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'''Manisha Koirala''' is a [[Bollywood]] actress. She was born in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] on [[August 16]], [[1970]], and studied at the [[Army Public School]], in [[New Delhi]]. Koirala is also an accomplished [[Bharatnatyam]] and [[Manipuri]] dancer.
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Koirala was born into the politically powerful [[Koirala]] family; her father, grandfather, and two of her great uncles were Prime Ministers of Nepal. Her first movie was the Subhash Ghai directed "saudagar" . She later went on to become a [[Maniratnam]] favourite starring in two of his movies [[Bombay]] and [[Dilse]]. Her inability to be choosy among films has almost damaged her career.
'''Embalming''', in most modern cultures, is a process used to temporarily preserve a [[human]] [[cadaver]] to forestall [[decomposition]] and make it suitable for display at a [[funeral]]. It has a long history, and other cultures had embalming processes that had much greater [[religion|religious]] meaning.
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=== History of embalming ===
* {{imdb name|id=0463539|name=Manisha Koirala}}
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Embalming has been practiced in many cultures. In [[classical antiquity]], perhaps the Old World culture that had developed embalming to the greatest extent was that of ancient [[Egypt]], who developed the process of [[mummy|mummification]]. They believed that preservation of the mummy empowered the soul after death, which would return to the preserved corpse.
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[[Category:1970 births|Koirala, Manisha]]
Other cultures that had developed embalming processes include the [[Inca]]s and other cultures of [[Peru]], whose climate also favoured a form of mummification.
[[Category:Nepalese actors|Koirala, Manisha]]
[[sv:Manisha Koirala]]
Embalming in [[Europe]] had a much more sporadic existence. It was attempted from time to time, especially during the [[Crusade]]s, when crusading noblemen wished to have their bodies preserved for burial closer to home.
Contemporary embalming methods advanced markedly during the [[American Civil War]], which once again involved many servicemen dying far from home, and their families wishing them returned for local [[burial]]. Dr. [[Thomas N. Holmes]] received a commission from the Army Medical Corps to embalm the corpses of dead Union servicemen to return to their families. Military authorities also permitted private embalmers to work in military-controlled areas.
in [[1867]], the [[Germany|German]] chemist [[August Wilhelm von Hofman]] discovered [[formaldehyde]], whose preservative properties were soon discovered and which became the foundation for modern methods of embalming.
=== Modern embalming ===
Embalming as practiced in the [[funeral home]]s of the [[United States of America]] uses several steps.
Any [[clothing]] on the corpse is removed and set aside; [[jewelry]], also, is inventoried. The corpse is then washed in disinfecting and germicidal solutions, shaved, and groomed. The [[eye]]s are closed and kept closed with an eyecap that keeps them shut and in the proper expression. The [[mouth]] is sewn shut, and a device is also employed to allow the embalmer to set the facial expression of the corpse.
External body cavities are packed with cotton soaked in cavity fluid or [[autopsy]] gel, and the corpse is dressed in tight-fitting plastic clothing to control leakage of any bodily fluids.
The actual embalming process usually involves four parts:
*[[artery|arterial]] embalming, which involves the injection of embalming chemicals into the blood vessels, usually via the [[heart]] through a [[trocar]];
*cavity embalming, the suction of the internal fluids of the corpse and the injection of embalming chemicals into body cavities;
*[[hypodermic]] embalming, the injection under the skin of embalming chemicals under the skin as needed; and
*surface embalming, which supplements the other methods, especially for visible, injured body parts.
Embalming chemicals vary in their composition, but most are based on formaldehyde and [[methanol]] (wood [[alcohol]]).
Cosmetics are then applied to the corpse to make it appear more living and create a "memory picture" for the decedent's friends and relatives. An oily foundation is placed on the visible areas of the skin, and theatrical or mortuary [[cosmetics]] are placed on the corpse. A photograph of the dead person in good health is often sought, in order to guide the embalmer's hand in restoring the corpse to a more lifelike appearance. Blemishes and discolorations occasioned by the last illness, the settling of blood, or the embalming process itself are also dealt with at this time. Various funeral homes have different practices as to whether the corpse will be clothed during the time of application of the cosmetics, or whether the cosmetics will be applied first and the corpse clothed afterwards.
After the corpse has been dressed, it is placed in the [[coffin]] for the various funeral rites.
In the Netherlands embalming is not allowed except in the case of international transport of the corpse and in the case of members of the royal family, who choose individually for or against it.
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