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'''Manisha Koirala''' is a [[Bollywood]] actress. She was born in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] on [[August 16]], [[1970]], and studied at the [[Army Public School]], in [[New Delhi]]. Koirala is also an accomplished [[Bharatnatyam]] and [[Manipuri]] dancer.
[[eo:Masakro de Columbine]]
Koirala was born into the politically powerful [[Koirala]] family; her father, grandfather, and two of her great uncles were Prime Ministers of Nepal. Her first movie was the Subhash Ghai directed "saudagar" . She later went on to become a [[Maniratnam]] favourite starring in two of his movies [[Bombay]] and [[Dilse]]. Her inability to be choosy among films has almost damaged her career.
The '''Columbine High School Massacre''' occurred on [[April 20]], [[1999]] at [[Columbine High School]] in [[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] near [[Littleton, Colorado|Littleton]], [[Colorado]], [[United States]], when two teenaged students, [[Eric Harris]] and [[Dylan Klebold]], executed a planned [[mass murder|shooting rampage]], killing 12 other students and a teacher before committing [[suicide]]. It is considered to be the worst school shooting in [[United States|U.S.]] history.
==ChronologyExternal of eventslink==
* {{imdb name|id=0463539|name=Manisha Koirala}}
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All times in Denver Time ([[Mountain Standard Time|MST]]).
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[[Category:1970 births|Koirala, Manisha]]
===April 20===
[[Category:Nepalese actors|Koirala, Manisha]]
====16 minutes of terror====
[[sv:Manisha Koirala]]
<div style="float:right; width: 410px; padding:2px; margin-left: 1em; text-align:center"> [[Image:Columbine.jpg]]<br><small>''Much of the massacre was captured on the high school's security cameras.''</small></div>
Harris and Klebold had already planted two bombs, that they expected to explode at 11:00, in the cafeteria. They had calculated that was when the most students would be in the cafeteria - 900 Columbine students were on their lunch break. The 20-pound cafeteria bombs, which were their largest, were each made of a pipe bomb surrounded by fuel cylinders filled with [[propane]]. The pair had already planted other bombs around the campus, and expected them to explode too, yet most of them never went off. They brought the bombs to school in backpacks, and in bomb-cases strapped to their bodies. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were wearing trench coats so that students did not know that they were smuggling guns and bombs into the school.
Harris and Klebold fired their first shots at about 11:19, in the parking lot after running there from the soccer field. By 11:25, the pair, who had already fatally shot [[Rachel Scott]], ran into the cafeteria shooting students. They shot at one of the bombs they had planted in an attempt to detonate it, but to no avail. Had the two cafeteria bombs that Harris and Klebold planted exploded, then many of the four hundred and forty-eight students in the cafeteria would probably have been killed. Some students hid in closets, bathrooms, offices, and under heavy desks and chairs while others fled the building, some to the Robert F. Clement Park. Some of the students, hidden behind a heavy door, called for help on cell phones.
The first [[9-1-1]] call relating to the incident was made at 11:25. A custodian reported hearing gunfire and explosions at the school. The custodian had also reported seeing a shooter on the roof, but he was later revealed to be an innocent repairman who was hiding from the shooting.
By 11:28, deputy Neil Gardner of Jefferson County exchanged gunfire with Harris and Klebold near a building entrance. He radioed for help at 11:29. Other deputies from [[Jefferson County, Colorado]] arrived on the scene at 11:30 a.m. They called other agencies for help, as they heard explosions and gunshots. The shooters moved upstairs, shooting at students in classrooms.
Harris and Klebold then moved to the school's library, killing ten students and injuring several more. When it was clear that they weren't going to escape the building, the two committed suicide, Harris by firing a shotgun placed in his mouth, and Klebold with a handgun. Some theorize that Harris killed Klebold before killing himself since Klebold was left handed but was shot in the right temple. Harris had injured his last victim at 11:31 a.m; both Harris and Klebold were confirmed dead by 12:30.
====The shooting stops====
By 12 Noon, [[SWAT]] teams found explosive devices around the school, and ambulances started taking the wounded to local hospitals. Parents gathered at Leawood Elementary School. The call for additional ammunition to police officers in case of a shootout came at 12:20. However, the killers had supposedly stopped shooting prior to 12 Noon.
The SWAT teams started checking every room in the high school in great detail by 12:30. Even desks and backpacks were examined. Authorities reported pipe bombs being found by 13:00.
SWAT teams started to free hidden students by 14:30. The students and teachers were taken away and were questioned and offered medical care in small holding areas. Officers found bodies in the library by 15:30.
By 16:00, the Sheriff made an initial estimate of 25 dead students and teachers; his estimate was 10 over the true count. Police officers were searching the bodies of Harris and Klebold in the library. At 16:30, the school was declared safe, yet at 17:30, additional officers were called in as more explosives were found in the parking lot. At 18:15, officials found a bomb in a car in the parking lot, so the Sheriff marked the entire school with yards of yellow tape as a crime scene. All of the dead were still inside the school at the time. At 22:45, one of the homemade bombs detonated while police tried to defuse it.
===April 21===
The next day, on [[April 21]], bomb squads combed the high school looking for bombs. At 08:30, the official death toll of fifteen was released. The bomb squad declared the building safe for officials to enter. By 11:30, a spokesman of the sheriff said, "The investigation is under way." Thirteen of the bodies were still inside the high school as investigators photographed the building.
By 14:30, a press conference was held by Jefferson County District Attorney David Thomas and Sheriff John Stone, saying that they suspected that other children helped plan the shooting. Formal identifications of the dead had not taken place yet, but families of the children thought to have to been killed were notified that this probably happened. Throughout the late afternoon and early evening, the rest of the bodies were gradually removed out of the school and taken to the Jefferson County Coroner's Office to be identified and autopsied. By 17:00, the identities of those dead started to be known.
==Aftershock and the search for reasons==
Analysis of journals and videos left behind by Harris and Klebold revealed that the pair had developed an elaborate, sometimes fantastical plan for not only the school shooting, but also a massacre in the neighborhood and, if they were unable to escape out of the United States, a planned hijacking of an airplane which they would then crash into [[New York City]].
In the aftermath of the shootings, there was a great deal of debate about what "provoked" the killers and whether anything could have been done to prevent the crime. The reality of social [[clique]]s in high schools was a frequent topic of discussion. Many argued that the pair's isolation from the rest of their classmates prompted feelings of helplessness, insecurity and [[clinical depression|depression]], as well as a strong desire for attention. Some schools also began programs to expose and stop school [[bullying]], which many charged had fueled anger and resentment within Harris and Klebold.
In the weeks following the shootings, [[mass media|media]] reports about the two killers portrayed them as outcast "[[nerd]]s" who were unpopular and ostracized by much of the school's population; later such characterizations were revised as both Harris and Klebold were documented to have both a close circle of friends and a wider informal social group. It was also reported that anti-gay epithets were frequently directed at them, although their actual sexual orientation was unknown; both were known to have had girlfriends though. Harris and Klebold were peripheral members of a club called the "Trenchcoat Mafia" in which they wore heavy black [[trench coat]]s. By the time of the shootings, most of the major members of the group had already either graduated or dropped out of Columbine.
Some analysts noted that the date of the shooting coincided with [[Adolf Hitler]]'s 110th [[birthday|birth anniversary]], and was one day after the anniversary of the [[Oklahoma City Bombing]], though it was not known whether knowledge of either of these dates influenced Harris and Klebold.
Harris and Klebold were fans of violent video games such as "[[Doom]]" (in fact, Harris often created multiplayer levels for the game; these were widely distributed, and can still occasionally be found on the internet as the [[Harris levels]]. Rumors that the layout of these levels resembled that of Columbine High School circulated but have been debunked as documented on the [[Snopes]] urban legends website). Some analysts argued that part of the killers' problem may have been a result of their constant exposure to violent imagery in such video games, as well as [[music]], and [[movie]]s, theorizing that their obsession with these forms of media may have led them to have trouble telling the difference between reality and fantasy.
It's been publicly revealed that Harris had been prescribed and was taking [[Luvox]]<SUP>®</SUP> ([[Fluvoxamine maleate]]), an [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRI]] [[antidepressant]], at the time of the shooting spree. Some analysts have argued that this medication may have contributed to Harris' actions, as an alleged side-effect of these drugs is a loss of empathy for other human beings, and a correlation is claimed between "school shooters" whose medical history has been made public and use of or recent discontinuation of such medications. Other researchers have pointed out that such claims are not based upon scientific evidence.
==Long-term impact==
In response to concerns over the causes of Columbine and other [[school massacres]], many schools later instituted new anti-[[bully]] policies as well as so-called "[[zero tolerance]]" approaches to weapons and threatening behavior. Despite the horrific nature of the Columbine incident, some experts in [[social science]] feel these measures were an overreaction.
In the months following the shooting, many in the [[Christian]] community were captivated by reports of [[Cassie Bernall]], who, when asked "Do you believe in God?" by one of the shooters, responded "Yes" before being shot and killed. Alternate accounts surfaced soon thereafter, attributing the remark to victim [[Rachel Scott]]. Both Bernall and Scott were regarded as Christian "martyrs" by many. Official investigation attributed the statement to survivor Valeen Schnur.
==Shooters==
*[[Eric David Harris]], 18
*[[Dylan Bennett Klebold]], 17
==Victims==
===Deceased===
* [[Cassie Bernall]], 17
* Steven Curnow, 14
* Corey DePooter, 17
* Kelly Fleming, 16
* Matthew Kechter, 16
* Daniel Mauser, 15
* Daniel Rohrbough, 15
* Dave Sanders, 47 (Teacher)
* [[Rachel Scott]], 17
* Isaiah Shoels, 18
* John Tomlin, 16
* Lauren Townsend, 18
* Kyle Velasquez, 16
* Emily Coiner, 17
===Injured===
* Brian Anderson, 17
* Richard Castaldo, 17
* Jennifer Doyle, 17
* Stephen Eubanks, 17
* Nicholas Foss, 18
* Sean Graves, 15
* Makai Hall, 19
* Anne Hochhalter, 17
* Patrick Ireland, 17
* Joyce Jankowski, 45
* Michael Johnson, 15
* Mark Kintgen, 17
* Lance Kirklin, 16
* Lisa Kreutz, 18
* Adam Kryler, 16
* Stephanie Munson, 17
* Patricia Nielsen, 35
* Nicole Nowlen, 16
* Jeanna Park, 18
* Kasey Ruegsegger, 17
* Valeen Schnurr, 18.
* Danny Steepleton, 17
* Mark Taylor, 16
== Cultural impact ==
The massacre was one of the subjects of the controversial [[2001]] [[Michael Moore]] [[documentary film]] ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]'', about the culture of violence in the [[United States|US]].
The Columbine shooting spree also served as the inspiration for the fictional 2003 [[Gus Van Sant]] film, ''[[Elephant (film)|Elephant]]''.
In addition, aspects of the Columbine disaster were the basis of [[Douglas Coupland]]'s [[2003]] book "Hey Nostradamus!"
==Firearms==
Before the shootings, Harris and Klebold illegally acquired and modified a [[TEC-DC9]] [[semi-automatic handgun|semi-automatic]] [[handgun]], a [[rifle]], two [[Sawn-off shotgun|sawed-off]] [[shotgun]]s, and as many as 97 [[improvised explosive devices]] of various designs and sizes. Even before the massacre began, the two perpetrators committed numerous felony violations of state and federal law, including the [[National Firearms Act]] and the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]].
All four guns were illegally obtained by [[straw purchase]]s. [[Robyn Anderson]] bought the rifle and two shotguns for Harris and Klebold, but was never charged for her violations of federal gun laws. Mark Manes and Philip Duran were found guilty of supplying the handgun to the two youths and received prison terms.
''See also: [[List of United States firearms topics]]''
==See also==
*[[school massacre]]
== External links ==
*[http://www.boulderdailycamera.com/shooting/21map.html Map showing the school as it was attacked, and the timeline]
*[http://63.147.65.175/news/shot0420c.htm Another timeline of the tragedy]
*[http://www.boulderdailycamera.com/shooting/22chronology.html Another chronology of the attack]
*[http://dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Violence_and_Abuse/School/Incidents/Columbine_High_School/ Category at ODP]
*[http://www.jsonline.com/news/may99/0514swat.asp Issues about police at Columbine]
*[http://www.breggin.com/luvox.html Luvox and the Littleton Columbine High School Shootings]
*[http://www.cnn.com/2000/US/05/15/columbine.report.04/index.html Information about the investigators' detailed timeline]
*[http://www.danielmauser.com Website about Daniel Mauser]
*[http://slate.msn.com/id/2099203/ Article in Slate magazine]
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