisBetty WestonWilliams]]

* #[[HenryCharles FlintPinckney]]

* #[[FrazerJohn IrvingStanley]]

* #[[GregWilliam StaplesPhillips]]

* #[[AlanJohn GrantBennett]]

#[[Richard Russell]]

#[[Stephen Bishop]]

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Many of these have since moved on to work for American publishers such as [[DC Comics]] (especially the [[Vertigo (comics)|Vertigo]] and [[Wildstorm]] imprints) and [[Marvel Comics]].

[[Category:Wikipedia maintenance]]

[[Category:Disambiguation]]

==Glossary==

''2000 AD'', like some other children's comics of the period, used invented words and phrases to tie in with the theme of the publication. In this case, to appear more futuristic or alien. Some of these words were the result of simple typing mistakes in the offices at IPC, while some are derived from other sources.

*Prog - short for programme &mdash; a term used by the comic in place of "issue" or "edition"

*Thrill-power - measurement of the quality inherent in ''2000 AD''.

*Borag Thungg - Betelgeusian greeting.

*Squaxx - reader of ''2000 AD'', consumer of thrill-power.

*Earthlets - term that Tharg used to refer to humans (whether they read ''2000 AD'' or not).

*Earthlettes - similar to Earthlets, but applied to females only. This caused a furore on the letters page and eventually was deprecated in favour of the now gender-neutral term "earthlets", though now "Terrans" seems to be in vogue.

*Florix Grubandae - "Many thanks."

*Splundig vur thrigg - farewell, common sign-off.

*Kril Tro Thargo - honour bestowed on those who have performed services to thrill-power (typically by converting non-readers to the cause, or by buying and shipping copies of comics to readers who can't buy them for some reason, say because they're in a far-flung country that doesn't sell ''2000 AD'').

==History==

===The 1970s===

====Pre-publication====

In December 1975, Kelvin Gosnell, a [[sub-editor]] at [[IPC Media|IPC Magazines]], read an article in the [[Evening Standard|London Evening Standard]] about a wave of forthcoming [[science fiction]] films, and suggested that the company might get on the bandwagon by launching a science fiction comic. IPC asked [[Pat Mills]], a [[freelance]] [[writer]] and [[editor]] who had created ''[[Battle Picture Weekly]]'' and ''[[Action (comic)|Action]]'', to develop it. Mills brought fellow freelancer [[John Wagner]] on board as script adviser and the pair began to develop characters. The then-futuristic name ''2000 AD'' was chosen as no-one involved expected the comic to last that long. (Spoiler: It did.)

Mills' experiences with ''Battle'' and ''Action'' had taught him that readers responded to his [[anti-authoritarian]] attitudes. Wagner, who had written a [[Dirty Harry]]-inspired tough cop called ''One Eyed Jack'' for ''[[Valiant]]'', saw that readers also responded to authority figures, and developed a character that took the concept to its logical extreme, imagining an ultra-violent lawman patrolling a future [[New York City|New York]] with the power to arrest, sentence, and if required execute criminals on the spot. Meanwhile, Mills had developed a [[horror fiction|horror]] strip, inspired by the novels of [[Dennis Wheatley]], about a [[hanging judge]] called ''Judge Dread'' (after the [[reggae]] artist of the [[Judge Dread|same name]]). The idea was abandoned as unsuitable for the new comic, but the name, with a little modification, was adopted by Wagner for his ultimate lawman.

[[Image:Judge_dredd.png|right|framed|''[[Judge Dredd]]'', drawn by [[Mike McMahon (comics)|Mike McMahon]] for the first ever story]]

The task of visualising the newly-named ''[[Judge Dredd]]'' was given to [[Carlos Ezquerra]], a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] artist who had worked for Mills before on ''Battle''. Wagner gave Ezquerra an advertisement for the film ''[[Death Race 2000]]'', showing the character Frankenstein clad in black leather on a motorbike, as a suggestion for what the character should look like. Ezquerra elaborated on this greatly, adding body-armour, zips and chains, which Wagner originally thought over the top. Wagner's initial script was rewritten by Mills and drawn up by Ezquerra, but when the art came back a rethink was necessary. The hardware and cityscapes Ezquerra had drawn were far more futuristic than the near-future setting originally intended, and Mills decided to run with it and set the strip further into the future. By this stage, however, Wagner had quit.

IPC owned the rights to ''[[Dan Dare]]'', and Mills decided to revive the character to add immediate public recognition for the title. Paul DeSavery, who owned ''Dare'''s film rights, offered to buy the new comic and give Mills and Wagner more creative control and a greater financial stake. The deal fell through, however, and Wagner walked. Mills was reluctant to lose ''Judge Dredd'' and farmed the strip out to a variety of freelance writers, hoping to develop it further. Their scripts were given to a variety of artists as Mills tried to find a strip which would make a good introduction to the character, all of which meant that ''Dredd'' would not be ready for the first issue.

The story chosen was one written by Peter Harris, extensively rewritten by Mills and including an idea suggested by Kelvin Gosnell, and drawn by newcomer [[Mike McMahon]]. The strip debuted in prog 2, but Ezquerra, angry that another artist had drawn the first published strip, quit and returned to work for ''Battle''.

====The opening line-up====

Mills had created ''Harlem Heroes'', about the future sport of aeroball, a futuristic, violent version of [[basketball]] with jet-packs. Wanting to give the new comic a distinctive look, Mills wanted to use European artists, but the work turned in on ''Harlem Heroes'' by Trigo was disappointing. Veteran British artists [[Ron Turner]] and [[Barrie Mitchell]] were tried out, but a newcomer called [[Dave Gibbons]] won the editor over with his dynamic, American-influenced drawings and got the job. Mills wrote the first five episodes before handing the strip to ''[[Roy of the Rovers]]'' writer [[Tom Tully]].

''Dan Dare'' was extensively revamped to make it more futuristic. In the new stories he had put into suspended animation and revived several centuries in the future. Several artists were tried out before Mills settled on [[Italian]] artist [[Massimo Belardinelli]], whose imaginative, hallucinatory work was fantastic at visualising aliens, although perhaps less satisfying on the hero himself. The scripts were endlessly rewritten in an attempt to make the series work, but few ''Dan Dare'' fans remember this version of the character fondly. Belardinelli and Gibbons later switched strips, with Gibbons drawing ''Dare'' and Belardinelli drawing the ''Harlem Heroes'' sequel ''Inferno''. When Gibbons took over Dare in Prog 28 the strip was refashioned as a 'Star Trek' style space opera.

The other opening strips were ''[[M.A.C.H. 1]]'', a super-powered secret agent inspired by ''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]''; ''Invasion'', about a "Volgan" (thinly disguised Russian) invasion of Britain opposed by tough [[London]] lorry driver turned [[guerrilla]] fighter Bill Savage; and ''Flesh'', a particularly violent strip about [[Time travel|time-travelling]] cowboys farming [[dinosaurs]] for their meat.

Once the comic had been made ready to launch, Mills quit as editor and handed the reigns to Kelvin Gosnell, whose idea it was in the first place. Gosnell appeared as the fall guy in the Tharg photostrips that were a feature of the comic in its early years.

====The early years====

Wagner swallowed his pride and returned to write ''Judge Dredd'', starting in prog 9. His "Robot Wars" storyline was drawn by a rotating team of artists, including McMahon, Ezquerra, Turner and [[Ian Gibson]], and marked the point where ''Dredd'' became the most popular character in the comic, a position he has rarely relinquished. Dredd's city, which now covered most of the east coast of North America, became known as Mega-City One.

A new story format was introduced - ''Tharg's Future Shocks'', one-off twist-in-the-tail stories devised by writer [[Steve Moore (comics)|Steve Moore]]. ''2000 AD'' still uses this format as filler and to try out new talent. One early ''Future Shock'' was drawn by ''2000 AD'''s then art assistant [[Kevin O'Neill (comics)|Kevin O'Neill]].

Wagner introduced a new character, ''[[Robo-Hunter]]'', in 1978. The hero, Sam Slade, was a [[private detective]]-type character specialising in [[robot]]-related cases. José Ferrer was the original artist, but the editorial team were not happy with his work and quickly replaced him with Ian Gibson, who redrew parts of Ferrer's episodes before taking over himself. Gibson's imaginative, cartoony art helped drive the series' style from hard-boiled detective to surreal comedy. As the series continued Sam was joined by an idiot kit-built robot assistant, Hoagy, and even, after a crack-down on smoking in IPC comics, a [[Cuban]] robot [[cigar]], Stogie, designed to help him cut down on [[nicotine]]. The hero started out based on [[Humphrey Bogart]], but after a few years he looked more like [[Ted Danson]].

Other ongoing strips included ''The Visible Man'', detailing the misfortunes of Frank Hart, a man whose skin had been made transparent due to exposure to nuclear waste, and ''Shako'', the story of a [[polar bear]] pursued by the Army because it had swallowed a secret capsule.

M.A.C.H. 1 was killed off in 1978 but a spin off, ''M.A.C.H. Zero'', continued into the 1980s. ''Flesh'' had a sequel in 1978, set on the prehistoric oceans, and Bill Savage appeared again in a prequel, ''Disaster 1990'', in which a nuclear explosion at the north pole had melted the polar ice-cap and flooded Britain.

In [[1978]] ''2000 AD'' launched the annual 48 page Summer Special, including a full length ''M.A.C.H. Zero'' story drawn by O'Neill.

Pat Mills took over writing ''Dredd'' for a six-month "epic" called "The Cursed Earth", inspired by [[Roger Zelazny]]'s ''[[Damnation Alley]]'', which took the future lawman out of the city on a humanitarian trek across the radioactive wasteland between the Mega-Cities. McMahon drew the bulk of the stories, with occasional episodes drawn by [[Brian Bolland]]. The story saw Dredd moved to the colour centre pages for the first time while ''Dan Dare'' was given the front page.

[[Image:Johnny_alpha.png|left|thumb|''[[Strontium Dog]]'', drawn by [[Carlos Ezquerra]]]]

IPC had launched a second science fiction comic, ''[[Starlord]]'', which was cancelled after only 22 issues and merged into ''2000 AD''. Two strips strengthened ''2000 AD'''s line-up: ''[[Strontium Dog]]'', a [[mutant]] [[bounty hunter]] created by Wagner and Ezquerra, and ''[[Ro-Busters]]'', a robot disaster squad created by Mills. ''Ro-Busters'' gave O'Neill the chance to spread his artistic wings and led to the popular spin-off ''[[ABC Warriors]]''. ''Dan Dare'' was suspended while "The Cursed Earth" was finished in time for the merger. Wagner returned to ''Dredd'' following the merger to write "The Day the Law Died", another six month epic in which Mega-City One was taken over by the insane Chief Judge Cal, based on the [[Roman emperor]] [[Caligula]]. Another cancelled title, ''[[Tornado (comic)|Tornado]]'', was merged with ''2000 AD'' a few months later, but contributed nothing memorable to the line-up.

''2000 AD'' featured an adaptation of [[Harry Harrison]]'s novel ''[[The Stainless Steel Rat]]'', written by Gosnell and drawn by Ezquerra. Adaptations of two of Harrison's sequels, ''The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World'' and ''The Stainless Steel Rat for President'', would follow later. The appearance of the main character, galactic thief "Slippery" Jim DiGriz, was based on [[James Coburn]], evidently a favourite of Ezquerra's; Coburn was also the inspiration for ''[[Major Eazy]]'', which Ezquerra drew in ''Battle,'' as well as ''Judge Koburn'', a Dredd-universe reworking of the Major Eazy character, who first appeared in 2003. Gerry Finley-Day contributed ''The V.C.s'', a future war story inspired by the [[Vietnam War]], drawn by McMahon, [[Cam Kennedy]], [[Garry Leach]] and [[John Richardson]].

An important feature of the early years of ''2000 AD'' was the opportunities it gave to young British comic artists - by the time the title celebrated its 100th issue Brian Bolland, Dave Gibbons, Ian Gibson, Mike McMahon and Kevin O'Neil were all established as regulars.

===The 1980s===

In [[1980]] ''[[Judge Dredd]]'' gained a new enemy. Writer [[John Wagner]] realised that Dredd's habit of shooting just about everybody he came up against meant that it was difficult to create a recurring villain. The solution was [[Judge Death]], an undead judge from another dimension where, since all crime was committed by the living, life itself was outlawed. The law had been thoroughly enforced on his own world, and now he had come to Mega-City One to continue his work. Judge Death first appeared in an atmospheric three-parter drawn by [[Brian Bolland]] which also introduced [[Judge Anderson]] of [[Psi Division]], a squad of judges with psychic powers.

Dredd soon began another epic journey in "The Judge Child". A dying Psi Division Judge had predicted disaster for Mega-City One unless it was ruled by a boy with a birthmark shaped like an eagle, so Dredd set off into the Cursed Earth, to Texas City, and into deep space in search of the boy, Owen Chrysler, and his kidnappers, the [[Angel Gang]]. The Angels were some of the most memorable villains Wagner had yet devised, but suffered the same mortality problem that had plagued the strip so far. All of them were killed during the course of the story, but one, the [[Mean Machine Angel|Mean Machine]], was later resurrected by a convenient bit of magic. "The Judge Child" was drawn by Bolland, [[Ron Smith]] and [[Mike McMahon]] in rotation, and the later episodes marked the beginning of Wagner's long-running writing partnership with [[Alan Grant]]. The pair would go on to write ''Strontium Dog'', ''Robo-Hunter'' and many other stories for ''2000 AD'', as well as for ''[[Roy of the Rovers]]'', ''[[Battle Picture Weekly|Battle]]'' and the relaunched ''[[Eagle (comic)|Eagle]]'' in Britain, and a number of comics in America.

[[Pat Mills]] introduced ''Comic Rock'', which was meant to be a format for short stories inspired by popular music. The first story, inspired by [[The Jam]]'s ''Going Underground'', was drawn by Kevin O'Neill and featured an insane underground travel network on a planet called "Termight", in which a freedom fighter called [[Nemesis the Warlock|Nemesis]] battles the despotic Torquemada, chief of the Tube Police. All that was seen of Nemesis was the outside of his car, the Blitzspear. The story was a reaction to an earlier tube chase sequence Mills and O'Neill had done in ''Ro-Busters'', which management took objection to.

The only other ''Comic Rock'' story was a follow-up called "Killer Watt", in which Nemesis and Torquemada fought on a [[teleport]] system. This led to a series, ''Nemesis the Warlock'', in which it was revealed that Termight was Earth in the far future, Torquemada was a despotic demagogue leading a campaign of genocide against all aliens, and Nemesis was the leader of the alien resistance. Mills and O'Neill were on a roll and produced a stream of bizarre and imaginative ideas, but ultimately O'Neill was unable to continue the level of work he was putting into it on ''2000 AD'' pay. He left to work for [[DC Comics]] in America, and was replaced on ''Nemesis'' by [[Bryan Talbot]]. During Talbot's run the ABC Warriors were reunited.

''2000 AD'' would occasionally take a gamble on non-science fiction material. For example ''Fiends of the Eastern Front'' was a [[World War II]] [[vampire]] story by [[Gerry Finley-Day]] and [[Carlos Ezquerra]] which was probably originally intended for ''Battle''. Its hero was a German soldier who discovered that some of his [[Romanian]] allies were vampires. Later in the war, when Romania changed sides, he was the only one who knew their secret.

A readers' poll revealed that future war was a popular topic, so Gerry Finley-Day was asked to come up with a new war story. He, editor [[Steve McManus]] and artists Dave Gibbons devised ''[[Rogue Trooper]]'', a "genetic infantryman" engineered to be immune to chemical warfare hunting down the traitor general who had betrayed his regiment, who debuted in 1981. He was supported by bio-chips of the personalities of three dead comrades, which, slotted into his equipment, could talk to him. Gibbons left the strip early on and was replaced by [[Colin Wilson (comics)|Colin Wilson]], [[Brett Ewins]], and most notably [[Cam Kennedy]].

Another new strip in 1981, inspired by the brief [[Citizens' band radio|CB radio]] craze, was ''[[Ace Trucking Co.]]'', a comedy about pointy-headed alien space trucker Ace Garp and his crew by Wagner, Grant and Belardinelli.

Wagner and Grant also had big plans for ''Judge Dredd''. Mega-City One had grown too large and unwieldy, and they planned to cut it down to size. "Block Mania", in which wars broke out between rival city-blocks, turned out to be a plot orchestrated by the Russian city East-Meg One, and led directly to "The Apocalypse War", another six-month epic and a hard-hitting satire on the concept of [[Mutually assured destruction]]. East-Meg One, protected by a warp-shield, softened up Mega-City One with nuclear warheads before invading. Dredd spearheaded the resistance, leading a small team to East-Meg territory, hijacking their nuclear bunkers and blowing East-Meg One off the face of the earth. "Block Mania" saw the final contributions of Mike McMahon and Brian Bolland to the ''Dredd'' series. "The Apocalypse War" was drawn in its entirety by Carlos Ezquerra, making a triumphant return to the character he created.

A new writer, [[Alan Moore]], had started contributing ''Future Shocks'' in 1980. He wrote more than fifty one-off strips over the next three years, while also contributing to various [[Marvel UK]] titles and the independent magazine ''[[Warrior (comic)|Warrior]]''. In 1982 he got his first series, [[Skizz]], a re-write of ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'', set in [[Birmingham]] and influenced by [[Alan Bleasdale]]'s ''[[Boys from the Blackstuff]]''. Moore wrote ''Skizz'' without having seen ''E.T.'' The series was drawn by [[Jim Baikie]].

[[Image:Halo_jones.png|right|framed|[[The Ballad of Halo Jones|Halo Jones]], drawn by [[Ian Gibson (artist)|Ian Gibson]]]]

Moore wrote another series, ''[[D.R. and Quinch]]'', spun off from a one-off ''Time Twister''. Drawn by [[Alan Davis]], the strip featured a pair of alien juvenile delinquents with a penchant for mindless thermonuclear destruction. He went on to create ''[[The Ballad of Halo Jones]]'' with artist [[Ian Gibson (artist)|Ian Gibson]], the first strip in ''2000 AD'' to be based around a female protagonist. Halo was an everywoman in the far future, born into mass unemployment on a floating housing estate, who escaped the earth and got involved in a terrible galactic war. Three books were published, and more were planned, but Moore's demands for creator's rights and his increasing commitments to American publishers meant they never materialised.

A new character, ''[[Sláine (comics)|Sláine]]'', debuted in 1983, but had been in development since 1981. Created by [[Pat Mills]] and his then wife [[Angela Kincaid]], ''Sláine'' was a barbarian [[fantasy]] strip based on [[Celtic mythology]]. Kincaid was a children's book illustrator who had never worked in comics before, and her opening episode was drawn and redrawn several times before the editors were satisfied. Other stories were written for artists Massimo Belardinelli and Mike McMahon, but these could not see print until Kincaid's episode was ready.

[[Image:slainegn.jpg|thumb|left|150px|''[[Sláine]]'', drawn by [[Mike McMahon (comics)|Mike McMahon]]]]

In 1985, after appearing as a supporting character in ''Judge Dredd'', Judge Anderson finally got her own series, written by Wagner and Grant and initially drawn by Brett Ewins. New artist [[Glenn Fabry]] debuted on ''Sláine'', but due to his notorious slowness was rotated with [[David Pugh]]. In the ''Judge Dredd'' story "Letter from a Democrat", Wagner and Grant introduced a pro-democracy movement in Mega-City One, which is after all a [[police state]]. This would provide plotlines for years to come.

In [[1986]] the comic reached its 500th issue. A new ''Sláine'' story, ''Sláine the King'', began, entirely drawn by Fabry. [[Peter Milligan]], a writer who had been contributing ''Future Shocks'', began two series, the bleak future war story ''[[Bad Company]]'', and a strange, psychedelic series called ''The Dead''.

In [[1987]] IPC's comics divison was hived off and sold to publishing magnate [[Robert Maxwell]] as Fleetway. ''2000 AD'' was revamped, with a larger page size and full process colour on the covers and centre pages. Kevin O'Neill returned for a short ''Nemesis'' series called "Torquemada the God". Not long after came the debut of ''[[Zenith (comic)|Zenith]]'', ''2000 AD'''s first superhero strip, by new writer [[Grant Morrison]] and artist [[Steve Yeowell]]. The title character was a shallow pop singer with superhuman powers, caught up in the intrigues of a 1960s generation of superhumans and the machinations of some [[H. P. Lovecraft|Lovecraftian]] elder gods.

Wagner and Grant began a new ''Dredd'' Epic, "Oz", featuring Chopper, a popular supporting character. Chopper was a skysurfer who had been imprisoned for competing in an illegal surfing competition a few years previously. A legal "Supersurf" race was being held in Oz, the future [[Australia]], and Chopper escaped to compete. Dredd also went to Oz, partly to deal with Chopper, but mostly to investigate the Judda, a clone army created by Mega-City One's former chief genetic engineer. The Judda were defeated, and Chopper narrowly lost the race to Jug McKenzie. Dredd was waiting at the finish line, but McKenzie distracted him and allowed Chopper to escape into the outback. This ending was apparently the cause of some dispute between Wagner and Grant, and marked the end of their regular writing partnership. Wagner kept ''Dredd'', while Grant continued ''Strontium Dog'' and ''Judge Anderson''.

The "Oz" storyline had some lasting implications. Kraken, a Judda cloned from the same genetic material as Dredd, was captured by Justice Department, who had plans for him. Chopper also spun off into his own series, written by Wagner and drawn by [[Colin MacNeill]].

The ''ABC Warriors'' finally got their own series again in [[1987]] as a spin-off from ''Nemesis''. This was written, as ever, by Pat Mills, and drawn by two artists in rotation, newcomer [[Simon Bisley]] and science fiction artist [[S.M.S.]].

In [[1988]] Grant and artist [[Simon Harrison]] began a new ''Strontium Dog'' story, "The Final Solution". It took nearly two years to complete, and ended with the death of Johnny Alpha, who sacrificed his life to save mutants from extermination. Original artist Carlos Ezquerra didn't agree with the decision to kill the character off, and refused to draw it.

The number of colour pages was increased, allowing for one complete strip per issue to be painted. Initially the colour pages were reserved for ''Judge Dredd'', but were later given over to a new ''Sláine'' story, "The Horned God", fully painted by Simon Bisley. The series was collected as a series of three graphic novels, then as a single volume, and has remained in print ever since.

In [[1989]] the colour pages were increased again, allowing for three colour stories and two black and white in every issue. One of the colour series was ''Rogue Trooper: the War Machine'', written by Dave Gibbons and painted by [[Will Simpson]]. The original ''Rogue Trooper'' series had run out of steam after the Traitor General had been dealt with, so Gibbons revamped the concept, creating a different genetic infantryman in a different war. As a standalone story it was superb, but ''2000 AD'' unwisely decided to continue it with other creators, resulting in a string of poorly received stories.

One of the black and white stories , ''The Dead Man'', was a low-key beginning for a major event. In the Cursed Earth, villagers come across a man, burnt from head to toe, with no memory of who he is or what happened to him. As he tries to piece his memories back together, he is being hunted by the evil beings who left him in that state. A creepy, atmospheric horror-western, it was drawn by [[John Ridgway]] and written by "Keef Ripley", a pseudonym for John Wagner. By the end of the series the Dead Man had discovered his identity. He was Judge Dredd.

===The 1990s===

As ''The Dead Man'' ended, a new ''Judge Dredd'' story, "Tale of the Dead Man", explained how Dredd had ended up in that position. Dredd was getting older and the democratic movement was causing him to doubt his role, so Justice Department had groomed Kraken, the former Judda cloned from his bloodline, to replace him. Kraken was now ready for his final assessment, and Dredd himself was chosen to assess him. Although Kraken performed faultlessly, Dredd thought he perceived a hint of his former allegiance to the Judda in him, and failed him. He then resigned as a judge and took the "Long Walk" into the Cursed Earth. There he met the Sisters of Death, and only barely survived the encounter. This could mean only one thing: Judge Death was back.

This set up the latest six month epic, "Necropolis". After Dredd had left, Justice Department had put Kraken through one final test, and given him Dredd's badge. But the Sisters of Death, spirit beings from Judge Death's dimension, were able to use Kraken's inner conflict to take control of him and use him to bring Judge Death and the other Dark Judges back from the limbo dimension Dredd had exiled them to. The Sisters possessed all the city's judges and began to enforce Death's twisted law. Out in the Cursed Earth, Dredd had recovered his memory and returned to defeat the Dark Judges. He then tried to lance the democratic boil by holding a referendum on whether the Judges should continue to govern the city. The judges won, by a small margin on a derisory turnout, and Dredd was satisfied.

''2000 AD'' gained an influx of talent from other comics. [[Garth Ennis]] and [[John Smith (comics)|John Smith]] had come to prominence writing for ''[[Crisis (comic)|Crisis]]'', a ''2000 AD'' spin-off for older readers, while artists [[Jamie Hewlett]] and [[Philip Bond]] were the stars of ''[[Deadline magazine|Deadline]]'', an independent comics and popular culture magazine founded by Steve Dillon and Brett Ewins. Smith created ''Indigo Prime'', an multi-dimensional organisation that polices reality, whose most memorable story was "Killing Time", a [[time travel]] story featuring [[Jack the Ripper]]. Ennis and Bond contributed ''Time Flies'', a time-travel comedy, and Hewlett was paired with writer [[Peter Milligan]] for the surreal ''[[Hewligan's Haircut]]''. Writer [[John Tomlinson]] and artist [[Simon Jacob]] created ''Armoured Gideon'', an action-comedy series about a giant killer robot charged with keeping demons from invading earth.

The ''[[Judge Dredd Megazine]]'', a monthly title set in the world of Dredd, was launched in [[1990]]. With John Wagner focusing his attentions there, Garth Ennis became the regular writer of Dredd in the weekly.

American writer [[Michael Fleischer]], who had written [[Spectre (comics)|The Spectre]] and [[Jonah Hex]] in the 1970s, was recruited to write the continuing adventures of the new ''Rogue Trooper'', along with several other strips, none of which went down very well. Another new writer who failed to set ''2000 AD'' on fire was [[Mark Millar]], whose revival of ''Robo-Hunter'' was particularly unpopular. Millar has since gone on to become a successful writer of American [[superhero]] comics, but he seems unsuited to the style of ''2000 AD''.

''2000 AD'' went all-colour about this time (prog 723, dated [[23 March]] [[1991]]), in response to a short-lived new colour weekly, ''[[Toxic!]]'', launched by Pat Mills. ''Button Man'', a contemporary thriller by John Wagner and [[Arthur Ranson]], was originally intended for ''Toxic!'' but ended up in ''2000 AD''. A new ''[[ABC Warriors]]'' series, written by Mills and Tony Skinner and painted by [[Kevin Walker]], began, in which Deadlock took over the warriors with his "Khaos" philosophy. The series is beautifully painted and often very funny, but some readers disliked the new direction and the regular humiliation of Hammerstein.

Robert Maxwell died in late 1991, and Fleetway was merged with London Editions, a Danish-owned company which owned rights to [[Disney]] characters, to become Fleetway Editions.

In 1992, ''2000 AD'' and the ''Judge Dredd Megazine'' ran their first crossover story, "Judgement Day", in which [[zombie]]s overran Mega-City One. Written by Garth Ennis and drawn by Carlos Ezquerra, [[Peter Doherty]], [[Dean Ormston]] and [[Chris Cunningham|Chris Halls]], the story teamed Judge Dredd with Johnny Alpha through the medium of time travel. John Smith and artist [[Paul Marshall]] created ''Firekind'', a slow-paced story about dragons and alien societies, which was accidentally published out of order.

The "Summer Offensive" was an eight-week experiment in [[1993]], when the comic was handed over to writers [[Grant Morrison]], Mark Millar and John Smith, to a mixed reception. Morrison wrote an unmemorable Dredd story, "Inferno", and a drug-influenced comedy adventure, ''Really and Truly''. Smith contributed ''Slaughterbowl'', in which convicted criminals on dinosaurs are pitted against each other in a deadly sport, with the survivor being granted his freedom. Millar wrote ''Maniac 5'', an action-packed series about a remote controlled war-robot.

By far the most controversial story of this run, though, was ''[[Big Dave]]'', a satire of British tabloid attitudes starring "[[Manchester]]'s hardest man". In Big Dave's world, the [[German national football team]] really are [[Nazis]], single mothers really do get a fortune in state handouts, [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] and [[Sarah, Duchess of York]] are portrayed as gold-digging tarts making fools of the [[British Royal Family|Royal family]], and [[Saddam Hussein]], who rides an ostrich, is in league with aliens who want to turn earthlings into "poofs". Written by Morrison and Millar and drawn by [[Steve Parkhouse]], ''Big Dave'' divided readers like nothing else the comic had ever published.

A second crossover between ''2000 AD'' and the ''Megazine'', "Wilderlands", began in 1994. Written by Wagner and drawn by Ezquerra, [[Mick Austin]] and [[Trevor Hairsine]], it followed on from "Mechanismo", a series of stories in the ''Megazine'' in which Justice Department, opposed by Dredd, tried to introduce robot judges. Dredd falsified evidence to get the robots scrapped, and was arrested, but the spaceship flying him to the prison colony on [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] was sabotaged and crashed on the newly discovered planet of Hestia. Dredd took charge of the survivors and discovered the Mechanismo robot judges and their creators were behind the crash in an attempt to depose the Chief Judge.

With Wagner writing, ''Judge Dredd'' was again the flagship strip. A long-running storyline, "The Pit", was an ensemble-based [[police procedural]] which had Dredd take a desk job as chief of a particularly crime-ridden sector of the city. But ''2000 AD'''s quality had dropped throughout the early 1990s, with a corresponding drop in readership. The long awaited ''Judge Dredd'' movie was released in 1995, but was poorly received and failed to provide any boost to circulation.

Former ''Megazine'' editor [[David Bishop]] became editor of the weekly in late 1995 and gradually began to slow the decline. Unsuccessful series were dropped, and a number of new series were tried out, some more successful than others. Writer [[Dan Abnett]] introduced ''[[Sinister Dexter]]'' in 1996, a strip about two hitmen influenced by the film ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'', which became a regular feature. In [[1997]], writer [[Robbie Morrison]] and artist [[Simon Fraser]], who had worked with Bishop on the ''Megazine'', created ''[[Nikolai Dante]]'', a swashbuckling series set in future Russia starring a thief and ladies' man who discovers he's the illegitimate scion of an aristocratic dynasty. There were also gimmicks, like the "sex issue", sold in a clear plastic wrapper, ''The Space Girls'', a series attempting to cash in on the popularity of the [[Spice Girls]], ''B.L.A.I.R. 1'', a parody of [[Tony Blair]] based on ''M.A.C.H. 1'', and an adaptation of the [[Danny Boyle]] film ''[[A Life Less Ordinary]]''.

A new ''Dredd'' epic, "Doomsday", appeared in 1999 and again ran in both ''2000 AD'' and the ''Megazine''. Wagner had been laying the foundations for this story for several years, introducing the main villain, semi-robotic gang lord Nero Narcos, and supporting characters like Judge Jura Edgar of the Public Surveillance Unit, and Galen DeMarco, a former judge who had quit after falling in love with Dredd and become a private eye. "Doomsday" began with the return of Orlok, the East-Meg agent responsible for Block Mania, who abducted Dredd and Judge Anderson to put them on trial for the destruction of East-Meg One. In Dredd's absense, Nero Narcos staged a takeover of Mega-City One using robots he had been secretly putting in place for some time. Dredd and Anderson managed to escape their captors, and with the assistance of Brit-Cit were able to retake the city.

1999 also saw the return of an old favourite, ''Nemesis the Warlock''. After a break of ten years, writer Pat Mills decided to bring the story to an end with "The Final Conflict". The series was drawn by [[Henry Flint]] in a style that recalled Kevin O'Neill's early work on the series, as well as Simon Bisley's ''ABC Warriors'' work.

The decade ended with a special 100-page issue called "Prog 2000". Behind a cover by Brian Bolland, ''Nemesis'' wrapped up for good in a final episode drawn by Kevin O'Neill. War broke out in ''Nikolai Dante'', and writer [[Gordon Rennie]] and artist [[Mark Harrison]] introduced future war story ''Glimmer Rats''. Another old favourite, ''Strontium Dog'', was revived by Wagner and Ezquerra, telling new stories of Johnny Alpha set before his death, with the conceit that previous stories had been "folklore" and the new stories were "what really happened", allowing Wagner to revise continuity. The story was in fact an adaptation of a treatment Wagner had written for a TV pilot that was never made.

===The 2000s===

''2000 AD'' bounced back under the ownership of [[Rebellion Developments|Rebellion]], with editors [[Andy Diggle]] and [[Matt Smith]] at the helm. Rebellion continues to develop stories based on 2000 AD characters such as [[Rogue Trooper]] and [[Judge Dredd]].

==Related publications==

[[Starlord]] was a weekly title launched in 1978 following much the same format as ''2000 AD'' and included [[Strontium Dog]] and [[Ro-Busters]] which introduced characters from the [[ABC Warriors]]. The two titles were merged later the same year.

[[Tornado (comics)|Tornado]] was a weekly title launched in 1979. There was less emphasis on Science Fiction series and when it was merged with ''2000 AD'' a year later only one story [[Black Hawk (comics)|Black Hawk]] made the transfer, though other stories ''Wolfie Smith'' and ''Captain Klep'' later made appearances in ''2000 AD'', largely due to IPC editorial policies against 'wasting' stories that had already been paid for.

[[Crisis (comic)|Crisis]] was a sister publication that didn't follow the format of ''2000 AD'', but did share many editorial staff and creative teams. Early issues featured two SF-themed stories aimed at a slightly older age group than ''2000 AD'' and soon became a magnet for British creators who wanted to create comics for the adult market.

[[Revolver (comics)|Revolver]] joined Crisis though didn't last as long. Dan Dare was in the original lineup, and this transferred to Crisis when Revolver finished.

Current sister publications to ''2000 AD'' include the monthly ''[[Judge Dredd Megazine]]'', focusing on expanding the world of Judge Dredd, and the quarterly ''2000 AD Extreme Edition'' focusing on reprints.

In the past ''2000 AD'' has been accompanied by a variety of reprint publications.

==References==

*David Bishop (2002-2003), "Thrill-power overload!", ''Judge Dredd Megazine'' vol 4 issues 9-18, issues 201-209

*[http://www.2000ad.nu/termight/references.html Termight fan web site]

==External links==

*[http://www.2000adonline.com/ Official ''2000 AD'' Web site]

*[http://www.2000adreview.co.uk ''2000 AD'' Review fan site]

*[http://groups.google.com/groups?group=alt.comics.2000ad alt.comics.2000ad newsgroup]

*[http://www.2000ad.org/thrillpitcher/ Alec Trench's Thrill Pitcher]

*[http://www.2000ad.org/artwork/ ''2000 AD'' Artwork Gallery]

*[http://www.2000ad.org/thrillpower/ Touched by the Hand of Tharg]

[[Category:Comics]]

[[Category:2000 AD|*]]

[[Category:2000AD characters]]

[[Category:Fleetway and IPC Comics titles]]

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