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In [[telecommunication]]s, '''8B/10B''' is a [[line code]] that maps [[8-bit]] symbols to [[10-bit]] symbols to achieve [[Direct current|DC]] balance and bounded disparity, and yet provide enough state changes to allow reasonable clock recovery. This means that there are just as many "1"s as "0"s in a string of two symbols, and that there are not too many "1"s or "0"s in a row. This is an important attribute in a signal that needs to be sent at high rates because it helps reduce "[[intersymbol interference]]". The code was described in 1983 by Al Widmer and Peter Franaszek in the [[IBM]] Journal of Research and Development. IBM was issued a patent for the scheme the following year.
'''Flint, Michigan''' is located in [[Genesee County, Michigan|Genesee county]] along the [[Flint River]] about 60 miles northwest of [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]. Its population in 1998 was 131,000 people and it is the fourth largest city in [[Michigan]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the city had a total population of 124,943. It is the [[county seat]] of [[Genesee County, Michigan|Genesee County]][[Geographic references|<sup>6</sup>]].
As the scheme name suggests, 8 [[bit]]s of data are transmitted as a 10-bit entity called a ''Symbol'', or ''Character''. The low 5 bits of data are encoded into a 6-bit group and the top 3 bits are encoded into a 4-bit group. These code groups are concatenated together to form the 10-bit Symbol that is transmitted on the wire. The ''Data Symbols'' are often referred to as Dxx.y where xx ranges from 0-31 and y from 0-7. Standards using the 8B/10B encoding also define ''Special Symbols'' (or ''Control Characters'') that can be sent in place of a ''Data Symbol''. They are often used to indicate end-of-frame, link idle, skip and similar link-level conditions. They are referred to as Kxx.y and have different encodings from any of the Dxx.y symbols. Because 8B/10B encoding uses 10-bit symbols to encode 8-bit words, each of the 256 possible 8-bit words can be encoded in two different ways, one the bit-wise inverse of the other. Using these alternative encodings, the scheme is able to affect long-term DC-balance in the serial data stream, allowing links to be capacitively coupled.
The city was founded in [[1819]] by Jacob Smith, a [[fur]] trader, and was incorporated in [[1855]].
The encoding is normally done entirely in hardware based on lookup tables. Upper levels of the software stack should be unaware that this encoding is being used.
Flint has been host to various industries in its history:
* Trading/Trapping
* Lumber
* Carriages
* Automobiles
Among the areas in which 8B/10B encoding finds application are [[Fibre Channel]], [[Gigabit Ethernet]], [[InfiniBand]], [[XAUI]], and audio storage devices such as the [[Digital Audio Tape]] and [[Digital Compact Cassette]] (DCC). The related [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation]] is used in the [[Compact Disc]] standard. The encoding scheme used in [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]]'s 10GBASE-R [[Physical Media Dependent]] (PMD) interfaces, 64B/66B, while similarly created with consideration of DC balance, maximum run length, transition density, electromagnetic emissions, and the like, is considerably different in design.
The city's landscape and culture is dominated by the auto industry. Some of the more notable events in Flint's history are:
* The [[Flint Sit-Down Strike (1936-1937)|sit down strike]] of [[1937]] that turned the fledgling [[United_Auto_Workers|United Automobile Workers]] into a labor union of note.
* Flint was a major contributor of tanks and other war material during [[World War II]] thanks to its heavy manufacturing facilities.
* The deadliest [[tornado]] on record in the [[United States]] struck Flint on [[June 8]], [[1953]] killing 115 people, injuring 844. On the next day the same weather system spawned the worst tornado in [[New England]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] killing another 94 people.
* Flint was the most notorious example of the effects of the 1970s collapse of the U.S. auto industry on surrounding communities. This was highlighted in the film ''[[Roger and Me]]'' by [[Michael Moore]].
== External Links links== ▼Flint hosts a disproportionately large cultural center funded by the revenue from the auto industry in the 1950s. It boasts:
*[http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/0/b4e28be4a69a153585256bfa0067f59a?OpenDocument Original paper by Franaszek and Widmer].
* Whiting Auditorium, a beautiful 2100 seat auditorium
*[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=ptxt&s1=4486739.WKU.&OS=PN/4486739&RS=PN/4486739 US Patent 4,486,739], the relevant document at the US Patent and Trademark Office's site.
* Sloan Museum, a large portion of which is dedicated to rare automobiles
* Longway Planetarium, the largest planetarium in Michigan
* Flint Institute of Arts, a well stocked art museum and learning facility
[[Category:Computer and telecommunication standards]]
And others (Bower Theater, Flint Institute of Music, Pierce Cultural Center) all set on a 30-acre site near downtown. Flint is also host to the [[University of Michigan]]'s Flint campus. Flint is also the home of [[Kettering University]] formerly GMI.
[[Category:Line codes]]
[[fr:Encodage 8b/10b]]
== History ==
During the early 2000s Flint stands as an empty shell of its former self. The auto industry continues its exodus from Flint as does the population and sources of revenue. Flint has the highest crime rate in Michigan (5538 incidents/100000 residents) and the 45th highest crime rate in the United States. The unemployment rate in Flint is nearly 10% and unable to pay its debts, the city was placed into receivership by the state of Michigan in 2002.
=== Compaines Founded in Flint ===
* [[Tucows]]
* [[Buick]]
* [[Team of Destiny]]
== Geography ==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 88.2 [[square kilometer|km²]] (34.1 [[square mile|mi²]]). 87.1 km² (33.6 mi²) of it is land and 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.26% water.
== Demographics ==
As of the [[census]] of [[2000]], there are 124,943 people, 48,744 households, and 30,270 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] is 1,434.5/km² (3,714.9/mi²). There are 55,464 housing units at an average density of 636.8/km² (1,649.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 41.39% White, 53.27% [[African American]], 0.64% [[Native American]], 0.44% [[Asia|Asian]], 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.11% from other races, and 3.14% from two or more races. 2.99% of the population are [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino]] of any race.
There are 48,744 households out of which 33.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.0% are married couples living together, 27.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% are non-families. 31.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.51 and the average family size is 3.16.
In the city the population is spread out with 30.6% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $28,015, and the median income for a family is $31,424. Males have a median income of $34,009 versus $24,237 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,733. 26.4% of the population and 22.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 37.4% are under the age of 18 and 13.4% are 65 or older.
*[http://www.ci.flint.mi.us City of Flint]
*[http://www.flintculturalcenter.com Cultural Center]
*[http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/flint.html Mayors of Flint]
[[de:Flint (Michigan)]]
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