Chang (Star Trek) and Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology: Difference between pages

Revision as of 20:02, 8 June 2005

Revision as of 06:22, 13 October 2005

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[[Timeline]] of [[telescope]]s, [[observatory|observatories]], and observing [[technology]].

[[Image:General_Chang-Black_Background.JPG|frame|General Chang]]

'''Chang''' is a [[Klingon]] character from the [[Star Trek]] [[fictional universe]] who was portrayed by [[Christopher Plummer]] in ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]''. Chang held the rank of General within the [[Klingon]] military and served as Chief of Staff to [[Chancellor]] [[Gorkon]]. An avid fan of William Shakespeare, whom he frequently quoted, Chang and Gorkon actually believed Shakespeare to have been a Klingon.

==Timeline==

{{spoiler}}

===Before Christ era===

He was assigned to the chancellor's ship ''Kronos One''. The general was behind the assisination of [[Chancellor]] [[Gorkon]] through the use of his experimental [[Klingon]] Bird of Prey. The ship was modified so it could fire through its [[Cloaking device]]. He contacted Captain [[James T. Kirk]] from ''Kronos One'', and brought the ship about to attack the [[USS Enterprise NCC-1701-A|USS ''Enterprise'']]. Kirk ordered his crew to surrender, and he and his medical chief [[Dr. Leonard McCoy]] proceeded to transport over to [[Gorkon]]'s ship. The torpedo fired from the ''Enterprise'' had destroyed the ship's artificial [[gravity]] system, and two people in [[Starfleet]] anti-grav suits had beamed over & shot the chancellor along with many of his staff. McCoy failed to save the chancellor, and Chang framed & successfully arrested Kirk & McCoy under interstellar law.

Chang then proceeded to make a second assassination attempt, this time against the president of the [[United Federation of Planets]] while he was attending a conference between [[Romulan]]s, Klingons & the Federation. The USS ''Enterprise'' & USS ''Excelsior'' arrived at the secret ___location, to find Chang aboard his prototype Bird of Prey. He devastated the ''Enterprise'' while taunting Kirk over the communication channel. After tracking the "gas from his tailpipe", a specially modified torpedo was fired on the Bird of Prey. His last words were quoted from Shakespeare, only seconds before the ship exploded--there were no survivors on the Bird of Prey.

[[Category:Klingon characters|Chang]]

===1000s===

[[Category:Star Trek film characters|Chang]]

* 1000 - Mokattam observatory, Egypt for [[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]]

[[Category:Villains|Chang]]

* 1023 - Hamadan observatory

* ca. 1030 - ''Treasury of Optics'' by [[Ibn al-Haytham]] of Egypt [Alhazen]

* 1074-92 - Malikshah observatory at Isfahan used by [[al-Khayyam]]

===1100s===

* 1119-25 - Cairo al-Bataihi observatory for al-Afdal

===1200s===

* 1252-72 - Alphonsine tables recorded

* 1259 - Maragha Observatory and library of [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] by Mangu under Khan [[Hulagu]]

* ca. 1270 - Terrace for Managing Heaven 26 observatory network of [[Guo Shoujing]] under [[Khubilai Khan]]

===1400s===

* 1417 - ''Speculum Planetarum'' by Simones de Selandia

* 1420 - [[Samarkand]] observatory of [[Ulugh Beg]]

* 1467-71 - Observatory at [[Oradea]], Hungary for [[Matthias Corvinus]]

* 1472 - [[Nuremberg]] observatory

===1500s===

* 1540 Apian "Astronomicum Caesareum"

* 1560 - Kassel observatory under Landgrave [[William IV of Hesse|Wilhelm IV of Hesse]]

* 1575-80 - [[Istanbul observatory of al-Din]] under Sultan [[Murad III]]

* 1576 - Royal Danish Astronomical Observatory [[Uraniborg]] at [[Hven]] by [[Tycho Brahe]]

* 1581 - Royal Danish Astronomical Observatory [[Stjerneborg]] at [[Hven]] by [[Tycho Brahe]]

===1600s===

* 1600 - Prague observatory in Benátky nad Jizerou by [[Tycho Brahe]]

* 1603 - [[Johann Bayer]]'s ''[[Uranometria]]''

* [[1608]] - [[Hans Lippershey]] tries to patent an optical refracting [[telescope]]

* [[1609]] - [[Galileo Galilei]] builds his first optical refracting telescope

* [[1633]] - Construction of [[Leiden Observatory|Leiden University Observatory]]

* [[1641]] - [[William Gascoigne]] invents telescope cross hairs

* 1641 - Danzig/Gdansk observatory

* [[1642]] - Copenhagen University Royal observatory

* [[1661]] - [[James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician)|James Gregory]] proposes an optical reflecting telescope

* [[1667]] - [[Paris Observatory]]

* [[1668]] - [[Isaac Newton]] constructs the first optical reflecting telescope

* [[1672]] - [[Laurent Cassegrain]] designs the Cassegrain telescope

* [[1675]] - [[Royal Greenwich Observatory]] of England

===1700s===

* [[1704]] - First observatory at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] (based at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]])

* [[1705]] - [[Berlin Observatory]]

* [[1724]] - Indian observatory of [[Sawai Jai Singh]] at [[Delhi]]

* [[1725]] - St. Petersburg observatory at Royal Academy

* [[1732]] - Indian observatories of Sawai Jai Singh at [[Varanasi]], [[Ujjain]], [[Mathura]], [[Madras]]

* [[1733]] - [[Chester Moor Hall]] invents the [[achromatic lens]] refracting telescope

* [[1734]] - Indian observatory of Sawai Jai Singh at [[Jaipur]]

* [[1758]] - [[John Dollond]] reinvents the achromatic lens

* [[1761]] - [[Joseph-Nicolas Delisle]] 62 observing station network for observing the [[transit of Venus]]

* [[1769]] - [[James Short|Short]] reflectors used at 63 station network for [[transit of Venus]]

* [[1780]] - Florence Specola observatory

* [[1789]] - [[William Herschel]] finishes a 49-inch (1.2-meter) optical reflecting telescope, located in [[Slough, England]]

===1800s===

* [[1840]] - [[J.W. Draper]] invents [[astrophotography|astronomical photography]] and photographs the [[Moon]]

* [[1845]] - [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] finishes the Birr Castle 72-inch optical reflecting telescope, located in [[Birr|Parsonstown, Ireland]]

* [[1849]] - Santiago observatory set up by USA, later becomes Chilean National

* [[1859]] - Kirchoff and Bunsen develop spectroscopy

* [[1864]] - [[Herschel]]'s so-called GC (General Catalogue) of nebulae and star clusters published

* [[1868]] - Janssen and Lockyer discover Helium observing spectra of Sun

* [[1871]] - German Astronomical Association organized network of 13 (later 16) observatories for stellar proper motion studies

* [[1872]] - [[Henry Draper]] invents astronomical spectral photography and photographs the [[optical spectrum|spectrum]] of [[Vega]]

* [[1878]] - Dreyer published a supplement to the GC of about 1000 new objects

* [[1887]] - Paris conference institutes ''[[Carte du Ciel]]'' project to map entire sky to 14th magnitude photographically

* [[1888]] - First light of 91cm refracting telescope at [[Lick Observatory]], on [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]] near [[San Jose, California]]

* [[1889]] - [[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] founded

* [[1890]] - [[Albert Michelson]] proposes the stellar [[interferometer]]

* [[1892]] - [[George Ellery Hale]] finishes a [[spectroheliograph]], which allows the [[Sun]] to be photographed in the light of one element only

* [[1897]] - [[Alvan Clark]] finishes the [[Yerkes telescope|Yerkes 40-inch optical refracting telescope]], located in [[Williams Bay, Wisconsin]]

===1900s===

* [[1904]] - Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington founded

====1910s====

* [[1917]] - Mount Wilson 100-inch optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in [[Mount Wilson Observatory|Mount Wilson, California]]

* [[1919]] - [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) founded

====1930s====

* [[1930]] - [[Bernard-Ferdinand Lyot]] invents the [[coronagraph]]

* [[1930]] - [[Karl Jansky]] builds a 30-meter long rotating aerial [[radio telescope]]

* [[1933]] - [[Bernard-Ferdinand Lyot]] invents the [[Lyot filter]]

* [[1934]] - [[Bernhard Schmidt]] finishes the first 14-inch [[Schmidt camera|Schmidt optical reflecting telescope]]

* [[1936]] - Palomar 18-inch Schmidt optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in [[Mount Palomar observatory|Palomar, California]]

* [[1937]] - [[Grote Reber]] builds a 31-foot radio telescope

====1940s====

* [[1941]] - [[Dmitri Maksutov]] invents the [[Maksutov telescope]] which is adopted by major observatories in the [[Soviet Union]] and internationally. It is now also a popular design with [[Amateur astronomy|amateur astronomers]]

* [[1946]] - [[Martin Ryle]] and his group perform the first astronomical observations with a radio interferometer

* [[1947]] - [[Bernard Lovell]] and his group complete the [[Jodrell Bank]] 218-foot non-steerable radio telescope

* [[1949]] - Palomar 48-inch Schmidt optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in Palomar, California

* [[1949]] - Palomar 200-inch optical reflecting telescope ([[Hale telescope]]) begins regular operation, located in Palomar, California

====1950s====

* [[1954]] - Earth rotation [[aperture synthesis]] suggested (see e.g. Christiansen and Warburton (1955))

* [[1957]] - [[Bernard Lovell]] and his group complete the [[Jodrell Bank]] 250-foot (75-meter) steerable radio telescope

* [[1957]] - [[Peter Scheuer]] publishes his P(D) method for obtaining source counts of spatially unresolved sources

* [[1959]] - Radio Observatory of the University of Chile, located at Maipú founded

====1960s====

* [[1960]] - Owens Valley 27-meter radio telescopes begin operation, located in [[Big Pine, California]]

* [[1961]] - [[Parkes Observatory|Parkes 64-metre radio telescope]] begins operation, located near [[Parkes, New South Wales|Parkes]], [[Australia]]

* [[1962]] - [[European Southern Observatory]] (ESO) founded

* [[1962]] - Kitt Peak solar observatory founded

* 1962 - Green Bank 90m radio telescope

* 1962 - Orbiting Solar Observatory 1 satellite launched

* [[1963]] - [[Arecibo radio telescope|Arecibo 300-meter radio telescope]] begins operation, located in [[Arecibo, Puerto Rico]]

* [[1964]] - [[Martin Ryle]]'s 1-mile radio [[interferometer]] begins operation, located in [[Cambridge, England]]

* [[1965]] - Owens Valley 40-meter radio telescope begins operation, located in [[Big Pine, California]]

* [[1967]] - First [[VLBI]] images, with 183 km [[baseline]]

* [[1969]] - Observations start at [[Big Bear Solar Observatory]], located in [[Big Bear, California]]

* 1969 Las Campanas Observatory

====1970s====

* [[1970]] - [[Cerro Tololo telescope|Cerro Tololo 158-inch optical reflecting telescope]] begins operation, located in [[Cerro Tololo, Chile]]

* [[1970]] - [[Kitt Peak National Observatory]] 158-inch optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located near [[Tucson, Arizona]]

* 1970 - Uhuru x-ray telescope satellite

* [[1973]] - [[UK Schmidt Telescope]] 1.2 metre optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in [[Anglo-Australian Observatory]] near [[Coonabarabran]], [[Australia]]

* [[1974]] - [[Anglo-Australian Telescope]] 153-inch optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in [[Anglo-Australian Observatory]] near [[Coonabarabran]], [[Australia]]

* [[1975]] - Gerald Smith, Frederick Landauer, and James Janesick use a [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] to observe [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]], the first astronomical CCD observation

* [[1978]] - [[MMT|Multiple Mirror 176-inch equivalent optical/infrared reflecting telescope]] begins operation, located in [[Amado, Arizona]]

* 1978 - [[International Ultraviolet Explorer]] (IUE) telescope satellite

* 1978 - Einstein High Energy Astronomy Observatory x-ray telescope satellite

* [[1979]] - [[UKIRT]] 150-inch infrared reflecting telescope begins operation, located at [[Mauna Kea Observatory]], [[Hawaii]]

* [[1979]] - Canada-France-Hawaii 140-inch optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located at [[Mauna Kea Observatory]], [[Hawaii]]

* [[1979]] - NASA Infrared Telescope Facility[http://irtfweb.ifa.hawaii.edu/] 120-inch infrared reflecting telescope begins operation, located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii

====1980s====

* [[1980]] - Completion of construction of the [[Very Large Array|VLA]], located in [[Socorro, New Mexico]]

* [[1983]] - Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) telescope

* [[1987]] - 5-m Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST) installed at the ESO La Silla Observatory

* [[1988]] - [[Australia Telescope Compact Array]] aperture synthesis radio telescope begins operation, located near [[Narrabri]], [[Australia]]

* [[1989]] - Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite

====1990s====

* [[1990]] - Hubble 2.4m space Telescope launched, mirror found to be flawed

* [[1991]] - Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite

* [[1993]] - [[Keck telescope|Keck 10-meter optical/infrared reflecting telescope]] begins operation, located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii

* [[1993]] - Very Long Baseline Array of 10 dishes

* [[1995]] - [[Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope (COAST)]] -- the first optical [[aperture synthesis]] array

* 1995 - Giant Meterwave radio telescope of 30 45m dishes at Pune

* [[1997]] - The Japanese Halca satellite begins operations, producing first [[VLBI]] observations from space. 25000 km maximum [[baseline]]

* [[1998]] - First light at [[VLT]]1, the 8.2 m [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]] telescope.

===2000s===

* [[2001]] - First light at [[VLTI]] optical aperture synthesis array. Operations in the interferometry mode of [[VLT]] start at [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]], with 103 m [[baseline]]

==References==

Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy ISBN 0521411580

History of Science and Technology ISBN 0-87196-475-9

Wilson Chronology of Science and Technology ISBN 0-8242-0933-8

Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science ISBN 0415124107

[[Category:Technology timelines]]

[[Category:Astronomical observatories]]