Skinhead and Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links/Maintenance: Difference between pages

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'''Skinheads''', named after their [[shaven head]]s, are members of a [[subculture]] that originated in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in the [[1960s]]. Skinheads were closely tied to the [[Rude boy]] of the [[West Indies]] and the [[Mod_(lifestyle)|Mod]]s of the [[UK]].

[[Wikipedia:Disambiguation|Disambiguation]] pages exist to clarify confusion where two or more similarly named articles exist - for example if two famous people have the same name. Ideally, other articles should not link to disambiguation pages; links should go directly to the appropriate "real" article instead.

This page lists disambiguation pages that have had incoming links, which have been fixed. Perhaps they've been added from [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links]]. However, they need monitoring.

Skinheads may be categorized into three main factions:

*[[racism|Racist]] ("[[Neo-Nazism|Nazi]]" or [[White power]])

*[[Anti-racist]] ([[SHARP]] or [[ARA skins]])

*Apolitical ("[[Rude Boy]]", traditional, "trad" or Trojan [after the [[Trojan Records]] label] skins).

<br>

==How to help==

[[Image:skinhead_and_scooter.jpg]]English Skinhead on [[cutdown]] circa 1991

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== History ==

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==General lists==

Some have said that the skinhead subculture originated in Jamaica, among the "rude boys" who ran drug and prostitution rackets on the impoverished streets of cities like Kingston. It is true that Jamaican immigrants to Britain, who emulated the rude boys as folk heros, joined the London working class youth as dock workers, and that their music and culture provided a nucleus around which the skinhead subculture coalesced. However, this theory neglects the strong, home-grown British influences that were instrumental in the rise of the skinheads.

London in the early 1960s was experiencing a growing class separation between the working class - struggling, relegated to substandard housing, and increasingly neglected by their political representatives - and the middle class. Those youths who could afford it invested in new fashions popularized by the Beatles (haircuts) and Carnaby Street merchants (clothing). These were the [[Mod_(lifestyle)|Mod]]s, a youth subculture noted for its consumerism and affection for style, music and [[scooter]]s. Those of lesser means, such as the dock workers, made do with the practical styles that suited their employment - steel-toed boots, straight-legged denim jeans, and shirts and braces (suspenders) often handed down by their fathers. When possible, their limited funds were spent on smart outfits worn in the evenings to the dance halls, where they danced to [[ska]], [[reggae]], and [[rocksteady]] beats alongside their Jamaican coworkers.

Around 1965 a group of "hard" or "gang" mods, who could be identified by their shorter hair and working-class image, emerged from the larger mod scene. This resulted in a schism that produced "peacock mods" ([[The Who]], [[The Kinks]]) and skinheads, commonly known by that name by around 1968. (Other early nicknames included "lemons", "peanuts" and "suits.") Early followers were mainly interested in and influenced by Jamaican [[Reggae]] and [[Ska]] music (aka, [[The Spirit of 69]]), Jamaican [[Rude Boy]] culture and a dislike of those perceived as the 'ruling classes'. They had an extreme dislike for the government and many larger businesses as both appeared to lack sympathy for the increasingly desperate straits of the working class.

# [[Tudor]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Tudor|links]])

Skinhead culture exploded in the year 1969, to the extent that even the rock band [[Slade]] adopted the look, after which the original skinheads slowly dropped into new categories, including the "Suede-head" (defined by the ability to manipulate one's hair with a comb) and the next-stage "Smoothies" (often with hairstyles down to shoulder length). Fashions within both groups regressed to their mod roots, reintroducing the common wearing of brogues (originally an identifier once boots became too conspicuous) as well as the slacks-and-sweater look. Here was a far cry from the singularly blue-jeaned and typically steel-toe booted skins of the past.

# [[SAS]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/SAS|links]])

# [[Naxos]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Naxos|links]])

# [[Commodore]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Commodore|links]])

# [[Nike]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Nike|links]])

# [[Hebrew]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Hebrew|links]])

# [[Billboard]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Billboard|links]])

# [[Attu]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Attu|links]])

# [[Ani]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Ani|links]])

# [[Hui]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Hui|links]])

# [[Palestine]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Palestine|links]])

# [[Orlando]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Orlando|links]])

# [[MVP]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/MVP|links]])

# [[Arian]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Arian|links]])

# [[Hausa]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Hausa|links]])

# [[Fittipaldi]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Fittipaldi|links]])

# [[German]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/German|links]])

# [[Gotha]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Gotha|links]])

# [[Batavia]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Batavia|links]])

# [[Oakland]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Oakland|links]])

# [[Greek (disambiguation)|Greek]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Greek|links]])

# [[British (disambiguation)|British]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/British|links]])

# [[Disney (disambiguation)|Disney]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Disney|links]])

# [[America]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/America|links]])

# [[WBA]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/WBA|links]])

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# [[Saul]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Saul|links]] )

# [[Isfahan]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Isfahan|links]] )

# [[Union]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Union|links]] )

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# [[Cleavage]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Cleavage|links]] )

# [[Rock]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Rock|links]] )

# [[Scandinavian]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Scandinavian|links]] )

# [[Vulcan]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Vulcan|links]] )

# [[BA]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/BA|links]] )

# [[Shannon]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Shannon|links]] )

# [[Ainu]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Ainu|links]] )

# [[Chelsea]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Chelsea|links]] )

# [[Kimberley]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Kimberley|links]] )

# [[Lancaster]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Lancaster|links]] )

# [[Arcade]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Arcade|links]] )

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# [[Mach]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Mach|links]] )

# [[Pantheon]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Pantheon|links]])

# [[Kawasaki]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Kawasaki|links]])

# [[Augustine]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Augustine|links]] )

# [[King]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/King|links]] )

# [[Yamaha]] ([[Special:Whatlinkshere/Yamaha|links]] )

==Specific lists==

During the mid-1970s in the UK, the skinhead movement was reborn in an unexpected way. With the introduction of [[Punk Rock]] to the public, kids were looking for the next great shock-rockers. Skinheads with shorter hair, less emphasis on style, and a new sound grew in numbers and grabbed the attention of the media as a result of repeated incidents of [[hooliganism]] during [[soccer|football]] (soccer) matches, often to the point of rioting between rival groups of supporters. Whether these riots were, in fact, initiated by skinheads or by overzealous fans in general is the subject of some controversy, but it is clear that skinheads were eager participants.

For reference in disambiguating abbreviations in "Politics of" articles, see [[Abbreviations used in CIA World Factbook]].

So-called "Punk skins" also gained a great deal of media attention after they were recruited by the [[anti-immigration]] political group, the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]], which used the skinheads' reputation for violence to intimidate its opposition. Most skinheads deny that their group was recruited to engage in racist and criminal activity by this organization, claiming that the National Front recruited street youth, shaved their heads to give them the ''appearance'' of skinheads, and paid them to bully, threaten and even commit violence upon immigrant workers. The negative press generated concerning skinheads caused a decrease in their numbers.

The following disambiguation pages are linked to frequently, and need monitoring.

[[United States|American]] skinheads were also being recruited (or created, depending on one's point of view) for similar purposes by racist groups around this time. After a number of brutal attacks were reported in the media, they received the same spin as their British counterparts. Fueled by sensationalist television, all skinheads were stereotyped as mindless, violent, and racist, with little attempt made to discriminate one subgroup from another. In an attempt to counter this negative stereotype, [[1987]] saw the birth of the [[SHARP|SkinHeads Against Racial Prejudice (SHARP)]] organization in New York. The group claims to be opposed all forms of bigotry. In addition, [[Anti-Racist Action]] (ARA), a militant anti-racist organization, also has its roots in skinhead culture.

#[[Roman]]

#[[Finnish]]

#[[French]]

#[[German]]

#[[Irish]]

#[[Italian]]

#[[Japanese]]

#[[Mohawk]]

#[[Norwegian]]

#[[Turkish]]

Also note that, although not a disambiguation page, the page for [[American]] relates to the use of the word ''American'' and is not an article about the people of America; most articles linking to this page should probably be re-linked either to [[United States]] or to [[The Americas]].

The [[Third wave of ska]] brought a resurgence in skinhead subculture in the early 1990s, and the popularity of the group continues to grow. Today, skinheads can be found in all of North America and Europe, as well as in scattered places worldwide such as [[Japan]], [[Brazil]], and [[Israel]].

A few [[Wikipedia:Non-unique personal names|Non-unique personal names]]:

== Sects ==

#[[Robert Bradford]]

#[[Rosemary Brown]]

#[[Thomas Henry Burke]]

#[[Lon Chaney]]

#[[Donald Davidson]]

#[[Glenn Davis]]

#[[Jim Davis]]

#[[Donald Wills Douglas]]

#[[William Fox]]

#[[John Hayes]]

#[[Tim Healy]]

#[[Grant Hill]]

#[[John Holmes]]

#[[George Jessel]]

#[[Paul Johnson]]

#[[Jenny Jones]]

#[[Randy Jones]]

#[[Steve Jones]]

#[[Henry Kaiser]]

#[[William Kennedy]]

#[[John Moores]]

#[[Don Murray]]

#[[Michael O'Leary]]

#[[Eddie Perez]]

#[[Charles Russell]]

#[[David Smith]]

#[[Carlos Valderrama]]

#[[Robert Walser]]

#[[Betty Williams]]

#[[Charles Pinckney]]

#[[John Stanley]]

#[[William Phillips]]

#[[John Bennett]]

#[[Richard Russell]]

#[[Stephen Bishop]]

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There are a number of different "types" of skinhead, who divide themselves and their allegiances across political and racism lines, resulting in three primary categories.

[[Category:Wikipedia maintenance]]

[[Category:Disambiguation]]

#'''[[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] Skins''' (sometimes called [[White Power]] and derogatorily referred to as "[[bonehead]]s" by Trads and SHARPs) - Racist and highly political. The most vocal and well recognized subgroup is the [[Hammerskins]].

#'''[[SHARP]]''' ('''S'''kin'''h'''eads '''A'''gainst '''R'''acial '''P'''rejudice) - Political, and aggressively anti-racist. Considered to be the response to mass media's racial stereotyping of skinheads.

#'''Traditional''' (or ''Trads'') or '''Originals''' - This group closely identifies itself with the original skinhead movement ("[[The Spirit of 69]]"), maintaining working class pride and a dislike for the "ruling class". Non-racist and largely apolitical. This group is the largest sect of the subculture.

There are a number of minor sects within these which are worth mentioning, the Reds (communists), Anarchists, Mods, [[white pride]]/[[racialism|racialists]], and [[gay skinheads]] among them. There is even a "pink swastika" [[Gay-Nazi]] skinhead group, located primarily in Chicago.

=== In-fighting and Hostilities ===

Each sect of skinhead may be considered to be hostile to a number of other groups, though violence is the exception to a rule of name-calling, harassment and defamation behind closed doors. Some traditional enmities include:

*Traditionalists - Punk-Skins (sometimes including SHARPs and racist/racialist groups), Punks, Bikers, Greasers, Red Skins, Metalheads, Hippies

* Punk-Skins (old school) - Mods, Trads, Bikers, Greasers, [[Teddy Boy]]s, Red Skins, Hippies

* SHARPs - Red Skins, Hippies, Fence-Walkers (non-racist skins who will associate with racist skinheads).

* Racist/Racialist/White Pride/White Power/Neo-Nazi - [[Minorities]], [[Anti-war]] [[protest]]ors, SHARP / [[ARA]] skins, [[gay skinheads]], and especially [[Jew]]s and non-white [[immigrant]]s

It should be noted that degrees of hostility vary regionally and locally. In many places, for example, trad skins, punks and SHARPs mix freely and without conflict. White Power and neo-Nazi groups tend to be less tolerant, however.

== Style ==

Skinheads who adopt traditional styles are highly visible in public to both allies and enemies. In terms of clothing:

'''Tops:'''

*Men: [[Ben Sherman]], [[Fred Perry]], [[Lonsdale (brand)|Lonsdale]], Brutus, Jaytex or [[Arnold Palmer]] brands; "wife beater" undershirts; cardigan sweaters; t-shirts; button-ups worn with top unbuttoned, generally with no tie; narrow blazers with as many ticket pockets as possible

*Women: Same as men with addition of dress suits comprising a matching short skirt and ¾ length jacket with button-up

'''Coats:'''

*MA-1 type [[Flight Jacket]]s (popular brands include Warrior and Alpha) in black or sage green; blue denim jackets (Levi or Wrangler); [[Harrington jacket]]s; [[Monkey jacket]]s; [[Crombie (brand)|Crombie]]-style overcoats; sheepskin 3/4 length coats; [[Donkey jacket]]s

'''Bottoms:'''

*Men: Blue [[Levis]] or [[Wrangler]] jeans, straight leg with rolled cuffs (turn-ups) to show off the boots, often with the seam cut off and sewn to give a neater, flatter turn-up, and "properly" fitted (an oft-heard skinhead cry: "Get some jeans that fit, wanker!"); bleachers (jeans splattered with household bleach to resemble camouflage trousers); combat trousers; [[Sta-Prest]] flat-fronted slacks

*Women: Same jeans as men, but also mini-skirts and [[fishnet stockings]]

'''Footwear:'''

*Men: Boots, originally [[Dr Martens]] (Docs) sometimes "steelies" (steel-toed) with 3 to 14 holes; later, brogues and loafers and recently, Grinders and other brand boots; black [[Rigger boot]]s are also popular, although UK Skinheads tend to stick with 'original' styles

*Women: Docs, Monkey boots or black penny loafers

'''Hats:''' Bowlers; pork pie hats; scally (Benny in the UK) caps; "flat caps" (driver's caps)

'''Braces:''' No more than ¾ inch in width (In some areas, wider braces are considered to identify one as either white power or a poseur)

'''Hair:'''

*Men: Originally, between a "2" and "4" grade clipguard (short, but not bald!); beginning in the '70s, typically shaved close with no greater than a number "2" guard. With the recent acceptance of shorter hair and shaved heads among the general public, any length down to and including shaved is now common.

*Women: Although hair can be worn in the same fashion as men, skinhead girls commonly wear a "[[Chelsea]]" shaved on top with fringes grown out in the back and front.

Modern day adult skinheads more often adopt only one or two traditional elements of clothing, such as jeans with rolled cuffs and a button-up or polo shirt, for daily wear. Complete outfits are more likely to be worn on special occasions, such as when going to an event where other skins are expected to be present.

=== Laces & Braces ===

Some skinheads, particularly highly political ones, attach significance to lace, brace, and (less commonly) flight jacket colors, using them to label their beliefs and affiliations. The following color code lists the meanings which are widely, though not universally, recognized for this purpose:

* White - Traditionalist, White power, [[white pride]]

* Red - Neo-Nazi, National Front, sometimes a badge for completed racial violence; alternatively identifies Left Wing or Socialist. [[redskin]]

* Yellow/black/blue - SHARP; sometimes a badge for completed violence against a racist. Yellow sometimes signifies anti-Asian sentiment

* Black - Traditionalist, or simply wearing what came with the boots

* Black and White - Racial unity, ska fan or "Two Tone."

Other colors have had meanings within specific groups, locations, and time periods, but never achieved as general recognition; they are not listed because doing so would be more confusing than enlightening.

The "braces and laces game" has fallen largely into disuse, particularly among Traditionalist skinheads, who are more likely to choose their colors for fashion purposes. A common saying among these is "Laces and braces don't make you a racist."

== Music ==

Music plays an important role in any youth subculture and skinheads are no exception. Originally, the group was closely associated with the ska and reggae music of [[Desmond Dekker]] and [[Laurel Aitken]] before forming their own flavors of the style with bands like [[Symarip]], [[Joe the Boss]], and [[Judge Dread]].

In the '70s and early '80s, a variant on [[streetpunk]], [[Oi!]], became accepted enthusiastically by skinheads and punks, and Oi! continues to be one of the most popular genres among skinheads.

The most popular music for the late 70's Skinhead was [[Two-Tone]], named after a [[Coventry]]-based record label that featured such bands as The Specials, Madness, and Selecter. Two-Tone was the musical integration of Ska, Rocksteady and the spirit of Punk music. The label was initially very successful scoring many Top Twenty hits and eventually a number one. During this time (1979 - 1981) Skinheads were a common sight on the UK highstreets.

Other types of music are also popular among skinheads: [[Northern Soul]], [[Rocksteady]], [[streetpunk]], [[mod rock]] and, in America especially, [[Hardcore punk|Hardcore]].

== Glossary of terms ==

;14

:Code for "the 14 words," which refers to a fundamental principle of white supremacy. The phrase ("We must secure the existence of our people and a future for White children") was coined by [[white supremacist]] [[David Lane]]. Also used as "88/14" or "[[14/88]]" (see below).

;3i's or 3-eyes

:Fashion shoes, preferably with steel toes, having three eyelets for laces on either side. Popular for their resemblance to the steel-toed boots worn by skinheads.

;88

:Code for "Heil Hitler." Derived from "HH" because "H" is the 8th letter of the alphabet.

;8i's (8-eyes), 9i's (9-eyes) etc.

:Steel-toed boots having the given number of eyelets for laces on either side. Other common numbers are 10, 12, 14, 18, and 20.

;Aggro

:[Chiefly UK] Aggressive behavior; fighting or threatening to fight.

;Beatdown

:[American] A skinhead brawl in which one side is literally beaten to the ground. See also: "boot party"

;Bleachers

:Blue jeans treated with household bleach to create a camouflage-like pattern. They were popular among early skinheads because military surplus combat trousers were more expensive and less available. Uniquely skinhead, they remain popular today.

;Bonehead

:A derisive term for a neo-Nazi who provokes fights. Also used as a non-derogatory term for scruffier skinheads in parts of the UK.

;Boot party

:[US] Euphemism for a skinhead-style fight (involving kicking), especially where one side outnumbers the other. See also: "beatdown"

;Braces (UK) or Suspenders (US)

:British name for a fashion accessory for holding up one's trousers, consisting of a pair of elasticized bands which go over the shoulders and clip to the trousers in the front and back.

;Chelsea

:#Traditionally, a female skinhead. More commonly called a "skinhead girl", "skingirl" or "skinbyrd" today.

:#The traditional haircut of a female skinhead, consisting of short hair on the crown, sides and back with a longer fringe in the front and on the neck. Also known as a [[feathercut]].

;Claim skinhead

:[US] To declare oneself a skinhead to the skinhead community at large. Doing so makes one fair game for being sussed out (see below), for having one's authenticity challenged, and for being judged against skinhead ideals (some of which depend on the sect).

;Crew (US or UK) or Firm (UK)

:A skinhead gang whose members pledge loyalty and mutual defense. Some crews also engage in organized attacks or illegal activites.

;Curbstomping or curbing

:Seriously injuring an opponent by stomping on his head after placing it across the edge of a curb. The injuries may be fatal.

;Fence-walker

:A derisive term used by extremist skinheads for those who refuse to take sides, or who will associate with opposing groups.

;Flight

:Short for "flight jacket," a traditional skinhead jacket originally obtained from military surplus stores.

;Freshcut

:[US] Someone who has recently "claimed skinhead" (see above), particularly one who hasn't yet learned skinhead culture.

;Hooligan

:A football (soccer) team fan who likes to brawl with fans of opposing teams. Often associated with skinheads and vice versa, but not all hooligans are skinheads.

;Skanking

:A dance style associated with ska music.

;Suss (out)

:Originally, to "check out" an unknown skinhead to determine his credibility or political leanings (and thus to identify "poseurs" and enemies). Now often used as a noun representing familiarity with skinhead attitude, customs, and style ("He's got the suss").

== See Also ==

* [[List of Skinhead films]]

* [[List of Skinhead books]]

== External Links ==

* [http://ska.about.com/library/1999/aa081699a.htm Cathal Smythe of the band Madness on Ska and Skinhead culture (Source: about.com)]

* http://dmoz.org/Society/Subcultures/Skinhead/

* http://www.hammerskins.net/

* http://www.papaskin.com

* http://www.skinheads.net

* http://www.brightonbootiful.co.uk

* http://www.aussieskins.com

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