Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program and Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina: Difference between pages
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{{CoDepartment infobox|
|name=San Andrés y Providencia
|flag=San Andrés y Providencia, Colombia (bandera).png
|coa=blank.png
|map=blank.png
|motto=
|capital=[[San Andrés, Colombia|San Andrés]]
|governor=
|area=52
|population=83,491
|density=1,600
|adjective=
}}
'''San Andrés and Providencia''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''San Andrés y Providencia)'' is one of the [[departments of Colombia|departments]] of [[Colombia]]. It consists of an [[archipelago]] of islands about 775 km (480 miles) north of Colombia and 80 km (50 miles) from the coast of [[Nicaragua]]. Its capital is [[San Andrés, Colombia|San Andrés]].
{{POV}}
== History ==
It has been supposed that the islands were first discovered by [[Christopher Columbus]] during his first voyage in [[1492]].
In 1670 the English [[corsair]] [[Henry Morgan]] took over the islands until 1689. In [[1803]], after [[Spain]]'s [[Viceroyalty]] of [[New Granada]] had been reestablished in [[1739]], the archipielago and the province of [[Veraguas]] – covering the western territory of [[Panama]] and the eastern coast of [[Nicaragua]] – were added to its area of jurisdiction. In the later colonial era the territory was administered from the province of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]].
After gaining its independence, the Republic of [[Gran Colombia]] occupied the islands in 1822 and transferred control over them to the department of [[Magdalena]]. Subsequently, the [[United Provinces of Central America]] (UPCA) did not recognize the occupation of the islands and claimed ownership over them, while Colombia in turn protested the UPCA's occupation of the eastern coast of modern day Nicaragua. The UPCA federation dissolved in civil war between [[1838]]-[[1840]] and the resulting state of [[Nicaragua]] carried on with the dispute, as did the Republic of [[New Granada]] (made up of modern [[Colombia]] and [[Panama]]) that emerged from the dissolution of [[Gran Colombia]].
Colombia later established a local administration ("intendencia") in the islands during [[1912]]. The signing of the Esguerra-Bárcenas treaty in [[1928]] between both governments temporarily resolved the dispute in favor of Colombia. However, since [[1980]], when the [[Sandinista]] government assumed power in Nicaragua, a [[constitutional reform]] was enacted and the treaty was renounced.
Nicaraguans claim that the treaty was signed under [[United States]] pressure and military occupation and thus does not constitute a sovereign decision, while Colombia argues that the treaty's final ratification in [[1930]], when U.S. forces were already on their way out, confirms its validity.
In [[2001]] Nicaragua filed claims with the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) over the disputed maritime boundary involving 50,000 km² in the Caribbean, which includes the islands of San Andrés and Providencia. Colombia has claimed that the ICJ has no jurisdiction over the matter and has increased its naval and police presence in the islands. It has also prepared the legal defense of its case that will be presented before the tribunal. In addition, Colombia and [[Honduras]] signed a maritime boundary treaty in [[1999]] which implicitly accepts Colombian sovereignity over the islands. It should be noted that [[Nicaragua]] and [[Honduras]] still maintain several other territorial and legal disputes.
== Municipalities ==
# [[Providencia y Santa Catalina]]
# [[San Andrés, Colombia|San Andrés]]
Besides the main islands of San Andrés and Providencia, with their respective small satellite islands, there are eight [[atoll]]s that belong to the department (from North to South):
=== [[Alice Shoal]] (Banco Alicia) ===
This wholly submerged [[reef]], located at {{coor dm|16|05|N|79|22|W|}}, with no islands, and with a least depth of 6 meters over it, is the northernmost feature of Colombia, although it is also claimed by [[Jamaica]], which is closer.
===
Bajo Nuevo is an atoll 26 km long and 9 km wide, with a size of 240 km² (mostly water – [[lagoon]]), with some small islets, some covered with grass. Those islets are the northernmost land areas of Colombia. The most prominent islet is Low Cay, 300 m long and 40 m wide. Today the cays are frequently visited by lobster fishers. A lighthouse, in operation since 1980, 20 m high, stands on Low Cay, at {{coor dm|15|51|N|78|38|W|}}. Low Cay is about 2 m high and barren. The atoll was returned by the United States to Colombia in 1982.
===
The bank, a former atoll is about 40 km wide, 32 km long, with an area of 1200 km² (mostly water – [[lagoon]]). There are only a few islands: West Breaker, Middle Cay, East Cay and Beacon Cay, mostly with sparse vegetation of bushes and some trees. Most of the reef is drying and hundrets of wrecked ships are located into its vicinity. Beacon Cay is the biggest islet on the reef, completely overbuild with houses and some military facilities, used by the US Mariners during the Cuba Crisis. The station is abandoned today. The Serranilla Bank Lighthouse, inhabited today, and which has been in operation since 1977, stands on a corall ledge in the southwest approach to the bank, at {{coor dm|15|48|N|79|51|W|}}. The lighthouse is 20 m (65 ft) high. The atoll was returned by the United States to Colombia in 1982.
===
The bank has no islands, but in the northeastern part is a 37 km long [[reef]] which partly dries at low time. Originally claimed by the [[United States]] under the [[Guano Act]] of 1856, the atoll was returned by the United States to Colombia in 1982. There is a lighthouse on the reef, at {{coor dm|14|28|N|81|07|W|}}, in operation since 1977.
===
The mostly submerged atoll is about 50 km long and 13 km wide, with a size of roughly 500 km² (mostly water – [[lagoon]]). Several cays and small islets are located on the reef. The most prominent cay is Southwest Cay, about 1200 m by 800 m in area, with several ruines of a former military base, used by the US Marines during the Cuba Crisis. The islets are all covered with sparse vegetation, bushes and some trees. On Southwest Cay and on Narrow Cay are lighthouses, at {{coor dm|14|17|N|80|24|W|}}, operating since 1977, and adminstered by Columbia. The Southwest Cay light is a 25 m high tower, constructed by a combination of a concree dwelling and a white iron framework tower with a light on its top. North Cay is permanent inhabited by turtle fishers, and several new wooden huts are standing on the islet. Originally claimed by the [[United States]] under the [[Guano Act]] of 1856, the atoll was returned by the United States to Colombia in 1982.
===
The Roncador Bank, a mostly submerged atoll with several sandy cays, is 14 by 6 km in size, with an area of 65 km² (mostly water – [[lagoon]]). In the northern area lies Roncador Cay, about 600 m by 300 m in area, and rising to 4 m elevation. There are several houses on it, partly ruined, build up during the Cuba Crisis, by American troups. An old disused lighthouse is at its northern end. A new lighthouse has been operating since 1977, at {{coor dm|13|34|N|80|05|W|}}. Originally claimed by the [[United States]] under the [[Guano Act]] of 1856, the atoll was returned by the United States to Colombia in 1982.
=== [[Cayos del Este Sudeste]] (Courtown Cays, Cayos de E.S.E.) ===
This atoll is 35 km northeast of Cayos de Alburquerque. It is 14 km long and 4 km wide. There are a few [[cay]]s in the Southeast. The largest ones are called Cayo del Este, Cayo Bolivar, West Cay, and Cayo Arena. None of thoseis higher than 2 meters. All cays are overgrown with [[palm tree]]s and bushes, and surrounded by [[mangrove]]s. There is a lighthouse of the [[Colombia]]n Navy on Cayo Bolivar. The cays are regularly visited by fishermen from the Colombian mainland or from San Andres. There are two concrete buildings on Cayo Bolivar, and a few wooden huts on the other Cays.
=== [[Cayos de Albuquerque]] (Cayos de S.W., Southwest Cays) ===
This atoll is Southwest of San Andres at {{coor dm|12|10|N|81|51|W|}}, and therefore the westernmost point of Colombia. The diameter of the fringing reef is about 7 km. In the southern part are the [[cay]]s Cayo del Norte and Cayo del Sur. Cayo del Norte, the larger of the two, is up to 2 m high and overgrown with [[palm tree]]s and bushes. Cayo del Sur, a few hundred meters further South, reaches a height of a little more than 1 m and is vegetated with a few bushes, and in the South with mangroves. There is a [[lighthouse]] on Cayo del Norte, at {{coor dm|12|10|N|81|50|W|}}, operating since 1980, which is maintained by the Colombian Navy.
*[http://www.sanandres.gov.co/ Toursim website with small map]
*[http://mitglied.lycos.de/dc3mf/Albu.htm Information on some Atolls (German)]
*[http://www.luechthuus.de/lt7000/kolumbien.htm Information on Colombian lighthouses (German)]
{{ColombianDepartments}}
[[Category:Caribbean islands]]
[[de:San Andrés und Providencia]]
[[es:San Andrés y Providencia]]
[[eo:Sankta Andreo kaj Providenco]]
[[nb:San Andrés y Providencia]]
[[pt:San Andrés e Providencia]]
[[sv:San Andrés och Providencia]]
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