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[[image:finney3.jpg|thumb|Albert Finney]]
[[Image:Sealevel.png|thumb|right|320px|Schematic of sea level (black) and rate of change (blue) over the last 25 kyr]]
'''Albert Finney''' (born [[9 May]] [[1936]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[actor]]. He has received five [[Academy Awards]] nominations.
His most famous role was as [[Agatha Christie]]'s master detective [[Hercule Poirot]] in the 1974 film "Murder On The Orient Express." Finney was so effective in the role that he complained that it typecast him for a number of years. "People really do think I am 300 pounds with a French accent" he said.
'''Sea level rise''' is a rise in [[sea level]]. Multiple complex factors may influence such changes.
He was born in [[Salford]], [[Manchester]], [[England]].
The sea level has risen more than 120 [[metre]]s since the peak of the last [[ice age]] 20 000 years ago. The bulk of that occurred before 6000 years ago. From 3000 years ago to the start of the 19th century sea level was almost constant, rising at 0.1-0.2 [[mm]]/y; since 1900 the level has risen at 1-2 mm/y [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/425.htm]; since [[1992]] [[satellite]] altimetry indicates a rate of about 3 mm/y [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/426.htm].
His first film was [[The Entertainer]] ([[1960]]), but his real breakthrough came with his portrayal of a disillusioned [[factory]] worker in [[Karel Reisz]]'s film of [[Alan Sillitoe]]'s ''[[Saturday Night and Sunday Morning]]''. This led to a series of "angry young man" roles in [[kitchen sink drama]]s, most notably [[1963]]'s ''[[Tom Jones (movie)|Tom Jones]]'' (for which he turned down the role of [[T. E. Lawrence]] in ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''). Albert Finney has often been called "A second Olivier".
[[Image:Sea level temp 140ky.gif|thumb|right|320px|Sea level changes and relative temperatures.]]
His [[television]] roles include the lead in [[Dennis Potter]]'s final two plays: ''[[Karaoke (play)|Karaoke]]'' and ''[[Cold Lazarus]]''. In the latter he played a frozen, disembodied head. His most recent [[Television|TV]] credit is the leading role in [[My Uncle Silas]], about a [[Cornwall|Cornish]] country gentleman, who's looking after his grand-nephew. It ran from [[2000]] until [[2002]], then again for a mini-series in [[2003]].
== Local and Eustatic Sea Level ==
Local “Mean sea level” (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time, such as a month or a year, long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are largely removed. One must adjust perceived changes in LMSL to take into account vertical movements of the land, which can be of the same order (mm/y) as sea level changes. Some land movements occur due the [[isostasy|isostatic]] adjustment of the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] to the melting of ice sheets at the end of the last [[ice age]].
From [[1970]] to [[1978]], he was married to the [[France|French]] actress [[Anouk Aimée]].
Atmospheric pressure (the [[inverse barometer effect]]), ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can all affect LMSL.
==Selected filmography==
“[[Eustasy|Eustatic]]” change (as opposed to local change) results in an alteration to the global sea levels, such as changes in the volume of water in the world oceans or changes in the volume of an ocean basin.
*''[[Big Fish]]'' ([[2003]])
*''[[Traffic (2000 movie)|Traffic]]'' ([[2000]])
*''[[Erin Brockovich (movie)|Erin Brockovich]]'' ([[2000]])
*''[[Simpatico]]'' ([[1999]])
*''[[The Browning Version]]'' ([[1994]])
*''[[Miller's Crossing]]'' ([[1990]])
*''[[Under the Volcano]]'' ([[1984]])
*''[[The Dresser]]'' ([[1983]])
*''[[Annie]]'' ([[1982]])
*''[[Murder on the Orient Express]]'' ([[1974]])
*''[[Gumshoe (movie)|Gumshoe]]'' ([[1972]])
*''[[Scrooge (1970)]]''
*''[[Tom Jones (movie)|Tom Jones]]'' ([[1963]])
*''[[Saturday Night and Sunday Morning]]'' ([[1960]])
*''The Entertainer'' (1960)
==External link==
== Past changes in sea level ==
* {{imdb name|id=0001215|name=Albert Finney}}
See [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/fig11-4.htm IPCC TAR, figure 11.4] for a graph of sea level changes over the past 120 000 years.
* Since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] about 20 000 years ago, sea level has risen by over 120 m (averaging 6 mm/y) as a result of melting of major ice sheets. A rapid rise took place between 15 000 and 6 000 years ago at an average rate of 10 mm/yr which accounted for 90 m of the rise; thus in the period since 20 000 years [[BP]] (excluding the rapid rise from 15-6 kyr BP) the average rate was 3 mm/y.
* A significant event was Meltwater Pulse 1A (mwp-1A), when sea level rose approximately 20 m over a 500 year period about 14 200 years ago. This is a rate of about 40 mm/y. Recent studies suggest the primary source was meltwater from the [[Antarctic]], perhaps causing the south-to-north cold pulse marked by the [[Southern Hemisphere]] [[Huelmo/Mascardi Cold Reversal]], which preceded the [[Northern Hemisphere]] [[Younger Dryas]].
* Based on geological data, global average sea level may have risen at an average rate of about 0.5 mm/yr over the last 6 000 years and at an average rate of 0.1 to 0.2 mm/yr over the last 3,000 years.
* Based on [[tide gauge]] data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 1.0 to 2.0 mm/yr, with a central value of 1.5 mm/yr
* Recent studies of Roman wells in [[Caesarea]] and of Roman ''[[piscina]]e'' in Italy indicate that sea level stayed fairly constant from a few hundred years AD to a few hundred years ago.
* Measurements have detected no significant acceleration in the recent rate of sea level rise.
** At none of sixty U.S. National Water Level Observation Network stations is the [[1950]]-[[1999]] trend significantly higher than their overall trend.
* Sea-level rise estimates from [[satellite]] altimetry since 1992 (about 3 mm/y) exceed those from tide gauges. It is unclear whether this represents an increase over the last decades; variability; true differences between satellites and tide gauges; or problems with satellite [[calibration]].
== Factors affecting present-day sea-level change ==
Various factors affect the volume or mass of the ocean, leading to changes in eustatic sea level.
* If temperature rises, the ocean expands, leading to an increase in ocean volume. Observational estimates are about 1 mm/yr over recent decades.
* The mass of the ocean, and thus sea level, changes as water cycles between oceans, glaciers and ice caps. Observational and modelling studies of glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2 to 0.4 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century.
* Climate changes during the 20th century are estimated from modelling studies to have led to contributions of between –0.2 and 0.0 mm/yr from Antarctica (the results of increasing precipitation) and 0.0 to 0.1 mm/yr from Greenland (from changes in both precipitation and runoff).
* Estimates suggest that Greenland and Antarctica have contributed 0.0 to 0.5 mm/yr over the 20th century as a result of long-term adjustment to the end of the last ice age.
* In particular, scientists lack knowledge of changes in terrestrial storage of water. Between 1910 and 1990 such changes may have contributed from –1.1 to +0.4 mm/y.
* If all [[Glacier|glaciers]] and [[Polar region|ice caps]] melt, the projected rise in sea-level will be around 0.5 m. If the melting includes the [[Greenland]] and [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] [[Ice sheet|ice sheets]] (both of which contain ice above sea level), then the rise is a more drastic 68.8 m. [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/412.htm#tab113]
* [[Ice shelf|Ice Shelves]] float on the surface of the sea and, if they melt, to first order they do not change sea level. Because they are fresh, however, their melting would cause a very small increase in sea levels, so small that it is generally neglected. It can also be argued that if ice shelves melt it is a precursor to the melting of ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica.
Over much longer timescales, changes in the shape of the ocean basins and in land/sea distribution can affect sea level.
The current rise in sea level observed from tide gauges, of about 1.8 mm/y, is just about explicable by the combination of factors above [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/428.htm] but active research continues in this field. The uncertainty in the terrestrial storage term is particularly large.
<!-- Tom Jones (movie), Murder on the Orient Express, The Dresser, Under the Volcano -->
Since 1992 we have a series of data from the TOPEX and JASON satellite programs. The current data are available at [http://sealevel.colorado.edu]. The data shows a mean sea level increase of 2.8(+/-0.4) mm/yr. Another analysis at
<!-- Erin Brockovich (movie) -->
[http://membrane.com/sidd/sealevel.html]
indicates that the rate of sea level rise over the period 1999 through 2004 increased to 3.7(+/-0.2) mm/yr from 2.1(+/-0.2)mm/yr for the period 1992-1999.
[[Category:1936 births|Finney, Albert]]
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[[Category:Best Supporting Actor Oscar Nominee|Finney, Albert]]
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==== Glacier contribution ====
[[fr:Albert Finney]]
The results from Dyurgerov show a sharp increase in the contribution
of mountain and subpolar glaciers to sealevel rise since 1996 (0.5 mm/yr) to 1998(2mm/yr)
with an average of approx. 0.35 mm/yr since 1960.
(Dyurgerov, Mark. 2002. Glacier Mass Balance and Regime: Data of Measurements
and Analysis. INSTAAR Occasional Paper No. 55, ed. M. Meier and R. Armstrong.
Boulder, CO: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado.
Distributed by National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO. A shorter discussion is at [http://nsidc.org/sotc/sea_level.html])
Of interest is also Arendt et al, (Science,297,p382, July 2002) who estimate the contribution of Alaskan glaciers of 0.14 (+/-0.04)mm/yr between the mid 1950s to the mid 1990s increasing to 0.27 mm/yr in the middle and late 1990s.
==== Greenland contribution ====
Krabill et al(Science, Vol 289, Issue 5478, 428-430, 21 July 2000) estimate a net contribution from Greenland to be at least
0.13 mm/yr in the 1990s. Joughin et al have measured a doubling of the speed of Jacobshavn Isbrae between 1997 and 2003(Nature,432,p608,
Dec. 2004). This is Greenland's largest outlet glacier and drains 6.5% of the icesheet, and is thought to
be responsible for increasing the rate of sea level rise by about .06 millimeters per year, or roughly 4 percent of the 20th century rate of sea level increase. A description of the results is
at [http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15611]
In 2004 Rignot et al. (Geophysical Research Letters, v31, L10401) estimated a contribution of 0.04+/-0.01 mm/yr to sea level rise from South East Greenland.
== Short term and periodic changes ==
{| cellpadding="2"
! style="background:tan" | Short-Term (Periodic) Causes
! style="background:tan" | Time scale <br> (P = period)
! style="background:tan" | Vertical Effect
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:lightgray" | Periodic Sea Level Changes
|-
| Astronomical [[tide]]s || 6-12 hr P || 0.2-10+ m
|-
| Long-period tides
|-
| Rotational variations ([[Chandler wobble]]) || 14 month P
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:lightgray" | Meteorological and Oceanographic Fluctuations
|-
| [[Atmospheric pressure]]
|-
| Winds ([[storm surge]]s) || 1-5 days || Up to 5 m
|-
| Evaporation and precipitation (may also follow long-term pattern) || Days to weeks
|-
| Ocean surface topography (changes in water density and currents) || Days to weeks || Up to 1 m
|-
| [[El Niño]]/southern oscillation || 6 mo every 5-10 yr || Up to 60 cm
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:lightgray" | Seasonal Variations
|-
| Seasonal water balance among oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian)
|-
| Seasonal variations in slope of water surface
|-
| River runoff/floods || 2 months || 1 m
|-
| Seasonal water density changes (temperature and salinity) || 6 months || 0.2 m
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:lightgray" | Seiches
|-
| [[Seiche]]s (standing waves) || Minutes-hours || Up to 2 m
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:lightgray" | Earthquakes
|-
| [[Tsunami]]s (generate catastrophic long-period waves) || Hours || Up to 10 m
|-
| Abrupt change in land level || Minutes || Up to 10 m
|}
== Future sea level rise ==
Satellite altimetry indicates current sea level rise at about 3 mm/y. Most projections are for approximately 0.4 m of sea level rise over the next century, i.e. about 4 mm/y.
=== IPCC results ===
The fact that sea level has risen at a relatively rapid rate since [[1840]] frequently encourages the conclusion that the activities of humans have changed the world environment. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) projects that [[global warming]] will cause additional sea-level rise. This could lead to difficulties for shore-based communities: for example, many major cities such as [[London]] already need storm-surge defences, and would need more if sea level rose. [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/408.htm TAR chapter 11]
{| cellpadding="2"
! style="background:skyblue" | IPCC change factors 1990-2100
! style="background:skyblue" | IS92a Prediction
! style="background:skyblue" | SRES Prediction
|-
| Thermal expansion || 0.11 to 0.43 m
|-
| Glaciers || 0.01 to 0.23 m [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/409.htm]<br>(or 0.05 to 0.11 m)[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/434.htm#11542]
|-
| Greenland ice || –0.02 to 0.09 m
|-
| Antarctic ice || –0.17 to 0.02 m
|-
| Terrestrial storage || –0.083 to 0.03 m
|-
| Ongoing contributions from ice sheets in response to past climate change || 0 to 0.05 m
|-
| Thawing of permafrost || 0 to 0.005 m
|-
| Deposition of sediment || not specified
|-
! Total global-average sea level rise<br>''(IPCC result, not sum of above)'' [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/409.htm] !! 0.11 to 0.77 m !! 0.09 to 0.88 m <br>(central value of 0.48 m)
|}
==== Critique of IPCC results ====
Lone skeptic [[Nils-Axel Mörner]] has been critical [http://www.pog.su.se/sea/HP-14.%20IPCC-3.pdf]
of the IPCC TAR sea level chapter [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/408.htm], saying "All handling by IPCC of the Sea Level questions have been done in a way that cannot be accepted and that certainly not concur with modern knowledge of the mode and mechanism of sea level changes."
=== Polar ice ===
The sea level could rise above its current level if more polar ice melts. However, compared to the heights of the ice ages, today there are very few continental ice sheets remaining to be melted. It is estimated that Antarctica, if fully melted, would contribute more than 60 metres of sea level rise and Greenland would contribute more than 7 metres. Small glaciers and ice caps might contribute about 0.5 metres; this number is in the uncertainty of the estimates from Antarctica or Greenland but could be expected to be fast (within the coming century) whereas Greenland would be slow (perhaps 1500 years to fully deglaciate at the fastest likely rate) and Antarctica even slower [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/412.htm#tab113].
In 2002, Rignot and Thomas (Science, v297, 1502-1506, 2002) found that the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets were losing mass, while the East Antarctic ice sheet was probably in balance (although they could not determine the sign of the mass balance for The East Antarctic ice sheet). In 2004 Rignot et al. (Geophysical Research Letters, v31, L10401) estimated a contribution of 0.04+/-0.01 mm/yr to sea level rise from South East Greenland.
In the same year, Thomas et al. (Science, v306, 255-258, 2004) found evidence of an accelerated contribution to sea level rise from West Antarctica. The data showed that the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice sheet was discharging 250 cubic Km. of ice every year, which was 60% more than precipitation accumulation in the catchment areas. This alone was sufficient to raise sea level at 0.24 mm/yr. Further, thinning rates for the glaciers studied in 2002-2003 had increased over the values measured in the early 1990s. The bedrock underlying the glaciers was found to be hundreds of meters deeper than previously known, indicating exit routes for ice from further inland in the Byrd Subpolar Basin. Thus the West Antarctic ice sheet may not be as stable as has been supposed.
== The Effects of Current Sea Level Rise ==
Some assert that rising sea levels have started to force the evacuation of [[Tuvalu]], an island nation of 11,000 people in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], North of [[Fiji]]. However, the observed sea level rise during the 20th century is quite small - perhaps 20 cm - and it is more likely that recent storms have caused much of the problem: for example, in [[1997]], Cyclones Gavin, Hina, and Keli blew across the lagoon; the trees were uprooted by wind and waves, and soon afterward the island began to wash away. [http://outside.away.com/outside/features/200212/200212_tuvalu_1.html]. "Those islands that have sunk were not populated at all and so nobody had done anything and then the normal erosion effects, storm surge effects in particular, take their toll." [http://www.pacificislands.cc/pm122001/pmdefault.php?urlarticleid=0009]
A [[November]] [[2000]] study by the National Tidal Facility (NTF) of Flinders University, South Australia, found that Pacific-wide sea levels had risen at an average rate of about 0.8 millimetres per year. There was no discernable acceleration in sea level rise. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1035489.stm] In [[April]] [[2004]] the south Pacific area's six-month trend was the [[Pacific decadal oscillation|Pacific Decadal Oscillation]]'s pattern of increasing sea levels in the western Pacific and falling levels in the eastern Pacific, with the former having trends in the 5-10 mm/yr range and eastward having a 0-5 mm/yr range. [http://www.pacificsealevel.org/pdf/six-monthreport2004.pdf]
== Very long term changes ==
[[Image:Phanerozoic_Sea_Level.png|thumb|300px|Comparison of two sea level reconstructions during the last 500 Myr. The scale of change during the last glacial/interglacial transition is indicated with a black bar.]]
At times during Earth's long history, continental drift has arranged the land masses into very different configurations from those of today. When there were large amounts of continental crust near the poles, the rock record shows unusually low sea levels during ice ages, because there was lots of polar land mass upon which snow and ice could accumulate. During times when the land masses clustered around the equator, ice ages had much less effect on sea level.
During the glacial/interglacial cycles over the past few million years, the sea level has varied by somewhat more than a hundred metres. This is primarily due to the growth and decay of ice sheets (mostly in the northern hemisphere) with water evaporated from the sea. The melting of the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets would result in a sea level rise of approximately 80 meters.
== The sedimentary record ==
For generations, geologists have been trying to explain the obvious cyclicity of [[sedimentary]] deposits observed everywhere we look. The prevailing theories hold that this cyclicity primarily represents the response of depositional processes to the rise and fall of sea level. In the rock record, geologists see times when sea level was astoundingly low alternating with times when sea level was much higher than today, and these anomalies often appear worldwide. For instance, during the depths of the last [[ice age]] 20,000 years ago when hundreds of thousands of cubic miles of ice was stacked up on the continents as glaciers, sea level was 390 feet lower (~120 meters), locations that today support coral reefs were left high and dry, and coastlines were miles farther basinward from the present-day coastline. It was during this time of very low sea level that there was a dry land connection between Asia and Alaska over which humans are believed to have migrated to North America (see [[Bering Land Bridge]]).
However, for the past 6000 years (long before mankind started keeping written records) the world's sea level has been gradually approaching the level we see today. During the previous interglacial about 120,000 years ago, sea level was for a short time about 6 m higher than today, as evidenced by wave-cut notches along cliffs in the [[Bahamas]]. There are also Pleistocene [[coral reef|coral reefs]] left stranded about 3 meters above today's sea level along the southwestern coastline of West Caicos Island in the British West Indies. These once-submerged reefs and nearby paleo-beach deposits are silent testament that sea level spent enough time at that higher level to allow the reefs to grow (exactly where this extra sea water came from - Antarctica or Greenland - has not yet been determined). Abundant similar evidence of geologically recent sea level positions can be found around the world.
== References ==
* {{Journal reference | Author=Cazenave, A.; Nerem, R. S. | Title=Present-day sea level change: Observations and causes | Journal=Rev. Geophys | Volume=42 | Year=2004 | Pages=RG3001}} {{doi|10.1029/2003RG000139}}
* {{Book reference | Author=Emery, K.O., and D. G. Aubrey | Title=Sea levels, land levels, and tide gauges | Publisher=New York: Springer-Verlag | Year=1991 | ID=ISBN 0387974490}}
* {{Journal reference issue | Author=Mörner, Nils-Axel | Title=Estimating future sea level changes from past records | Journal=Global and Planetary Change | Volume=40 | Issue=1-2 | Year=2004 | Pages=49-54}} {{doi|10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00097-3}}
* {{Journal reference issue | Author=Mörner, Nils-Axel; Tooley, Michael; Possnert, Göran | Title=New perspectives for the future of the Maldives | Journal=Global and Planetary Change | Volume=40 | Issue=1-2 | Year=2004 | Pages=177-182}} {{doi|10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00108-5}}
* {{Web reference | title=Sea Level Variations of the United States 1854-1999 | work=NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 36 | URL=http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/publications/techrpt36doc.pdf | date=February 20 | year=2005}}
* {{Journal reference | Author=Clark, P. U., Mitrovica, J. X., Milne, G. A. & Tamisiea | Title=Sea-Level Fingerprinting as a Direct Test for the Source of Global Meltwater Pulse 1A | Journal=Science | Volume=295 | Year=2002 | Pages=2438-2441}}
* {{Journal reference issue | Author=Eelco J. Rohling, Robert Marsh, Neil C. Wells, Mark Siddall and Neil R. Edwards | Title=Similar meltwater contributions to glacial sea level changes from Antarctic and northern ice sheets | Journal=Nature | Volume=430 | Issue=26 August | Year=2004 | Pages=1016-1021}} {{doi|10.1038/nature02859}}
== Links ==
* {{Web reference | title=The expected sea level changes in the next century. | work=Sea Level Changes and Coastal Evolution, Research Topics (RT) 5; Mörner (2000) | URL=http://www.pog.su.se/sea/07_research_topics/rt5.htm | date=February 9 | year=2005}}
* {{Web reference | title=Sea Level Changes in the Past, Present and in the Near-Future Global Aspects Observations versus Modells | work=IGCP Project No. 437 Puglia 2003 - Final Conference | URL=http://www.dsm.unile.it/Bacheca/IGCP437FinalConference/AbstractBook/Morner5_10.pdf | date=February 10 | year=2005}}
* {{Web reference | title=Sea Level Changes: The Maldives Project Freed From Condemnation to become Flooded | work=IGCP Project No. 437 Puglia 2003 - Final Conference | URL=http://www.dsm.unile.it/Bacheca/IGCP437FinalConference/AbstractBook/Morner175_176.pdf | date=February 10 | year=2005}}
* {{Web reference | title=Physical Agents of Land Loss: Relative Sea Level | work=An Overview of Coastal Land Loss: With Emphasis on the Southeastern United States | URL=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-337/global.html | date=February 14 | year=2005}}
* [http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/palaeoshoreline_webpage/HTML/HOME.htm Changes in the Earth's shorelines during the past 20 kyr caused by the deglaciation of the Late Pleistocene ice sheets], from the [[Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level]]
* [http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/palaeoshoreline_webpage/HTML/Science.htm Includes picture of sea level for past 20 kyr based on barbados coral record]
* [http://www.agu.org/revgeophys/dougla01/dougla01.html Global sea level change: Determination and interpretation]
* [http://www.radix.net/~bobg/faqs/sea.level.faq.html Sea level rise FAQ] ([[1997]])
* [http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/programmes/gloss.info.html The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)]
*[http://www.climatechange.com.au/ Climate Change - News and information on climate change, alternative energy, global warming and energy efficiency]
[[Category:Climate change]]
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