Microsoft Excel and Middle English lyric: Difference between pages

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'''Middle English Lyric''' is a [[genre]] of [[English Literature]], popular in the 14th Century, that is characterized by its brevity and emotional expression. Conventionally, the lyric expresses "a moment," usually spoken or performed in the first person. Although some lyrics have narratives, the plots are usually simple to emphasize an occasional, common experience. Even though Lyrics appear individual and personal, they are not "original;" instead, lyrics express a common state of mind.
'''Microsoft Excel''' is a [[spreadsheet]] program written and distributed by [[Microsoft]] for computers using the [[Microsoft Windows]] [[operating system]] and [[Apple Macintosh]] computers. It is overwhelmingly the dominant spreadsheet application available for these platforms and has been so since version 5 [[1993]] and its bundling as part of [[Microsoft Office]].
 
== Audience ==
Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called [[Multiplan]] in 1982, which was very popular on [[CP/M]] systems, but on [[MS-DOS]] systems it lost popularity to [[Lotus 1-2-3]]. This promoted development of a new spreadsheet called Excel which started with the intention to, in the words of [[Doug Klunder]], '' 'do everything 1-2-3 does and do it better' ''. The first version of Excel was released for the Mac in [[1985]] and the first Windows version (dubbed version 2.0) was released in [[1987]]. By [[1988]] Excel had started to oversell [[Lotus 1-2-3]] and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing graphical software. The current version is 11, also called Microsoft Office Excel 2003.
Middle English Lyrics were meant to be heard, not read. Keeping in mind an [[aural]] [[audience]], the lyric is usually structured with an obvious rhyme scheme, [[refrain]], and sometimes musical effects. The rhyme scheme primarily functions as a [[mnemonic device]] for the audience. The Refrain, however, has several critical functions. The Refrain gives the lyric unity and provides commentary (this is not unlike the bob and wheel found in ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''). In addition to functioning thematically, the refrain encourages audience to participate in singing the lyric. Finally, Musical Effects also encourage audience participation, and they take the form of rhythms and sounds (for example, [[onomatopoeia]] is not an uncommon [[trope]] employed).
 
== Authorship ==
Excel was the first spreadsheet that allowed the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated, while previously spreadsheets recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command.
Most Middle English Lyrics are anonymous. Because the lyrics reflect on a sort of "community property" of ideas, the concept of copyrighting a lyric to a particular author is usually inappropriate. Additionally, identifying authors is very difficult. Most lyrics are often un-dateable, and they appear in collections with no apparent organic unity. It is most likely many lyrics that survive today were widely recited in various forms before being written down. Evidence for this appears in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]''. Many of Chaucer's lines bear an uncanny resemblance to Middle English Lyrics.
 
== Survival ==
[[Image:Microsoft_Excel_screenshot.png|right|thumb|Microsoft Excel, showing a default new spreadsheet]]
Middle English Lyrics were not meant to be read or written down. Consequently, the few that survive are probably a very small sample of lyrics. Surviving Lyrics appear in [[Miscellanies]], notably the Harley 2253 manuscript. The lyrics often appear with many other types of works, including writings in other languages.
 
== External linksLinks ==
When first bundled into [[Microsoft Office]] in [[1993]], [[Microsoft Word]] and [[Microsoft PowerPoint]] had their [[GUI]]s redesigned for consistency with Excel, still the [[killer app]] on the [[IBM PC compatible|PC]] at the time.
[http://www.luminarium.org/medlit/lyrics.htm Middle English Lyrics]
 
== Bibliography ==
Early in its life Excel became the target of a copyright lawsuit by another company already selling a software package named "Excel." As the result of the dispute Microsoft was required to refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time this practice has slipped.
Luria, Maxwell S. and Richard L. Hoffman. ''Middle English Lyrics.'' New York: Norton, 1974.<br>
<nowiki>(Large Selection of Lyrics with Selected Criticism)</nowiki>
 
Brown, Carleton Fairchild. ''English Lyrics of the XIIIth Century.'' Ed. Carleton Brown. Oxford: The Clarendon press, [1965, c1932].
Excel has extensive graphing capabilities, added support for [[Visual Basic|Visual Basic for Applications]] as a scripting language in 1993 - aiming to add automation functionality, but making it a prime target for [[macro]] [[computer virus|viruses]]. Excel offers a large number of [[user interface]] tweaks, however the essence of UI remains the same as in the original spreadsheet, [[VisiCalc]]: the cells are organized in rows and columns, and contain data or formulas with relative or absolute references to other cells.
 
Gray, Douglas. ''Themes and Images in the Medieval English Religious Lyric.'' London, Boston: Routledge and K. Paul, 1972.
Excel versions from 5.0 to 9.0 contain various [[Easter egg (virtual)|Easter eggs]].
 
Manning, Stephen. ''Wisdom and Number; Toward a Critical Appraisal of the Middle English Religious Lyric.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962.
==Versions==
 
Reiss, Edmund. ''The Art of the Middle English Lyric; Essays in Criticism.'' Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1972.
Versions for the [[Apple Macintosh]] include:
 
Speirs, John. ''Medieval English Poetry: the Non-Chaucerian Tradition.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1957.
* [[1985]] Excel for Macintosh
* [[1989]] Excel 2.2 for Macintosh
* [[1990]] Excel 3.0
* [[1992]] Excel 4.0
* [[1998]] Excel 98
* [[2000]] Excel 2001
* [[2001]] Excel v.X
* [[2004]] Excel 2004
 
Oliver, Raymond. ''Poems without Names; the English Lyric, 1200-1500.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.
Versions for [[Microsoft DOS]] include:
 
Woolf, Rosemary. ''The English Religious Lyric in the Middle Ages.'' Oxford: Clarendon P., 1968.
* [[1987]] Excel 2.0 for MS-DOS 3.0
 
[[Category:Middle English literature|Middle English Lyric]]
Versions for [[Microsoft Windows]] include:
 
* [[1987]] Excel 2.0 for Windows
* [[1990]] Excel 3.0
* [[1992]] Excel 4.0
* [[1993]] Excel 5.0
* [[1995]] Excel 95 - also known as 7.0
* [[1997]] Excel 97 - also known as 8.0
* [[1999]] Excel 2000 - also known as Excel 9.0
* [[2001]] Excel XP - also known as 2002 or 10.0
* [[2003]] Excel 2003 - also known as 11.0
 
==Competitors==
*[[Lotus 1-2-3]]
*[[VisiCalc]]
*[[Quattro Pro]]
*[[Gnumeric]]
*[[KSpread]]
*[[OpenOffice.org]] Calc
*[[Framework (software suite)|Framework]]
*[[Ability Spreadsheet]]
 
==External links==
*[http://office.microsoft.com/home/office.aspx?assetid=FX01085800&CTT=6&Origin=ES790020011033 Microsoft Excel official site]
*[http://www.usd.edu/trio/tut/excel/ Tutorial] by the [[University of South Dakota]]
*[http://www.eeggs.com/tree/279.html Excel Easter eggs]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/noneley/ Excel Function Dictionary]
*[http://www.aci.com.pl/mwichary/computerhistory/articles/spreadsheets/anewfaceforspreadsheets Review of first Excel version for Windows]
*[http://www.aci.com.pl/mwichary/guidebook/splashes/excel Collection of Excel splash screens]
*[http://www.practicalstats.com/Pages/excelstats.html Is Microsoft Excel an Adequate Statistics Package? (No.)]
 
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[[Category:Microsoft software|Excel]]
[[Category:Numerical programming languages]]
[[Category:Spreadsheets]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
 
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