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'''''The Musical Offering''''' (German title '''''Musikalisches Opfer''''' or '''''Das Musikalische Opfer'''''), [[BWV]] 1079, is a collection of [[canon (music)|canon]]s and [[fugues]] and other pieces of [[music]] by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], based on a musical theme by [[Frederick II of Prussia]] (Frederick the Great) and dedicated to him.
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section=301|
length_mi=601.79|
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direction=North-South|
cities=[[San Juan Capistrano, California|San Juan Capistrano]]<br>[[Dana Point, California|Dana Point]]<br>[[Laguna Beach, California|Laguna Beach]]<br>[[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]]<br>[[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]]<br>[[Seal Beach, California|Seal Beach]]<br>[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]<br>[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]<br>[[Torrance, California|Torrance]]<br>[[Manhattan Beach, California|Manhattan Beach]]<br>[[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]]<br>[[Malibu, California|Malibu]]<br>[[Oxnard, California|Oxnard]]<br>[[Ventura, California|Ventura]]<br>[[Lompoc, California|Lompoc]]<br>[[Guadelupe, California|Guadalupe]]<br>[[Pacific Beach, California|Pacific Beach]]<br>[[San Luis Obispo, California|San Luis Obispo]]<br>[[Morro Bay, California|Morro Bay]]<br>[[Monterey, California|Monterey]]<br>[[Seaside, California|Seaside]]<br>[[Sand City, California|Sand City]]<br>[[Watsonville, California|Watsonville]]<br>[[Capitola, California|Capitola]]<br>[[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]<br>[[Half Moon Bay, California|Half Moon Bay]]<br>[[Pacifica, California|Pacifica]]<br>[[Daly City, California|Daly City]]<br>[[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]<br>[[Fort Bragg, California|Fort Bragg]]|
junction=<tr><td align=right>'''[[Interstate 5|I-5]]''' [[Image:Interstate5.png|20px]]
<td align=left>[[Orange County, California|ORA]] 0.00
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 133|CA-133]] [[Image:CA-133.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>ORA 9.42
<tr bgcolor=lightgrey><td align=right>[[California State Route 73|CA-73]] [[Image:CA-73.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>ORA 16.25
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 55|CA-55]] [[Image:CA-55.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>ORA 19.80
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 39|CA-39]] [[Image:CA-39.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>ORA 23.74
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 22|CA-22]] [[Image:CA-22.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>[[Los Angeles County, California|LA]] 1.97
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 19|CA-19]] [[Image:CA-19.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 3.45
<tr><td align=right>[[Interstate 710|I-710]] [[Image:Interstate-710.png|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 7.30
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 103|CA-103]] [[Image:CA-103.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 8.28
<tr><td align=right>[[Interstate 110 (California)|I-110]] [[Image:Interstate-110.png|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 11.61
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 213|CA-213]] [[Image:CA-213.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 13.10
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 107|CA-107]] [[Image:CA-107.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 16.01
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 91|CA-91]] [[Image:CA-91.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 21.92
<tr><td align=right>[[Interstate 105 (California)|I-105]] [[Image:Interstate-105.png|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 29.08
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 90|CA-90]] [[Image:CA-90.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 31.28
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 187|CA-187]] [[Image:CA-187.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 32.17
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 2|CA-2]] [[Image:CA-2.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA R34.68
<tr><td align=right>[[Interstate 10|I-10]] [[Image:Interstate10.png|20px]]
<td align=left>LA R34.68
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 187|CA-187]] [[Image:CA-187.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 35.17
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 27|CA-27]] [[Image:CA-27.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 40.77
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 23|CA-23]] [[Image:CA-23.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>LA 59.90
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 34|CA-34]] [[Image:CA-34.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>[[Ventura County, California|VEN]] 18.15
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 232|CA-232]] [[Image:CA-232.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>VEN 20.14
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=right rowspan=2>'''[[U.S. Highway 101|US-101]]''' [[Image:US101.png|20px]]
<td align=left>VEN 21.08
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=left>VEN 21.25
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=right rowspan=2>'''[[U.S. Highway 101|US-101]]''' [[Image:US101.png|20px]]
<td align=left>VEN 28.48
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=left>[[Santa Barbara County, California|SB]] 0.00
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=right rowspan=2>[[California State Route 246|CA-246]] [[Image:CA-246.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>'''SB 19.25'''
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=left>'''SB 20.57'''
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 135|CA-135]] [[Image:CA-135.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SB M36.20
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 135|CA-135]] [[Image:CA-135.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SB R34.78
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 166|CA-166]] [[Image:CA-166.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SB 49.20
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=right rowspan=2>'''[[U.S. Highway 101|US-101]]''' [[Image:US101.png|20px]]
<td align=left>[[San Luis Obispo County, California|SLO]] 16.77
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=left>SLO 16.78
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 41|CA-41]] [[Image:CA-41.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SLO 30.15
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 46|CA-46]] [[Image:CA-46.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SLO 50.13
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=right rowspan=2>[[California State Route 68|CA-68]] [[Image:CA-68.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>'''[[Monterey County, California|MON]] 75.14'''
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise>
<td align=left>'''MON R78.14'''
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 218|CA-218]] [[Image:CA-218.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>MON R79.36
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 156|CA-156]] [[Image:CA-156.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>MON R90.98
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 183|CA-183]] [[Image:CA-183.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>MON T92.21
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 129|CA-129]] [[Image:CA-129.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>[[Santa Clara County, California|SCR]] 0.72
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 152|CA-152]] [[Image:CA-152.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SCR T2.68
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 17|CA-17]] [[Image:CA-17.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SCR 16.71
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 9|CA-9]] [[Image:CA-9.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SCR 17.56
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 84|CA-84]] [[Image:CA-84.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>[[San Mateo County, California|SM]] 18.19
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 92|CA-92]] [[Image:CA-92.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SM 29.04
<tr bgcolor=plum><td align=right>[[Interstate 380 (California)|I-380]] [[Image:Interstate-380.png|20px]]
<td align=left>SM 42.01
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 35|CA-35]] [[Image:CA-35.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>SM R46.73
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=right rowspan=2>'''[[Interstate 280 (California)|I-280]]''' [[Image:Interstate-280.png|20px]]
<td align=left>SM 47.80
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=left>SM 48.34
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 35|CA-35]] [[Image:CA-35.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>[[San Francisco County, California|SF]] 1.90
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=right rowspan=2>'''[[U.S. Highway 101|US-101]]''' [[Image:US101.png|20px]]
<td align=left>SF 7.32
<tr bgcolor=paleturquoise><td align=left>[[Marin County, California|MRN]] 0.00
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 116|CA-116]] [[Image:CA-116.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>[[Sonoma County, California|SON]] 20.10
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 128|CA-128]] [[Image:CA-128.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>[[Mendocino County, California|MEN]] 40.27
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 20|CA-20]] [[Image:CA-20.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>MEN 59.80
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 211|CA-211]] [[Image:CA-211.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>MEN 90.87
<tr><td align=right>[[California State Route 271|CA-271]] [[Image:CA-271.gif|20px]]
<td align=left>MEN 105.50
<tr><td align=right>'''[[U.S. Highway 101|US-101]]''' [[Image:US101.png|20px]]
<td align=left>MEN 105.58
}}
'''Highway 1''', legislatively deemed '''California State Route 1''', runs along the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast for most of the length of the [[United States|US]] state of [[California]]. In [[Southern California]] it is known as the '''Pacific Coast Highway''' or '''P.C.H.''', and in parts of central California, it is known as the '''Cabrillo Highway'''.
==The music==
[[Image:CA Coastal Highway.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Highway 1 north of San Francisco]]
==Route=The Descriptiontheme (northfrom tothe south)king===
The collection has its roots in a meeting between Bach and Frederick II on [[May 7]], [[1747]]. The meeting, taking place in the king's residence in [[Potsdam]], resulted from Bach's son [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach|Carl Philipp Emanuel]] being employed there as court musician. Frederick wanted to show a novelty to Bach: the [[pianoforte]] had been invented a few years earlier, and the king owned such experimental instrument, allegedly the first Bach ever saw. Bach, who was well known for his skill at [[improvising]], was given the following theme by Frederick to improvise a fugue upon:
[[Image:Musical offering.png|frame|none|The ''Thema Regium'' ("theme from the king")]]
The highway is famous for some of the most beautiful coastline in the world, which contributed to its designation as an [[National Scenic Byway|All-American Road]]. From the north, the highway passes through the cities of [[Ferndale, California|Ferndale]], [[Fort Bragg, California|Fort Bragg]] and [[Bodega Bay, California|Bodega Bay]] before joining with [[U.S. Highway 101]] and entering [[San Francisco]] over the [[Golden Gate Bridge]]. The highway continues south on the west coast of the [[San Francisco Peninsula]], passing through [[Devil's Slide]], on through [[Half Moon Bay, California|Half Moon Bay]] to [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] and [[Monterey, California|Monterey]]. Several miles south of [[Carmel, California|Carmel]], Highway 1 crosses the scenic [[Bixby Bridge]], a 900-foot stone arch that passes over the Bixby Creek gorge. The highway then continues south through the cliffs of [[Big Sur]], then past [[Hearst Castle]], and on to the coastal cities of [[San Luis Obispo, California|San Luis Obispo]], [[Pismo Beach, California|Pismo Beach]], and [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]. It then connects to such Southern California beach cities as [[Ventura, California|Ventura]], [[Oxnard, California|Oxnard]], [[Malibu, California|Malibu]], [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], [[Manhattan Beach, California|Manhattan Beach]], [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] and [[Torrance, California|Torrance]]. South of the Los Angeles area, P.C.H. winds through cities which include [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[Seal Beach, California|Seal Beach]], [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]], [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]], [[Laguna Beach, California|Laguna Beach]], and [[Dana Point, California|Dana Point]].
According to the press of the day, Bach succeeded pretty well in producing an instant fugue, although he must have confided afterwards he felt not very much at ease playing the new type of instrument.
For most of its length from roughly [[San Luis Obispo, California|San Luis Obispo]] northward Highway 1 is a winding, two lane road with occasional passing lanes, except between Watsonville and Santa Cruz, where it is a multi-lane freeway, between [[Colma, California|Colma]] and [[Daly City, California|Daly City]], where it is co-signed with [[Interstate 280 (California)|Interstate 280]] and again a multi-lane freeway, and in San Francisco, where it is 6 lane wide 19th Avenue and Park Presidio Boulevard, a major approach to the Golden Gate Bridge. [[State park]]s and small coastal towns can be found amongst hundreds of miles of wilderness. Along the southern length, P.C.H. is a wide, multi-laned boulevard and is even part of a freeway as it is co-signed with [[U.S. Highway 101]] in the [[Ventura, California|Ventura]] and [[Oxnard, California|Oxnard]] area.
{{-}}
==State Law==
Two months after the meeting, Bach published a set of pieces based on this theme which we now know as ''The Musical Offering''. Bach inscribed the piece "Regis Iussu Cantio Et Reliqua Canonica Arte Resoluta" (the theme given by the king, with additions, resolved in the canonic style), the first letters of which spells out the word ''[[ricercar]]'' (an old name for a fugue).
===Legal Definiton of Route 1===
===Structure, instrumentation===
<pre><nowiki>
In its finished form, ''The Musical Offering'' comprises:
301. Route 1 is from:
*Two ricercars, written down on as many [[Musical staff|stave]]s as there are voices:
(a) Route 5 south of San Juan Capistrano to Route 101 near El Rio.
** a ricercar a 6 (a six voice fugue)
** a ricercar a 3 (a three voice fugue)
*Ten [[canon (music)|canon]]s
*A four-movement [[trio sonata]] featuring the [[flute]], an instrument which Frederick played.
Apart from the trio sonata, which is written for flute, [[violin]] and [[basso continuo]], the pieces have few indications of which instruments are meant to play them.
(b) Route 101 at Emma Wood State Beach, 1.3 miles north of Route
33, to Route 101, 2.8 miles south of the Ventura-Santa Barbara county
line at Mobil Pier Undercrossing.
(c) Route 101 near Las Cruces to Route 101 in Pismo Beach via the
vicinity of Lompoc, Vandenberg Air Force Base, and Guadalupe.
(d) Route 101 in San Luis Obispo to Route 280 south of San
Francisco along the coast via Cambria, San Simeon, and Santa Cruz.
(e) Route 280 near the south boundary of the City and County of
San Francisco to Route 101 near the approach to the Golden Gate
Bridge in San Francisco.
(f) Route 101 near the southerly end of Marin Peninsula to Route
101 near Leggett via the coast route through Jenner and Westport.
(g) (1) The commission may relinquish to the City of Dana Point,
the portion of Route 1 that is located within the city limits of that
city and is between the western edge of the San Juan Creek channel
overcrossing and the city limits of the City of Laguna Beach, upon
terms and conditions the commission finds to be in the best interests
of the state, if the commission and the city enter into an agreement
providing for that relinquishment.
(2) A relinquishment under this subdivision shall become effective
immediately following the County Recorder's recordation of the
relinquishment resolution containing the commission's approval of the
terms and conditions of the relinquishment.
(3) On and after the effective date of the relinquishment, that
portion of Route 1 so relinquished shall cease to be a state highway.
The ricercars and canons have been realised in various ways: The ricercars are frequently performed on keyboard instruments, an ensemble of [[chamber music]]ians with alternating instrument groups, comparable to the instrumentation of the trio sonata, often playing the canons. But also recordings on one or more keyboard instruments (piano, harpsichord) exist, as well as with a more ample orchestra-like instrumentation.
(4) For portions of Route 1 that are relinquished under this
subdivision, the City of Dana Point shall maintain within its
jurisdiction signs directing motorists to the continuation of Route
1.
As the printed version gives the impression to be organised for (reduction of) page turning when sight-playing the score, the order of the pieces intended by Bach (''if'' there was an intended order), remains uncertain.
===Musical riddles===
Some of the canons of the Musical Offering are represented in the original score by not more than a short monodic melody of a few measures, with a more or less enigmatic inscription in [[Latin]] above the melody. These compositions are called the '''''riddle fugues''''' (or sometimes, more appropriately, the ''riddle canons''). The performer(s) is/are supposed to interpret the music as a multi-part piece (a piece with several intertwining melodies), while solving the "riddle". Some of these riddles have been explained to have more than one possible "solution", although nowadays most printed editions of the score give a single, more or less "standard" solution of the riddle, so that interpreters can just play, without having to worry about the Latin, or the riddle.
One of these ''riddle canons'', "in augmentationem" (i.e. the length of the notes gets longer), is inscribed "Notulis crescentibus crescat Fortuna Regis" (may the fortunes of the king increase like the length of the notes), while a [[Modulation (music)|modulating]] canon which ends a tone higher than it starts is inscribed "Ascendenteque Modulationis ascendat Gloria Regis" (may the king's glory rise like the ascending modulation).
301.5. The commission may relinquish to the City of Newport Beach
the portion of Route 1 that is located between Jamboree Road and the
southern city limits of the City of Newport Beach, upon terms and
conditions the commission finds to be in the best interests of the
state.
(a) A relinquishment under this section shall become effective
immediately following the county recorder's recordation of the
relinquishment resolution containing the commission's approval of the
terms and conditions of the relinquishment.
(b) On and after the effective date of the relinquishment, both of
the following shall occur:
(1) The portion of Route 1 relinquished under this section shall
cease to be a state highway.
(2) The portion of Route 1 relinquished under this section shall
be ineligible for future adoption under Section 81.
(c) The City of Newport Beach shall ensure the continuity of
traffic flow on the relinquished portions of Route 1, including, but
not limited to, any traffic signal progression.
(d) For those portions of Route 1 that are relinquished, the City
of Newport Beach shall maintain within its jurisdiction signs
directing motorists to the continuation of Route 1.</nowiki></pre>
==Reception==
<font size=-2>Source: [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=shc&group=00001-01000&file=300-635 California Streets and Highways Code, Chapter 2, Article 3, Section 301]</font>
Little is known about how Frederick would have received the score dedicated to him, and whether he tried to solve any riddle or played the flute part of the trio sonata. Frederick's musical taste supposedly did not very much cherish ''complicated'' music, and soon after Bach's visit he was on his next war campaign, so it is possible it was not well received.
==20th century adaptations and citations==
===Freeway and Expressway System===
===Arrangements===
<pre><nowiki>
The "Ricercar a 6" has been arranged on its own on a number of occasions, the most prominent arranger being [[Anton Webern]], who in [[1935]] made a version for small [[orchestra]], noted for its [[Klangfarbenmelodie]] style (i.e. melody lines are passed on from one instrument to another after every few notes, every note receiving the "tone color" of the instrument it is played on):
[[Image:Webern's Ricercar arrangement opening.PNG|550px|The opening of Webern's arrangement of "Ricercar a 6"]]
253.2. The California freeway and expressway system shall also
include:
Route 1 from:
(a) Los Angeles-Ventura county line to Route 101 near El Rio.
(b) Route 101 near Las Cruces to Route 227 south of Oceano.
(c) Route 101 near San Luis Obispo to San Simeon.
(d) The north limits of Carmel to the west city limits of Santa
Cruz.
(e) The Higgins-Purisima Road to Route 280 south of San Francisco.
===As reference===
(f) Route 280 to the San Francisco county line.
''The Musical Offering'' is cited and deliberately interpreted by [[Douglas Hofstadter]] in his famous book ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach]]''.
(g) Route 101 near the southerly end of Marin Peninsula to the
vicinity of Valley Ford.
(h) Route 128 near the mouth of the Navarro River to Route 101
near Leggett.
</nowiki></pre>
<font size=-2>Source: [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=shc&group=00001-01000&file=250-257 California Streets and Highways Code, Chapter 2, Article 2, Section 253.2]</font>
===ScenicSee Route=also==
* [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
<pre><nowiki>
* [[List of compositions of Johann Sebastian Bach]]
263.2. The state scenic highway system shall also include:
* [[Bach compositions printed during the composer's lifetime]]
Route 1 from:
* [[Perpetuum mobile]]
(a) Route 5 south of San Juan Capistrano to Route 19 near Long
* [[Canon_%28music%29]]
Beach.
* [[Fugue]]
(b) Route 187 near Santa Monica to Route 101 near El Rio.
(c) Route 101 at Las Cruces to Route 246 near Lompoc.
(d) Route 227 south of Oceano to Route 101 near Pismo Beach.
(e) Route 101 near San Luis Obispo to Route 35 near Daly City.
(f) Route 35 in San Francisco to Route 101 near the approach to
the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
(g) Route 101 near Marin City to Route 101 near Leggett.
</nowiki></pre>
<font size=-2>Source: [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=shc&group=00001-01000&file=260-284 California Streets and Highways Code, Chapter 2, Article 2.5, Section 263.2]</font>
===Designation===
<pre><nowiki>
635. (a) State Highway Route 1 from Las Cruces to San Francisco
shall be known and designated as the "Cabrillo Highway."
(b) State highway routes embracing portions of Routes 280, 82,
238, 101, 5, 72, 12, 37, 121, 87, 162, 185, 92, and 123 and
connecting city streets and county roads thereto, and extending in a
continuous route from Sonoma southerly to the international border
and near the route historically known as El Camino Real shall be
known and designated as "El Camino Real."
(c) State Highway Route 1 from south of San Juan Capistrano to
near El Rio shall be known and designated as the "Pacific Coast
Highway."
</nowiki></pre>
<font size=-2>Source: [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=shc&group=00001-01000&file=300-635 California Streets and Highways Code, Chapter 2, Article 2.5, Section 635]</font>
== See also ==
* [[U.S. Highway 101|U.S. 101]]
== External links ==
* [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/musoffcanons.html Canons of the Musical Offering]
* The [[Mutopia Project]] has some of the music of [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?preview=1&searchingfor=1079&Composer=BachJS&Instrument=&Style=&timelength=1&timeunit=week&lilyversion= The Musical Offering]
[[Category:Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach]]
*[http://www.westcoastroads.com/california/ca-001.html WestCoastRoads - California 1]
*[http://www.cahighways.org/001-008.html#001 California Highways: CA-1]
*[http://www.geocities.com/bennyp81/ca1.html The Big Highways Page: California Route 1]
*[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/signtech/calnexus/reports/onenorth.htm Cal-NExUS: Route 1 North]
*[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/signtech/calnexus/reports/onesouth.htm Cal-NExUS: Route 1 South]
[[fi:Musikalisches Opfer]]
[[Category:California state highways|001]]
[[de:Musikalisches Opfer]]
[[Category:All-American Roads]]
[[hu:Musikalisches Opfer]]
[[ja:音楽の捧げもの]]
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