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'''Manisha Koirala''' is a [[Bollywood]] actress. She was born in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] on [[August 16]], [[1970]], and studied at the [[Army Public School]], in [[New Delhi]]. Koirala is also an accomplished [[Bharatnatyam]] and [[Manipuri]] dancer.
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<font style="font: inherit; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; color: #6a6c76;">California Institute of Technology</font>
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[[Image:CaltechLogo.png|Caltech Seal]]<br>
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<tr><th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Motto</th><td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">The truth shall make you free</td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Established</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">[[1891]]</td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">School type</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">[[Private school|Private]]</td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">President</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">[[David Baltimore]]</td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Location</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">[[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], [[California|CA]], [[United States|USA]]</td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Enrollment</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">900 undergraduate,<br>1,200 graduate</td></tr><tr>
<th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Faculty</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">386</td></tr><tr>
<th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Endowment</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">US$1.3 billion</td></tr><tr>
<th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Campus</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">[[Urban]], 124 acres (0.5 km²)</td></tr><tr>
<th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Sports teams</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">Beavers</td></tr><tr>
<th style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Website</th>
<td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top">[http://www.caltech.edu/ www.caltech.edu]</td></tr>
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Koirala was born into the politically powerful [[Koirala]] family; her father, grandfather, and two of her great uncles were Prime Ministers of Nepal. Her first movie was the Subhash Ghai directed "saudagar" . She later went on to become a [[Maniratnam]] favourite starring in two of his movies [[Bombay]] and [[Dilse]]. Her inability to be choosy among films has almost damaged her career.
The '''California Institute of Technology''' (commonly known as '''Caltech''') is a [[private school| private]], [[coeducation]]al university located in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], [[California]], in the [[United States of America|United States]]. A leading [[research]] university, Caltech maintains a strong emphasis on the [[natural sciences]] and [[engineering]]. It operates the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] for [[NASA]].
==HistoryExternal link==
* {{imdb name|id=0463539|name=Manisha Koirala}}
{{Nepal-stub}}
Modern Caltech grew from a [[vocational school]] founded in Pasadena in [[1891]] by local businessman and politician [[Amos G. Throop]]. The school was known successively as '''Throop University''', '''Throop Polytechnic Institute''', and '''Throop College of Technology''', before acquiring its current name in [[1920]].
{{India-actor-stub}}
[[Category:1970 births|Koirala, Manisha]]
The main driving force behind the transformation of Caltech from a school of [[arts and crafts]] to a world-class scientific center was the vision of astronomer [[George Ellery Hale]]. Hale had joined Throop's board of trustees after coming to Pasadena in [[1907]] as the first director of the [[Mount Wilson Observatory]]. At a time when scientific research in the United States was still in its infancy, Hale saw an opportunity to create in Pasadena an institution for serious research and education in engineering and the natural sciences. Hale succeeded in attracting private gifts of land and money that allowed him to endow the school with well-equipped, modern [[laboratory]] facilities. He then convinced two of the leading American scientists of the time, chemist [[Arthur Amos Noyes]] and physicist [[Robert Andrews Millikan]], to join Caltech's [[faculty]] and contribute to the project of establishing it as a center for [[science]] and [[technology]].
[[Category:Nepalese actors|Koirala, Manisha]]
[[sv:Manisha Koirala]]
Under the leadership of Hale, Noyes, and Millikan (and aided by the booming economy of [[Southern California]]), Caltech grew very significantly in prestige in the 1920's. In [[1923]], Millikan was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for physics. In [[1925]] the school established a department of [[geology]] and hired [[William Bennett Munro]], then chairman of the division of History, Government, and Economics at [[Harvard University]], to create a division of [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]] at Caltech. In [[1928]] a division of [[biology]] was established under the leadership of [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]], the leading biologist in the United States and a discoverer of the [[chromosome]]. In [[1926]] a graduate school of [[aeronautics]] was created which eventually attracted [[Theodore von Kármán]], who later contributed to the creation of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and who established Caltech as one of the foremost centers for [[rocket|rocket-science]]. In [[1928]] construction began on the [[Palomar Observatory]].
Caltech remains, to this day, a relatively small university, with approximately 900 [[undergraduate]]s, 1,200 [[graduate student]]s, and 915 faculty members (including [[professor]]s, permanent research faculty, and [[postdoctoral researcher]]s.)
The movie ''[[Real Genius (movie)|Real Genius]]'' was loosely based on events at Caltech.[http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~erich/real_genius_refs.html]
==Student life==
===Housing system===
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
! !! House !! Members !! Color !! Slogan !! Motto !! Website
|-
! colspan="7"| South Houses (Hovses)
|-
| [[Image:BlackerHovse.jpg|50px]]
| [[Blacker House|Blacker Hovse]]
| Moles
| Black
| γδβγ (God Damn Blacker Gang)
|
| http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~blacker/
|-
| [[Image:DabneyHovse.gif|50px]]
| [[Dabney House|Dabney Hovse]]
| Darbs
| Green
| DEI (Dabney Eats It)
| Fidelis et Gratus
| http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~dei/
|-
| [[Image:FlemingHovse.gif|50px]][[Image:FlemingCrest.jpg|50px]]
| [[Fleming House|Fleming Hovse]]
| Flems
| Red
| FEIF (Fleming Eats It Faster)
| Let the Deed Shaw
| http://fleming.caltech.edu/
|-
| [[Image:RickettsHovse.jpg|50px]]
| [[Ricketts House|Ricketts Hovse]]
| Scurves / Skurves
| Maroon
|
| Prend Moi Tel Que Je Suis
| http://ricketts.caltech.edu/
|-
! colspan="7"| North Houses
|-
| [[Image:LloydHouse.jpg|50px]]
| [[Lloyd House]]
| Lloydies
| Gold
|
| I Live And Die For Those I Love
| http://lloyd.caltech.edu/
|-
| [[Image:PageHouse.gif|50px]]
| [[Page House]]
| Pageboys
| Blue
|
| Spe Labor Levis
| http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~jrpage/
|-
| [[Image:RuddockHouse.jpg|50px]]
| [[Ruddock House]]
| Rudds
| Navy Blue
|
|
| http://ruddock.caltech.edu/
|-
! colspan="7"| Other
|-
| [[Image:AveryLogo.gif|50px]]
| [[Avery House]]
|
|
|
|
| http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~avery/
|}
During the early [[20th century]], a Caltech committee visited several universities and decided to transform the [[undergraduate]] housing system from regular [[fraternities and sororities|fraternities]] to a unique House System, combining the qualities of regular university [[dormitory|dormitories]] and the college system similar to that of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. Four (south) houses (or ''hovses'', so named for the inscription on the gates thereof) were built: [[Blacker House]], [[Dabney House]], [[Fleming House]], and [[Ricketts House]]. In the late [[20th century]], three north houses were built: [[Lloyd House]], [[Page House]], and [[Ruddock House]]. During the [[1990s]], an additional house, [[Avery House]], was built to accommodate those who feel the original seven houses were not suitable for them. Some students jocularly refer to the Undergraduate Computer Science Laboratory as another house, as a few spend most of their time there. The four south houses will be closed for renovation during the [[2005]]–[[2006]] school year.
=== Traditions===
There are many annual [[tradition]]s at Caltech, demonstrating the weird and wonderful creativity of its inhabitants. Every [[Halloween]] there is a [[pumpkin]] drop from the top of the Millikan Library, the highest point on campus, where the frozen pumpkin supposedly flashes as it hits the ground. And then there is the annual Ditch Day, where seniors ditch school but design elaborate tasks and traps at the doors of their rooms to prevent underclassman from entering. This has evolved to the point where many seniors spend months designing mechanical/electrical/software obstacles in order to confound the underclassmen. The faculty has been drawn into the event as well, and cancel all classes on Ditch Day so that the underclassmen can participate in what has become a highlight of the year.
Another tradition was the playing of the ''[[Ride of the Valkyries]]'' at 7 AM the morning of finals week with the largest speakers available in the hallway of the freshmen. The playing of that piece is not allowed at any other time, and any offender is dragged off into the showers to the drenched in cold water fully dressed. The playing of the ''Ride'' is such a strong tradition that the music was used during [[Apollo 17]] to awaken Astronaut [[Harrison Schmitt]], the only astronaut-scientist to explore the moon.
Caltech students have been known for the many [[practical joke|prank]]s (also known as '''RF's''') they have pulled off in the area. The two most famous are the changing of the [[Hollywood]] sign to read Caltech, by judiciously covering up certain parts of the letters, and the changing of the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]] scoreboard to an imaginary game where Caltech soundly trounced [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]].
===Honor Code===
Another unique feature of the Caltech community is the [[honor code|Honor Code]], which states simply: "No member of the Caltech community shall take unfair advantage of any other member of the Caltech community." This is enforced by a Board of Control, consisting of members of the community.[http://donut.caltech.edu/about/boc/ug_handbook.php]
==Noted alumni==
*[[Carl D. Anderson]], BS 1927, PhD 1930 - [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate in physics (1936)
*[[Moshe Arens]], MS 1953 - former Israeli defense minister and foreign minister
*[[Arnold Beckman]], PhD 1928 - Founder of [[Beckman Instruments]] and financier of the first "silicon" company in [[Silicon Valley]], [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]].
*[[Sabeer Bhatia]], BS 1991 - Co-founder of [[Hotmail]]
*[[David Brin]], BS 1973 - science fiction author
*[[Frank Capra]], BS 1918 - Filmmaker, author of such classics as ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]''
*[[Chester Carlson]], BS 1930 - Inventor of the photocopier, the foundation of [[Xerox]]
*[[Chung-Yao Chao]], PhD 1930 - The discoverer of antimatter, father of atomic energy enterprise of China.
*[[Fernando J. Corbató]], BS 1950 - Computer scientist, recipient of the [[1990]] [[Turing Award]]
*[[William A. Fowler]], PhD 1936 - Nobel laureate in physics (1983)
*[[Yuan-Cheng Fung]], PhD 1948 - Founder of Biomechanics
*[[Donald A. Glaser]], PhD 1950 - Nobel laureate in physics (1960)
*[[Juris Hartmanis]], PhD 1955 - Computer scientist, recipient of the [[1993]] Turing Award
*[[Leland H. Hartwell]], BS 1961 - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (2001)
*[[Steingrímur Hermannsson]], MS 1952 - former Prime Minister of Iceland
*[[David Ho]], BS 1974 - AIDS researcher
*[[Tsien Hsue-shen]], PhD 1939 - Father of China's rocket program
*[[Donald Knuth]], PhD 1963 - Computer scientist, creator of [[TeX]] typesetting language, and author of [[The Art of Computer Programming]], recipient of the [[1974]] Turing Award
*[[Edward B. Lewis]], PhD 1942 - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1995)
*[[York Liao]], BS 1967 - inventor of [[liquid crystal display]]s
*[[Alan Lightman]], PhD 1974 - physicist and novelist
*[[William Lipscomb]], PhD 1946 - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1976)
*[[Paul MacCready]], MS 1948, PhD 1952 - Father of Human Powered Flight, invented the [[Gossamer Condor]] and the [[Gossamer Albatross]]
*[[Benoît Mandelbrot]], Eng 1949 - Pioneer of [[fractal geometry]]
*[[John McCarthy]], BS 1948 - Computer scientist, inventor of the [[Lisp programming language]] and recipient of the [[1971]] [[Turing Award]]
*[[Edwin Mattison McMillan]], BS 1928, MS 1929 - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1951)
*[[Robert Merton|Robert C. Merton]], MS 1967 - Nobel laureate in economics (1997)
*[[Cleve Moler]], BS 1961 - Inventor of [[MATLAB]], co-founder of [[The MathWorks]], influential in the field of [[numerical analysis]]
*[[Gordon E. Moore]], PhD 1954 - co-founder of [[Intel]] Corp. and author of [[Moore's law]]
*[[Douglas D. Osheroff]], BS 1967 - Nobel laureate in physics (1996)
*[[Linus Pauling]], PhD 1925 - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1954) and peace (1962)
*[[William Luther Pierce]], MS?? - [[Neo-Nazi]] activist, founder of the [[white supremacist]] [[National Alliance]], author of ''[[The Turner Diaries]]''
*[[John M. Poindexter]], PhD 1964 - Director of DARPA [[Information Awareness Office]], [[National Security Advisor]] to [[Ronald Reagan]]
*[[Leo James Rainwater]], BS 1939 - Nobel laureate in physics (1975)
*[[Simon Ramo]], PhD 1936 - co-founder of [[TRW]] and developed [[ICBM]]s
*[[Benjamin Rosen]], BS 1954 - co-founder of [[Compaq]]
*[[Harrison Schmitt]], BS 1957 - astronaut and US Senator, the only [[geologist]] to have ever walked on the moon
*[[William Shockley]], BS 1932 - Nobel laureate in physics (1956)
*[[Vernon L. Smith]], BS 1949 - Nobel laureate in economics (2002)
*[[Robert Tarjan]], BS 1969 - Computer scientist, recipient of the [[1986]] Turing Award
*[[Howard M. Temin]], PhD 1960 - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1975)
*[[Charles H. Townes]], PhD 1939 - Nobel laureate in physics (1964)
*[[Kenneth G. Wilson]], PhD 1961 - Nobel laureate in physics (1982)
*[[Robert Woodrow Wilson|Robert W. Wilson]], PhD 1962 - Nobel laureate in physics (1978)
*[[Stephen Wolfram]], PhD 1979 - Creator of [[Mathematica]]
==Noted faculty==
*[[Carl D. Anderson]] - Nobel laureate in physics (1936)
*[[Don L. Anderson]] - [[Crafoord Prize|Crafoord]] laureate in geosciences (1998)
*[[Robert Bacher]] - nuclear physicist and member of the [[Manhattan Project]]
*[[David Baltimore]] - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1975), President of Caltech
*[[George Wells Beadle]] - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1958)
*[[Seymour Benzer]] - [[Crafoord Prize|Crafoord]] laureate in biosciences (1993)
*[[Colin F. Camerer]] - economist
*[[Max Delbrück]] - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1969)
*[[Renato Dulbecco]] - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1975)
*[[Richard Feynman]] - Nobel laureate in physics (1965)
*[[Murray Gell-Mann]] - Nobel laureate in physics (1969) and co-founder of [[Santa Fe Institute]]
*[[William Goddard, III]] - Notable proponent of [[blue chalk]].
*[[David Goodstein]] - director of ''The Mechanical Universe'', Vice-Provost of Caltech
*[[George Ellery Hale]] - astronomer
*[[Theodore von Kármán]] - expert in [[aeronautics]] and rocket-scientist
*[[Christof Koch]] - biologist
*[[Rudolph Marcus]] - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1992)
*[[Carver Mead]] - computer scientist
*[[Robert A. Millikan]] - Nobel laureate in physics (1923)
*[[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1933)
*[[Rudolf Mössbauer]] - Nobel laureate in physics (1961)
*[[Arthur A. Noyes]] - chemist
*[[Robert Oppenheimer]] - physicist
*[[Clair Cameron Patterson]] - determined the [[age of the Earth]], exposed lead pollution
*[[Linus Pauling]] - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1954), laureate in peace (1962)
*[[Charles Plott]] - economist
*[[H. David Politzer]] - Nobel laureate in physics (2004)
*[[John Preskill]] - physicist
*[[Charles Francis Richter]] - creator of the [[Richter scale]]
*[[Maarten Schmidt]] - discovered [[quasar]]s
*[[John Schwarz]] - physicist
*[[Roger W. Sperry]] - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1981)
*[[Kip Thorne]] - physicist
*[[Gerald J. Wasserburg]] - [[Crafoord Prize|Crafoord]] laureate in geochemistry (1986)
*[[Mark B. Wise]] - physicist
*[[Ahmed H. Zewail]] - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1999)
==External links==
*[http://www.caltech.edu/ Official site]
*[http://nobelprize.org/medicine/articles/goodstein/ History of Caltech] (at the official Nobel Prize website)
*[http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu Undergraduate Computer Science Laboratory]
*[http://pr.caltech.edu/events/caltech_nobel/ Caltech Nobel Laureate Biographies]
*[http://www.cripplingdepression.com/ ''Crippling Depression''] — a satirical comic strip serialized in ''California Tech'', the Caltech student newspaper
*[http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/pranks/rosebowl.html The Great Rose Bowl Hoax]
*[http://donut.caltech.edu/about/boc/ug_handbook.php Honor Code]
*Ditch Days: [http://pr.caltech.edu/events/ditchday/2000/ 2000], [http://pr.caltech.edu/events/ditchday/2001/ 2001], [http://pr.caltech.edu/events/ditchday/2002/ 2002], [http://pr.caltech.edu/events/ditchday/2003/ 2003], [http://pr.caltech.edu/events/ditchday/2004/ 2004]
[[eo:Kalifornia Instituto de Teknologio]]
[[nl:Caltech]]
[[Category:Los Angeles area colleges and universities]]
[[Category:Association of American Universities]]
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