|
In [[telecommunication]]s, '''8B/10B''' is a [[line code]] that maps [[8-bit]] symbols to [[10-bit]] symbols to achieve [[Direct current|DC]] balance and bounded disparity, and yet provide enough state changes to allow reasonable clock recovery. This means that there are just as many "1"s as "0"s in a string of two symbols, and that there are not too many "1"s or "0"s in a row. This is an important attribute in a signal that needs to be sent at high rates because it helps reduce "[[intersymbol interference]]". The code was described in 1983 by Al Widmer and Peter Franaszek in the [[IBM]] Journal of Research and Development. IBM was issued a patent for the scheme the following year.
[[Centuries]]: [[19th century]] - '''[[20th century]]''' - [[21st century]]
As the scheme name suggests, 8 [[bit]]s of data are transmitted as a 10-bit entity called a ''Symbol'', or ''Character''. The low 5 bits of data are encoded into a 6-bit group and the top 3 bits are encoded into a 4-bit group. These code groups are concatenated together to form the 10-bit Symbol that is transmitted on the wire. The ''Data Symbols'' are often referred to as Dxx.y where xx ranges from 0-31 and y from 0-7. Standards using the 8B/10B encoding also define ''Special Symbols'' (or ''Control Characters'') that can be sent in place of a ''Data Symbol''. They are often used to indicate end-of-frame, link idle, skip and similar link-level conditions. They are referred to as Kxx.y and have different encodings from any of the Dxx.y symbols. Because 8B/10B encoding uses 10-bit symbols to encode 8-bit words, each of the 256 possible 8-bit words can be encoded in two different ways, one the bit-wise inverse of the other. Using these alternative encodings, the scheme is able to affect long-term DC-balance in the serial data stream, allowing links to be capacitively coupled.
[[Decades]]: [[1850s]] [[1860s]] [[1870s]] [[1880s]] [[1890s]] - '''[[1900s]]''' - [[1910s]] [[1920s]] [[1930s]] [[1940s]] [[1950s]]
The encoding is normally done entirely in hardware based on lookup tables. Upper levels of the software stack should be unaware that this encoding is being used.
Years: [[1903]] [[1904]] [[1905]] [[1906]] [[1907]] - '''1908''' - [[1909]] [[1910]] [[1911]] [[1912]] [[1913]]
Among the areas in which 8B/10B encoding finds application are [[Fibre Channel]], [[Gigabit Ethernet]], [[InfiniBand]], [[XAUI]], and audio storage devices such as the [[Digital Audio Tape]] and [[Digital Compact Cassette]] (DCC). The related [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation]] is used in the [[Compact Disc]] standard. The encoding scheme used in [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]]'s 10GBASE-R [[Physical Media Dependent]] (PMD) interfaces, 64B/66B, while similarly created with consideration of DC balance, maximum run length, transition density, electromagnetic emissions, and the like, is considerably different in design.
----
== Events ==
* [[January 1]] - A ball signifying [[New Year's Day]] drops in [[New York City]]'s [[Times Square]] for the first time
* [[January 8]] - A train collision occurs in the Park Avenue Tunnel in [[New York City]] killing 17, injuring 38 and leading to increased demand for electric trains.
* [[January 11]] - [[Grand Canyon]] [[National Monument]] is created
* [[January 12]] - A long-distance [[radio]] message is sent from the [[Eiffel Tower]] for the first time.
* [[January 21]] - [[New York City]] passes a law, the [[Sullivan Ordinance]], making it illegal for women to smoke in public only to be vetoed by the mayor.
* [[January 24]] - [[Robert Baden-Powell]] begins the [[Scouting|Boy Scout]] movement
* [[February 11]] - Australia regain [[The Ashes]] with a 308 run [[cricket (sport)|cricket]] victory over England.
* First [[Ideal Home Exhibition]] held.
* [[April 27]] - The [[1908 Summer Olympics]] open in [[London]].
* [[May 10]] - [[Mother's Day]] is observed for the first time (Andrew's Methodist Church in [[Grafton, West Virgina]]).
* [[May 26]] - At [[Masjid-al-Salaman]] in southwest [[Persia]], the first major commercial [[oil strike]] in the [[Middle East]] is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[June 30]] - The [[Tunguska event|Tunguska impact event]] occurs in [[Siberia]].
* [[July 6]] - [[Robert Peary]] sets sail for the Arctic [[Geographic North Pole|North Pole]].
* [[July 22]] - [[Albert Fisher]] establishes the [[Fisher Body Company]] to manufacture carriage and [[automobile]] bodies.
* [[July 26]] - United States Attorney General [[Charles Joseph Bonaparte]] issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]).
* [[December 28]] - An earthquake rocks [[Messina, Italy|Messina]], [[Sicily]] killing over 75,000.
* [[De Meester]]'s Dutch government resigns.
* November - [[George Howard Taft]] defeats [[William Jennings Bryan]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1918|U.S. presidential election]]
* Change of Emperor of [[Qing Dynasty]] from [[Guangxu Emperor of China]] ([[1875]]-1908) to [[Henry Puyi]] ([[1909]]-[[1911]])
*[[Henry Ford]] produces its first [[Ford Model T|Model T]] automobile.
*A 40,000-year-old [[Neanderthal]] boy skeleton is found at [[Le Moustier]] in southwest [[France]].
* The Child Labour Act of Ontario is passed.
==External links==
== Year in topic ==
*[http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/0/b4e28be4a69a153585256bfa0067f59a?OpenDocument Original paper by Franaszek and Widmer].
* [[1908 in aviation]]
*[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=ptxt&s1=4486739.WKU.&OS=PN/4486739&RS=PN/4486739 US Patent 4,486,739], the relevant document at the US Patent and Trademark Office's site.
* [[1908 in film]]
* [[1908 in literature]]
* [[1908 in music]]
* [[1908 in science]]
* [[1908 in sports]]
**The third [[Summer Olympic Games]] are held in [[London]], [[England]].
**[[September 23]] - [[Baseball/History]]: the "Merkle incident"
**[[December 26]] - [[Jack Johnson]] becomes the first [[African American]] [[heavyweight]] [[boxing]] champion by defeating [[Tommy Burns]] in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]
[[Category:Computer and telecommunication standards]]
== Births ==
[[Category:Line codes]]
* [[January 7]] - [[Red Allen]], [[jazz]] musician (d. [[1967]])
* [[January 9]] - [[Simone de Beauvoir]], feminist philosopher
* [[January 12]] - [[Jean Delannoy]], film director
* [[January 14]] - [[Rus Columbo]], singer, bandleader, composer
* [[January 15]] - [[Edward Teller]]
* [[January 26]] - [[Stéphane Grappelli]], musician, composer (d. [[1997]])
* [[January 27]] - [[Oran Page|Oran "Hot Lips" Page]], jazz [[trumpet]] (d. [[1954]])
* [[February 1]] - [[George Pal]], director, producer (d. [[1980]])
* [[February 5]] - [[Daisy and Violet Hilton]], [[conjoined twins]], actresses (d. [[1969]])
* [[February 7]] - [[Buster Crabbe]], [[Olympic Games]] [[swimming]] gold medalist, actor
* [[February 8]] - [[Emil Staiger]], scientist of literature (d. [[1987]])
* [[February 11]] - [[Sutan Takdir Alishahbana]], Indonesian linguistic/author/novelist.
* February 11 - [[Vivian Ernest Fuchs]], geologist/explorer.
* February 11 - [[Josh White]], musician
* [[February 15]] - [[HAP Grieshaber]], painter and graphic artist (d. [[1981]])
* [[February 17]] - [[Red Barber]], [[baseball]] announcer, sports journalist (d. [[1992]])
* [[February 22]] - [[John Mills]], actor
* [[February 23]] - [[William McMahon]], twentieth [[Prime Minister of Australia]], (d. [[1988]])
* [[February 26]] - [[Tex Avery]], [[cartoon]]ist (d. [[1980]])
* February 26 - [[Jean-Pierre Wimille]], race car driver (d. [[1949]])
* [[February 29]] - [[Balthus]], painter (d. [[2001]])
* February 29 - [[Dee Brown]], writer, historian (d. [[2002]])
* [[March 2]] - [[Walter Bruch]], engineer (d. [[1990]])
* [[March 5]] - [[Rex Harrison]], actor (d. [[1990]])
* [[March 8]] - [[Claire Trevor]], actress
* [[March 7]] - [[Anna Magnani]], actress (d. [[1973]])
* [[March 13]] - [[Walter Annenberg]], publisher, philanthropist (d. [[2002]])
* [[March 17]] - [[Brigitte Helm]], actress (d. [[1996]])
* [[March 20]] - Sir [[Michael Redgrave]], actor (d. [[1985]])
* [[March 22]] - [[Louis L'Amour]], author (d. [[1988]])
* [[March 23]] - [[Joan Crawford]], actor (d. [[1977]])
* [[March 25]] - [[Helmut Kautner|Helmut Käutner]], actor and film director (d. [[1980]])
* March 25 - [[David Lean]], film director (d. [[1991]])
* [[March 29]] - [[Arthur O'Connell]], actor (d. [[1981]])
* [[April 1]] - [[Abraham Maslow]], psychologist
* [[April 2]] - [[Buddy Ebsen]], actor, dancer
* [[April 5]] - [[Bette Davis]], US-american actress (d. [[1989]])
* April 5 - [[Herbert von Karajan]], Austrian conductor (d. [[1989]])
* [[April 7]] - [[Percy Faith]], composer, musician (d. [[1976]])
* [[April 15]] - [[Eden Ahbez]], hermit, musician
* [[April 20]] - [[Lionel Hampton]], [[jazz]] musician, bandleader (d. [[2002]])
* [[April 25]] - [[Edward R. Murrow]], journalist (d. [[1965]])
* [[May 7]] - [[Max Grundig]], industrialist (d. [[1989]])
* [[May 8]] - [[Cristian Vasile]], Romanian tango singer (d. [[1974]])
* [[May 19]] - [[Percy Williams]], Canadian athlete (d. [[1982]])
* [[May 20]] - [[Jimmy Stewart]], American actor
* [[May 23]] - [[John Bardeen]], physicist (d. [[1991]])
* [[May 25]] - [[Theodore Roethke]], American poet
* [[May 28]] - [[Ian Fleming]], author of [[James Bond]] books (d. [[1964]])
* [[May 30]] - [[Mel Blanc]], voice actor
* [[May 31]] - [[Don Ameche]] (actor)
* [[August 4]] - [[Kurt Eichhorn]], conductor
* [[August 5]] - [[Harold Holt]], seventeenth [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (d. [[1967]])
* [[August 27]] - [[Don Bradman]], [[cricket (sport)|cricket]] player
* [[August 27]] - [[Lyndon Johnson]], 36th [[president of the United States]]
* [[August 28]] - [[Roger Tory Peterson]], naturalist, artist, and educator
* [[September 6]] - [[Louis Essen]], physicist (d. [[1997]])
* [[October 14]] - [[Allan Jones]], actor, singer (d. [[1992]])
* [[October 16]] - [[Enver Hoxha]], dictator of [[Albania]]
* [[November 20]] - [[Alistair Cooke]], [[television]] host (d. [[2004]])
* [[November 28]] - [[Claude Levi-Strauss]]
* [[December 6]] - [[Pierre Graber]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (d. 2003)
* [[December 10]] - [[Olivier Messiaen]], composer
* [[December 31]] - [[Simon Wiesenthal]], Nazi hunter
[[fr:Encodage 8b/10b]]
== Deaths ==
* [[January 25]] - [[Ouida]], writer
* [[February 1]] - King [[Charles of Portugal]]
* [[April 20]] - [[Henry Chadwick]], [[baseball]] writer and historian
*[[April 22]] - [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].
* [[July 20]] - [[Demetrius Vikelas]], Greek IOC president
* [[May 26]] - [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], founder of the [[Ahmadi]] sect
* [[August 25]] - [[Henri Becquerel]], French physicist
* [[September 20]] - [[Pablo de Sarasate]], violinist
* [[October 30]] – [[Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor|Caroline Astor]], American socialite
* [[November 14]] 5-7 pm - [[Guangxu Emperor of China]]
* [[November 15]] 1-3 pm - [[Empress Dowager Cixi]]
== [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]] ==
* [[Nobel Prize/Physics|Physics]] - [[Gabriel Lippmann]]
* [[Nobel Prize/Chemistry|Chemistry]] - [[Ernest Rutherford]]
* [[Nobel Prize/Physiology or medicine|Medicine]] - [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]], [[Paul Ehrlich]]
* [[Nobel Prize in literature|Literature]] - [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]]
* [[Nobel Prize/Peace|Peace]] - [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]] [[Fredrik Bajer]]
==Heads of State==
* [[China]] -
*# [[Guangxu Emperor of China|Guāngxù]] [[Emperor of China]], [[Qing Dynasty]] ([[1875]]-1908)
*# [[Henry Pu Yi|Xuantong]] Emperor of China, Qing Qynasty (1908-[[1912]])
* [[Denmark]] - [[Frederick VIII of Denmark|Frederick VIII]], [[King of Denmark]] ([[1906]]-1912)
* [[France]] - [[Armand Fallières]], [[President of France]] (1906-[[1913]])
* [[Germany]] - [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Wilhelm II]], [[Kaiser|German Kaiser]] ([[1888]]-[[1918]])
* [[Holy See]] - [[Pope Pius X]], [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]] ([[1903]]-[[1914]])
* [[Japan]] - [[Meiji Emperor|Mutsuhito]], [[Meiji Era|Meiji]] [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] ([[1867]]-1912)
* [[Norway]] - [[Haakon VII of Norway|Haakon VII]], [[King of Norway]] ([[1905]]-[[1957]])
* [[Ottoman Empire]] - [[Abdul Hamid II]], [[Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[1876]]-[[1909]])
* [[Russia]] - [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], [[Tsar of Russia]] ([[1894]]-[[1917]])
* [[Spain]] - [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]], [[King of Spain]] ([[1886]]-[[1931]])
* [[United States]] - [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[President of the United States]] ([[1901]]-1909)
[[af:1908]]
[[bg:1908]]
[[ca:1908]]
[[da:1908]]
[[de:1908]]
[[es:1908]]
[[eo:1908]]
[[fr:1908]]
[[it:1908]]
[[nl:1908]]
[[ja:1908年]]
[[pl:1908]]
[[ro:1908]]
[[sl:1908]]
[[sr:1908]]
[[fi:1908]]
[[sv:1908]]
| 