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Euphrates and MediaWiki:Monobook.css: Difference between pages

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/*
[[Image:Boat on Euphrates.jpg|thumb|270px|Boat on the Euphrates]]
<pre>
The '''Euphrates''' (the traditional Greek name for the [[river]], which is in [[Old Persian]] ''Ufrat'', [[Aramaic]] ''Pr&acirc;th/Frot'', in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] &#1575;&#1604;&#1601;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578;, in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''F&#305;rat'' and in ancient [[Assyria|Assyrian]] language ''Pu-rat-tu'') is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Bethnahrin]] in [[Aramaic]]), the other being the [[Tigris]]. Its name originates from Old [[Persian]] and [[Avestan]] (Old-Iranian) ''huperethuua'' "good to cross over," from hu- "good" + peretu- "ford." [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphrates&searchmode=none]
*/
 
/* Notice to Administrators! Any changes to Monobook.css or Common.css should be first
==Course of the Euphrates==
proposed to [[Wikipedia:Village Pump]]. Furthermore, changes should be made in
[[MediaWiki:Common.css]] rather than this page, unless there is no effect in
[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]. Thank you. */
 
@import "/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css&smaxage=2678400";
The river is approximately 2,780 km (1,700 miles) long. It is formed by the union of two branches, the [[Karasu River|Kara]] (the western Euphrates), which rises in the highlands of eastern Turkey north of [[Erzurum]] and the [[Murat River|Murat]] (the eastern Euphrates). The upper reaches of the Euphrates flow through steep canyons and gorges then southwest across [[Syria]] and then through [[Iraq]]. The [[Khabur River|Khabur]] and the [[Balikh River]] join the Euphrates in eastern Syria. They both have their origins in Turkey. Downstream, through its whole length, the Euphrates receives no further water flow. North of [[Basra]], in southern Iraq, the river merges with the Tigris to form the [[Shatt al-Arab]], which in turn empties into the [[Persian Gulf]].
 
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The river used to divide into many channels at Basra, forming an extensive marshland, but the marshes were largely drained by the [[Saddam Hussein]] government in the [[1990s]] as a means of driving out the rebellious [[Marsh Arabs]]. Since the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the drainage policy has been reversed, but it remains to be seen whether the marshes will recover.
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The Euphrates is only navigable by very shallow-draft boats, which can reach as far as the Iraqi city of [[Hit, Iraq|Hit]], located 1,200 miles upstream and which is only 53 meters above sea level. Above Hit, however, shoals and rapids make the river commercially unnavigable. Its annual inundation, caused by snowmelt in the mountains of Armenia, has been partly checked by new dams and reservoirs in the upper reaches. A 550-mile canal links the Euphrates to the Tigris to serve as a route for river barges.
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setting the background color for all #content areas to light blue and then
overriding it for any #content enclosed in a .ns-0 (main namespace). I then
do the same for the "tab" background colors. --Lupo */
 
#content {
==Euphrates in the Bible==
background: #F8FCFF; /* a light blue */
The river Euphrates is one of the four rivers that flow from the [[Garden of Eden]] according to [[Book of Genesis]] 2:14. It is the fourth river, after [[Pishon]], [[Gihon]], and [[Tigris]], to form from the river flowing out of the garden. The river also marked one of the boundaries of the land promised by [[God]] to [[Abraham]] and his descendants. In the Hebrew Bible it is often referred to simply as "The River" (''ha-nahar'').
}
 
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In the [[Book of Revelation]], it is prophesied that in the "[[end times]]" the river will dry up in preparation for the [[Battle of Armageddon]].
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In [[Islam]], some of the [[hadith]]s of [[Muhammad]] suggest that the Euphrates will dry up, revealing unknown treasures that will be the cause of strife and war.
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}
 
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==Euphrates in history==
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The Euphrates provided the water that led to the first flowering of civilisation in [[Sumeria]], dating from about the [[4th millennium BC]]. Many important ancient cities were located on or near the riverside, including [[Mari]], [[Sippar]], [[Nippur]], [[Shurrupak]], [[Uruk]], [[Ur]] and [[Eridu]]. The river valley formed the heartlands of the later empires of [[Babylonia]] and [[Assyria]]. For several centuries the river formed the eastern limit of effective [[Egypt]]ian and [[Roman]] control and western regions of the [[Persian]] Empire.
}
 
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==Controversial issues==
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As with the Tigris there is much controversy over rights and use of the river. The Southeast Anatolia Development Project in Turkey involves the construction of 22 dams and 19 power plants by [[2005]], the biggest development project ever undertaken by Turkey. The first of the dams was completed in [[1990]]. Southeast Turkey is still struggling economically, adding fuel to the discontent expressed by Turkey's [[Kurd]]ish minority centered there. The Turkish authorities hope that the project will provide a boost to the region's economy, but domestic and foreign critics have disputed its benefits as well as attacking the social and environmental costs of the scheme.
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In Syria the Tabqa Dam (completed in [[1973]]) forms a reservoir, Lake Assad, that is used for irrigating cotton. Syria has dammed its two tributaries and is constructing another dam. Iraq has seven dams in operation, but water control lost priority during Saddam Hussein's regime. Since the collapse of Ba'ath Iraq in [[2003]], water use has come once again to the fore. The scarcity of water in the Middle East leaves Iraq in constant fear that Syria and Turkey will use up most of the water before it reaches Iraq. As it is, irrigation in southern Iraq leaves little water to join the Tigris at the Shatt-al-Arab.
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==See also==
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* [[Cradle of Humanity]]
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* [[List of places in Iraq]]
}
* [[Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh]]
 
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==External links==
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*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=518&letter=E ''Jewish Encyclopedia'':] Euphrates; discusses the Old Testament references to the river
}
*[http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/ice/tigris.htm Tigris-Euphrates River dispute, details of conflict and cooperation]
*[http://www.mfa.gov.tr/grupa/ac/aci/default.htm Turkish presentation of the Euphrates project]
 
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/* Display "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" */
[[Category:Middle Eastern rivers]]
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[[Category:Torah places]]
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[[Category:Mesopotamia]]
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[[ar:&#1575;&#1604;&#1601;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578;]]
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[[da:Eufrat]]
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[[de:Euphrat]]
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[[es:Éufrates]]
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[[eo:E&#365;frato]]
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[[fa:&#1601;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578;]]
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[[fr:Euphrate]]
 
[[nl:Eufraat]]
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[[pl:Eufrat]]
 
[[wa:Ufrate (aiwe)]]
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/*
</pre>
*/
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"