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'''Refractive index contrast''', in an [[optical fiber]], is a measure of the relative difference in [[refractive index]] of the [[core]] and [[cladding]].
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'''Ingrid Newkirk''' (born [[July 11]], [[1949]]) is a British-born [[animal rights]] activist, author, and the president of [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA), the world's largest animal rights organization.
''Note:'' Refractive index contrast, Δ, is given by Δ = (''n'' <sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>- ''n'' <sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup>)/(2''n'' <sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>), where ''n'' <sub>1</sub> is the maximum refractive index in the core and ''n'' <sub>2</sub> is the refractive index of the [[homogeneous cladding]].
Her books include ''Free the Animals'', ''You Can Save the Animals'', and ''Making Kind Choices'', which has a foreword by [[Paul McCartney]].
Source: from [[Federal Standard 1037C]] and from [[MIL-STD-188]]
Newkirk was born in [[England]] and grew up in [[New Delhi]], India. In the 1970s, she worked for Montgomery County, [[Maryland]], and then for the [[District of Columbia]] as an animal protection officer and deputy sheriff, before becoming DC’s first female poundmaster in 1978.
[[Category:Fiber optics]]
She co-founded PETA in 1980 with animal-rights activist [[Alex_Pacheco (activist)|Alex Pacheco]].
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==References==
*[http://www.ingridnewkirk.com/ Ingrid Newkirk's website]
*[http://www.peta.org/ PETA website]
*[http://www.rotten.com/library/culture/peta/ PETA timeline]
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[[Category:Animal rights activists|Newkirk, Ingrid]]
[[Category:Animal liberation movement|Newkirk, Ingrid]]
[[de:Ingrid Newkirk]]
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