|
'''Middle English Lyric''' is a [[genre]] of [[English Literature]], popular in the 14th Century, that is characterized by its brevity and emotional expression. Conventionally, the lyric expresses "a moment," usually spoken or performed in the first person. Although some lyrics have narratives, the plots are usually simple to emphasize an occasional, common experience. Even though Lyrics appear individual and personal, they are not "original;" instead, lyrics express a common state of mind.
[[Image:L-esp.gif|thumb|150px|Esperanto flag]]
== Audience ==
'''Esperanto''' is a [[planned language|planned]] ([[Constructed language|constructed]]) [[international auxiliary language]]. The name derives from the pseudonym (Dr. Esperanto) under which [[L. L. Zamenhof]] published the language in [[1887]]. (See [[Esperanto history]].) His intention was to create an easy-to-learn language, to serve as an international auxiliary language for global communication. Today Esperanto is used for many activities including travel, correspondence, cultural exchange, literature, and language instruction; it is the most widely used constructed auxiliary language and it even has some native speakers.
Middle English Lyrics were meant to be heard, not read. Keeping in mind an [[aural]] [[audience]], the lyric is usually structured with an obvious rhyme scheme, [[refrain]], and sometimes musical effects. The rhyme scheme primarily functions as a [[mnemonic device]] for the audience. The Refrain, however, has several critical functions. The Refrain gives the lyric unity and provides commentary (this is not unlike the bob and wheel found in ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''). In addition to functioning thematically, the refrain encourages audience to participate in singing the lyric. Finally, Musical Effects also encourage audience participation, and they take the form of rhythms and sounds (for example, [[onomatopoeia]] is not an uncommon [[trope]] employed).
== Authorship ==
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="floatright" width="300">
Most Middle English Lyrics are anonymous. Because the lyrics reflect on a sort of "community property" of ideas, the concept of copyrighting a lyric to a particular author is usually inappropriate. Additionally, identifying authors is very difficult. Most lyrics are often un-dateable, and they appear in collections with no apparent organic unity. It is most likely many lyrics that survive today were widely recited in various forms before being written down. Evidence for this appears in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]''. Many of Chaucer's lines bear an uncanny resemblance to Middle English Lyrics.
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><big><font color=white>Esperanto</font></big></th></tr>
<tr><td>Spoken in:</td><td>Worldwide</td></tr>
<tr><td>Total speakers:</td><td> est. 2 million (estimates vary greatly)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ranking:</td><td>''Not in top 100''</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Genetic<br/>classification:</td><td>
[[Constructed language]]<br/>
'''Esperanto'''<br/>
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Official status</font></th></tr>
<tr><td>Official language of:</td><td valign="top">0 countries</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Regulated by:</td><td>[[Akademio de Esperanto]]</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Language codes</font></th></tr>
<tr><td>[[ISO 639]]-1:</td><td> eo</td></tr>
<tr><td>ISO 639-2:</td><td> epo</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[SIL]]:</td><td> ESP</td></tr>
</table>
== HistorySurvival ==
Middle English Lyrics were not meant to be read or written down. Consequently, the few that survive are probably a very small sample of lyrics. Surviving Lyrics appear in [[Miscellanies]], notably the Harley 2253 manuscript. The lyrics often appear with many other types of works, including writings in other languages.
As a [[constructed language]], Esperanto's history is both short and well-known. Esperanto was invented in the [[1880s]] by [[L. L. Zamenhof]]. The first grammar of the language was published in [[1887]].
=== LanguageExternal evolutionLinks ===
[http://www.luminarium.org/medlit/lyrics.htm Middle English Lyrics]
A declaration endorsed by the [[Esperanto movement]] in [[1905]] limits changes to the Esperanto principle. That declaration stated, amongst other things, that the basis of the language should remain ''Fundamento de Esperanto'' ("Foundation of Esperanto", a work by Zamenhof), which is to be binding forever: nobody has the right to make changes to it. The declaration also permits new concepts to be expressed as the speaker sees fit, but it recommends doing so in accordance with the original style.
== Bibliography ==
Esperantists believe Zamenhof's approach is why Esperanto is uniquely strong among constructed languages. More generally, there are five primary reasons for its strength:
Luria, Maxwell S. and Richard L. Hoffman. ''Middle English Lyrics.'' New York: Norton, 1974.<br>
<nowiki>(Large Selection of Lyrics with Selected Criticism)</nowiki>
Brown, Carleton Fairchild. ''English Lyrics of the XIIIth Century.'' Ed. Carleton Brown. Oxford: The Clarendon press, [1965, c1932].
# Re-thinking it all: Zamenhof started developing his constructed language early, and he had done an enormous amount of work by the time he left for university. When he returned home in [[1881]], as the legend goes, he found that his father had burned all his notes and work. Thus Zamenhof was forced to begin again, but this time he had the advantage of all that he had learned in his first attempt. He commented later in a letter to N. Borovko, "I worked for six years perfecting and testing the language, even though it had seemed to me in 1878 that the language was already completely ready."
# Tapping innate structures: Zamenhof based his language on a regularized version of natural languages, rather than building a totally novel and abstract structure (an approach used by some others). Not only are the word roots generally from natural languages, the overall structure mimics natural languages. This approach means that Esperanto can exploit desirable features from naturally evolved languages.
# Delay before publication: When Zamenhof was ready to publish his language, the Czarist censors would not allow it. Stymied, he spent his time in translating works (such as parts of the Bible and Shakespeare) into Esperanto. This enforced delay led to continuing refinement and improvement before the language was presented to the world.
# Esperanto belongs to the Esperantists: Developers of constructed languages are usually extremely possessive of their brain-children and reject any attempt by others to contribute or have a significant role in the development of the language. Zamenhof declared that "Esperanto belongs to the Esperantists" and moved to the background once the language was published, allowing others to share in the development and creation.
# Stability: Constructed languages are often destroyed by continual tinkering, with the constant changes making the language impossible to learn and use. Zamenhof, in contrast, published his ''Fundamento de Esperanto'' and established it as an unchanging foundation. This gave Esperanto a stability of structure and grammar similar to that which natural languages possess by virtue of their great body of literature and speakers. Thus one could learn Esperanto without having it move from underfoot.
Gray, Douglas. ''Themes and Images in the Medieval English Religious Lyric.'' London, Boston: Routledge and K. Paul, 1972.
However, modern Esperanto usage may in fact depart from that originally described in the ''Fundamento''. The translation given for "I like this one", in the phrases below offers a significant example. According to the ''Fundamento'', ''Mi ŝatas ĉi tiun'' would in fact have meant "I esteem this one". The traditional usage would instead have been ''Ĉi tiu plaĉas al mi'' (literally, "this one is pleasing to me"), which, although it differs from the English phrasing in "I like this one", more closely reflects the phrasing in several other languages (e.g. French ''celui-ci me plaît'', Spanish ''éste me gusta'', Russian ''это мне нравится'' [eto mnye nravitsya], German ''Dieses gefällt mir'').
Manning, Stephen. ''Wisdom and Number; Toward a Critical Appraisal of the Middle English Religious Lyric.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962.
Other changes from traditional Esperanto have affected the names of countries, whose endings have changed from ''-ujo'' to ''-io''. Also, women's names ending in ''-a'' (e.g. ''Maria'') are now recognized although this is strictly an adjectival ending, whereas previously purists would have insisted on the noun ending ''-o'' (e.g. ''Mario'').
Reiss, Edmund. ''The Art of the Middle English Lyric; Essays in Criticism.'' Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1972.
In addition to these, Esperantists have formed many words to express concepts which have arisen more recently, but where possible these have indeed conformed to the existing style of the language. For example, "[[computer]]" is ''komputilo'', (adding the suffix ''-il-'' meaning a tool to the root of the verb ''komputi'', 'to compute'). ''Eŭro'' (as in [[#Examples|these phrases]]) is another good example: even though the currency is called ''[[euro]]'' in all the European Community's official languages which use a Latin script, in Esperanto ''Eŭro'' was chosen because it better fits the phonology of the language.
Speirs, John. ''Medieval English Poetry: the Non-Chaucerian Tradition.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1957.
Not all changes meet ready [[acceptance]], however. For example, the [[neologism]] ''"ĉipa"'', meaning "cheap", has appeared as an alternative to the more verbose ''"malmultekosta"'', meaning "the opposite of expensive", but remains in minority usage.
Oliver, Raymond. ''Poems without Names; the English Lyric, 1200-1500.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.
=== Goals of the Esperanto Movement ===
Zamenhof's intention was to create an easy-to-learn language, to serve as an [[international auxiliary language]], a second language for everyone in the world, rather than to replace all existing languages in the world. Some Esperanto speakers, or Esperantists, still want this (they are called ''finvenkistoj'' -- from ''fina venko'' meaning "final victory"), but others just want to use the language to meet foreigners and learn about other countries and cultures (called ''raŭmistoj'' -- from [[Rauma, Finland|Rauma]] in Finland, where a declaration was made to that effect).
Woolf, Rosemary. ''The English Religious Lyric in the Middle Ages.'' Oxford: Clarendon P., 1968.
=== Dialects and derived languages ===
No new languages or [[dialect]]s have formed through fragmentation of Esperanto as they do in natural languages, due mainly to the regular nature of the language and its intended field of use. People tend to create slang and regional variants in the language(s) they use day to day, rather than those used primarily for intercommunication with different-language speakers; in the case of Esperanto, such variations, if heavily different from the official Fundamento version, would make universal comprehension less likely and negate the intended purpose of the language.
[[Category:Middle English literature|Middle English Lyric]]
Esperanto has slang words - for example, ''saluton'' (hello) is sometimes clipped to ''sal'' and ''fajfi'' (to whistle) is often used to mean not to care about something. There are many other slang and swear words. There is not as much slang in Esperanto as in other languages, because slang tends to make international communication more difficult.
Through the years many groups and individuals have proposed new language projects as 'reformed' versions of the Esperanto. Almost all of these projects have remained stillborn, failing to progress past the planning stage, and the only ones to have had an amount of success have been [[Interlingua]] and [[Ido]] (Esperanto for 'offspring'). Ido was proposed by the ''[[Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language]]'' in [[Paris]] in October [[1907]]. Its main differences were in the fields of [[alphabet]] and some [[Grammar|grammatical]] features. Early on there was a relatively large number of people who moved their support behind the Ido project, but the movement itself descended into fragmentation and decline as others proposed further changes. Modern estimates place current speakers of Ido between 250 and 5000.
Some small-scale reform projects, affecting only a small part of the language, have gained a few adherents speaking a somewhat idiosyncratic version of the language: for instance, Riismo, the use of an epicene third-person pronoun "ri" in place of the masculine and feminine "li" and "ŝi" and a suffix -iĉ (parallel to -in) to form masculine terms from gender-neutral roots (e.g. ''frato'' = brother or sister, ''fratiĉo'' = brother, ''fratino'' = sister).
== Classification ==
As a [[constructed language]], Esperanto is not genetically related to any of the [[natural language]]s. However, its phonology and vocabulary were influenced by [[Indo-European languages]].
== Geographic distribution ==
An estimate of the number of Esperanto speakers was made by [[Sidney S. Culbert]], a retired psychology professor of the [[University of Washington]] (himself a longtime Esperantist who commented regarding the logical structure of Esperanto: "If the world could be structured that efficiently"). Culbert concluded that 1.6 million people speak Esperanto at [[ILR or Foreign Service Level language ability measures|Foreign Service Level 3]], limited to those "professionally proficient" (possessing the ability to actually communicate beyond greetings and simple phrases). Culbert's estimate was not made for Esperanto alone, but formed part of his listing of estimates for all languages of over 1 million speakers, published annually in the [[World Almanac|World Almanac and Book of Facts]]. In the Almanac, his estimates for numbers of language speakers were rounded to the nearest million, thus the number for Esperanto speakers is shown as 2 million. This latter figure appears in [[Ethnologue]]. Assuming that this figure is accurate, this means that about 0.03% of the world's population speaks the language. Although this falls short of Zamenhof's goal of a [[international auxiliary language|universal language]], it must be remembered that this level of popularity is unmatched by any other constructed language. [[Ethnologue]] also states that there are 200 to 2000 [[native Esperanto speakers]].
Ethnologue also states that Esperanto is a language of France [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ESP]. [[David Blunkett]] said in the [[House of Commons]]: "My only regret is that I learned a language called Esperanto at school. It was a very good idea at the time, but it got me into certain difficulties at the age of 16 when I used it in Paris." [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010426/debtext/10426-03.htm], although he did not say whether he had been reading Ethnologue.
[[Ziko Marcus Sikosek]] has challenged this figure as exaggerated. Sikosek estimated (in ''Esperanto Sen Mitoj'' -- "Esperanto without Myths") that even if Esperanto speakers were evenly distributed (in fact, they seem to be more numerous in Europe and east Asia than in other regions, and more numerous in cities than in rural areas), assuming one million Esperanto speakers worldwide would lead one to expect about 180 in the city of [[Cologne, Germany|Cologne]]. Sikosek finds only 30 fluent speakers in that city, and similarly smaller than expected figures in several other places thought to have a larger than average concentration of Esperanto speakers. He also notes that there are a total of about 20,000 members of the various Esperanto organizations, and (though there are undoubtedly many Esperanto speakers who are not members of any Esperanto organization) thinks it unlikely there are as many as 50 times more speakers than organization members, although he provides no scientific basis for this assumption.
== Official status ==
Esperanto is not an official language of any country, although there were plans at the beginning of the 20th century to establish [[Moresnet|Neutral Moresnet]] as the world's first Esperanto state, and the shortlived [[artificial island]] [[micronation]] of [[Rose Island]] used Esperanto as its official language in [[1968]]. However, it is the official working language of several [[non-profit organization]]s, mostly Esperanto organizations.
==Writing system==
Esperanto is written using a modified version of the [[Latin alphabet]], with six accented letters: '''ĉ''', '''ĝ''', '''ĥ''', '''ĵ''', '''ŝ''' (c, g, h, j, and s with [[circumflex]]), and '''ŭ''' (u with [[breve]]).
The [[alphabet]] does not include the letters q, w, x, and y.
Therefore the alphabet consists of:
[[a]] [[b]] [[c]] [[c-circumflex|ĉ]] [[d]] [[e]] [[f]] [[g]] [[g-circumflex|ĝ]] [[h]] [[h-circumflex|ĥ]] [[i]] [[j]] [[j-circumflex|ĵ]] [[k]] [[l]] [[m]] [[n]] [[o]] [[p]] [[r]] [[s]] [[s-circumflex|ŝ]] [[t]] [[u]] [[u-breve|ŭ]] [[v]] [[z]]
The unaccented letters are pronounced as the lower-case equivalents in [[X-SAMPA]], with the exception of c, which is pronounced [ts]. ĉ is pronounced [tS]. ĝ is pronounced [dZ]. ĥ is pronounced [x]. ĵ is pronounced [Z]. ŝ is pronounced [S]. ŭ is pronounced [U], and normally follows an a, e or o; it never appears at the beginning of a syllable except in onomatopoeia. [[Diphthong]]s can be formed by the letters j and ŭ.
(See the external PDF file [http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/esperanto.pdf The Alphabets of Europe].)
The six Esperanto accented characters are included in the international form of [[Morse code]].
Additionally, Esperanto can also be written using 'cx', 'gx', 'hx', 'jx', 'sx', and 'ux' instead of the 6 special characters '''ĉ''', '''ĝ''', '''ĥ''', '''ĵ''', '''ŝ''', and '''ŭ'''. This is mainly used on computers or typewriters where typing the 6 special characters is impossible or inconvenient.
== Computer support ==
Formerly most Esperanto texts, if they used the circumflexed letters at all, were encoded with [[ISO 8859-3]]. Support for that codepage was not widespread. Today everybody seems to have switched to [[Unicode]].
Most operating systems have no built-in keyboard layouts for Esperanto, so typing Esperanto texts requires some additional tools.
Also, the proper computer support for Esperanto requires a [[locale]] definition. Possible recommendation for locale is as follows: "." as the thousands separator and "," as a decimal point; 24-hour time with colon between hour and minutes; for dates use a four-digit year and write out the month name or abbreviation thereof.
== Learning Esperanto ==
Some studies suggest that Esperanto is a good deal easier for speakers of [[European language]]s to learn as a [[second language]] than any [[natural language]] (especially languages such as [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]).
There is also [[Propedeutic value of Esperanto|some evidence]] that suggests studying Esperanto before studying any other second language (especially an [[Indo-European language]]) may speed and improve [[learning]], because learning subsequent foreign languages is easier than learning one's first, while the use of a grammatically simple auxiliary language lessens the "first foreign language" learning hurdle. In one study (Williams 1965), a group of high school students studied Esperanto for one year, then French for three years, and ended up with a better command of French than the [[control group]], who studied French without Esperanto during all four years. However, the study failed to prove that Esperanto was responsible for this advantage specifically, as it is likely that learning any language will benefit the future study of other languages.
Today, people often learn Esperanto online through websites like ''[[lernu!]]''
== Examples ==
Here are some examples of Esperanto sentences, with rough pronunciation guides. The five vowels ought to have roughly the same qualities that they do in [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Tagalog_language|Tagalog]], [[Maori language|Maori]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], and many other languages, as well as in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
They are all pure vowel sounds (avoid making a dipthong - particularly of the "o"), and are of ''medium'' length - so neither clipped, nor drawn-out.
The stress syllable in Esperanto words is always the last but one - shown capitalized in the examples here:
* Hello: ''Saluton'' [sah-LOO-tohn]
* How much?: ''Kiom?'' [KEE-ohm]
* Do you speak Esperanto?: ''Ĉu vi parolas Esperanton?'' [choo vee pah-ROH-lahss ess-peh-RAHN-tohn?]
* I like this one: ''Mi ŝatas ĉi tiun'' (''Ĉi tiu plaĉas al mi'') [mee SHAH-tahss chee TEE-oon (chee TEE-oo PLA-chahss ahl mee)]
* Is it cheap?: ''Ĉu ĝi estas malmultekosta?'' [choo jee ESS-tahss mahl-mool-teh-KOHSS-tah?]
* Are you an Esperantist?: ''Ĉu vi estas Esperantisto?'' [choo vee ESS-tahss ess-peh-rahn-TEESS-toh?]
* Five euros: ''Kvin eŭroj'' [kveen EH-wroy]
* Do you accept US dollars?: ''Ĉu vi akceptas usonajn dolarojn?'' [choo vee ak-TSEP-tahss oo-SO-nine doh-LAH-royn?]
* Please give me a receipt: ''Bonvolu doni al mi kvitancon'' [bon-VOH-loo DOH-nee ahl mee kvee-TAHN-tsohn]
* Thank you: ''Dankon'' [DAHN-kohn]
* I love you: ''Mi amas vin'' [mee AH-mahs veen]
* Goodbye: ''Ĝis revido'' [jeece reh-VEE-doh]
==Namesakes==
The [[minor planet]] [[1421 Esperanto|(1421) Esperanto]] is named in honor of the language. It was discovered on [[March 18]], [[1936]] by [[Yrjö Väisälä]].
==See also==
*Esperanto language
**[[Esperanto pronunciation]] <!-- maybe should be retitled/moved to [[Esperanto phonology]] for consistency with other lang articles? -->
**[[Esperanto orthography]]
**[[Esperanto grammar]]
*[[Esperanto culture]]
**[[Esperanto film]]
**[[Esperanto flag]]
**[[Esperanto history]]
**[[Esperanto library]]
**[[Esperanto literature]]
**''[[Monato]]'' (a monthly world news magazine)
**[[Esperanto music]]
***''[[Elektronika kompilo]]''
***"[[La Espero]]" — Esperanto anthem
*[[Propedeutic value of Esperanto]]
*Esperanto services
**[[Amikeca Reto]] — friendship network
**[[Esperanto Pen Pal Service]]
**[[Pasporta Servo]] — hospitality network
**[[Esperanto Antauen|Esperanto Antaŭen]] — Esperanto company
*Wikimedia
**[[:eo:Cxefpagxo|Vikipedio]] (Wikipedia)
**[[:eo:wikt:Cxefpagxo|Vikivortaro]] (Wiktionary)
== References ==
* Schmadel, Lutz D. ''Dictionary of Minor Planet Names'' (2nd ed.). Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
* Williams, N. (1965) 'A language teaching experiment', ''Canadian Modern Language Review'' 22.1: 26-28
== External links ==
=== Information on Esperanto ===
* [http://www.uea.org/info/angle/an_ghisdatigo.html An Update on Esperanto] by the [[World Esperanto Association]]
* [http://esperanto.net Esperanto.net: information in 57 languages]
* [http://members.aol.com/sylvanz/gvcont.htm Esperanto: A Language for the Global Village] by [[Sylvan Zaft]]
* [http://www.esperanto-chicago.org/key.htm A Key to the International Language] compiled by [[R. Kent Jones|Kent Jones]] and [[Christopher Zervic]]
* [http://www.majstro.com/Web/Majstro/dict.php?gebrTaal=eng&bronTaal=epo&doelTaal=eng Majstro Multlingva Tradukvortaro]: An on-line translation dictionary that uses Esperanto as an auxiliary language
* [http://www.uni-leipzig.de/esperanto/voko/revo/ Reta vortaro], an Esperanto dictionary
* [http://www.notam02.no/~hcholm/altlang/ht/Esperanto.html The Alternative Esperanto Dictionary]
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Esperanto-english/ Esperanto - English Dictionary]: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition.
=== Esperanto courses ===
* [http://www.lernu.net/ Lernu.net] - see also [[Lernu!]]
* [http://pacujo.net/esperanto/course/ Free Esperanto Course] - Email correspondence course
* [http://www.cursodeesperanto.com.br Kurso de Esperanto] - Software + email correspondence course (multilingual)
=== Esperanto organizations ===
* [http://www.esperanto-usa.org Esperanto League for North America] - US national organization
* [http://www.uea.org Universal Esperanto Association]
===Opposing viewpoint ===
* [http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/ Learn Not to Speak Esperanto] by Justin Rye
=== Fun ===
*[http://www.lorem-ipsum.info/_esperanto Generator for Esperanto typographical filler text]
*[http://www.cantr.net The first online role-playing game in Esperanto]
[[Category:International auxiliary languages]]
[[af:Esperanto]]
[[als:Esperanto]]
[[ar:إسبرانتو]]
[[bg:Есперанто]]
[[ca:Esperanto]]
[[cs:Esperanto]]
[[cy:Esperanto]]
[[da:Esperanto]]
[[de:Esperanto]]
[[el:Εσπεράντο]]
[[eo:Esperanto]]
[[es:Esperanto]]
[[et:Esperanto]]
[[eu:Esperanto]]
[[fi:Esperanto]]
[[fr:Espéranto]]
[[fy:Esperanto]]
[[ga:Esperanto]]
[[gl:Esperanto]]
[[he:אספרנטו]]
[[hi:एस्पेरान्तो]]
[[hr:Esperanto]]
[[hu:Eszperantó nyelv]]
[[ia:Esperanto]]
[[io:Esperanto]]
[[is:Esperanto]]
[[it:Esperanto]]
[[ja:エスペラント]]
[[ko:에스페란토]]
[[la:Esperanto]]
[[lt:Esperanto]]
[[minnan:Sè-kài-gí]]
[[nb:Esperanto]]
[[nds:Esperanto]]
[[nl:Esperanto]]
[[nn:Esperanto]]
[[no:Esperanto]]
[[oc:Esperanto]]
[[pl:Esperanto]]
[[pt:Esperanto]]
[[ro:Esperanto]]
[[ru:Эсперанто]]
[[sk:Esperanto]]
[[sl:Esperanto]]
[[sq:Esperanto]]
[[sr:Есперанто]]
[[sv:Esperanto]]
[[sw:Kiesperanto]]
[[tokipona:toki Epelanto]]
[[tr:Esperanto]]
[[uk:Есперанто]]
[[vo:Esperanto]]
[[yi:עספּעראנטאָ]]
[[zh:世界语]]
| 