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Early on as the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turks]] drove out the [[Byzantines]] from [[Anatolia]] and later pursued them into [[Europe]], the pursuit was a part of the [[Jihad]] (or Holy War) against [[Christianity]], and the first Ottoman rulers called themselves ''Gazi'', or Holy Warriors. But, as the Ottomans moved further west and the assimilation of the [[Ethnic Greek|Greek]] and [[Balkan]] cultures progressed, the Turkic leaders themselves absorbed some of the culture of the conquered peoples. The alien culture was gradually added to the Turks' own, creating the characteristic Ottoman culture. It is impossible to speak of one Ottoman Culture as it is always in change and constantly in relation to other cultures.
:''For other men named William of Orange, see [[William of Orange (disambiguation)]]''
The Ottomans had a high tolerance of alien cultures and religions: The men of the ruling Dynasty, the house of Osman, always married women with mixed heritage, Turkish, Greek, Arab, Russian, Serbian, thus themselves were mixed.
[[Image:WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg|thumb|right|'''William I''' (William the Silent)]]'''William I, [[Prince]] of [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange]]''', [[Count]] of [[Nassau (duchy)|Nassau]] ([[April 24]], [[1533]] – [[July 10]], [[1584]]) was the main leader of the [[Dutch]] revolt against the [[Spain|Spanish]] that set off the [[Eighty Years' War]] and resulted in the formal independence of the [[United Provinces]] in [[1648]].
== The Arts ==
A wealthy [[nobility|nobleman]], William originally served at the court of the Spanish [[regent]]. Unhappy with the lack of political power for the local nobility and the Spanish persecution of Dutch [[Protestantism|Protestants]], William joined the Dutch uprising and turned against his former masters. The most influential and politically capable of the rebels, he led the Dutch to several military successes in the fight against the Spanish. Declared an [[outlaw]] by the Spanish king in [[1580]], he was [[assassinated]] by [[Balthasar Gérard]] (also written as 'Gerardts') in [[Delft]] at a time when William's popularity was waning.
=== Poetry===
William of Orange is also widely known as '''William the Silent'''. There are several explanations for the origin of this [[nickname]]. The most common one is that he rarely spoke out clearly on controversial matters at the court or in public, or (by some accounts) even completely avoided speaking about such topics.
{{Main|Poetry of the Ottoman Empire}}
Compared to [[Arabic literature|Arabian]] and [[Persian]] literature translations, the poetical literature of the Ottoman Turks, the most illustirious family of the third great race of Islam, has been, only a few exceptions, almost entirely neglected by European counter parts. The cause of this is hard to ascertain, given the facts of the [[Ottoman Turks]], muslim neighboors, being in Europe for upward of six centuries and in close contact with various European peoples. Antipathy on Turkish race and religious bigotry on Islam are virulent and hard to kill (unhappily, they exist to this day, scarcely less unjust and cruel than in bygone times). It is difficult not to think [[clash of civilizations]] are in some measure responsible for the gross ignorance that almost universally prevails, in Europe at any rate, regarding Turkey and all things Turkish.
In the Netherlands, he is also known as the ''Vader des vaderlands'', "Father of the fatherland", and the Dutch [[national anthem]], the [[Wilhelmus]], was written in his honour.
Poetry has been cultivated in Turkey with greater assiduity than any other branch of literature. [[Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall]], in his great work, ''Die Geschichte der Osmanischen Dichtkunst'', gives translated extracts from two thousand two hundred Ottoman poets. Comparatively few of these Ottoman versifiers are regarded as really great poets. Perhaps [[Aşık Paşa]] is not very far behind his great prototype, the immortal [[Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi]], the author of the [[Mesnevi]]. The [[gazel]]s of [[Baki]], in elegance of diction and depth of feeling, rival those of [[Hıfzı]]; and the romances of [[Lami'i]] yield not one whit in loveliness to the works of [[Jami]] or [[Nizami]]. The reason we do not count Ottoman poetry or poets among really great poets is that most of the works are not translated to European languages.
On [[April 13]], [[2005]], [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/WVO an online searchable archive] of his complete (known) correspondence was made publicly accessible by ''Het Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis (ING)'', the Institute for Dutch History.
=== Early lifeMusic ===
:Classic Turkish Music
[[Image:WilliamOfOrange1555.jpg|thumb|right|In his years at the court in Brussels, William of Orange was known as the spoilt rich son of a nobleman.]]
:Public Music
=== Calligraphy ===
William was born in the castle of [[Dillenburg]] in [[Nassau_(duchy)|Nassau]], present-day [[Germany]]. He was the eldest son of [[William the Rich|William, Count of Nassau]] and Juliana of Stolberg-Werningerode, and was raised a [[Lutheran Church|Lutheran]]. He had four younger brothers and one sister: [[Johan of Nassau|John]], [[Louis of Nassau|Louis]], Adolf, [[Henry of Nassau|Henry]] and [[Mary of Nassau|Mary]].
[[Image:Tugra Mahmuds II.gif|right|frame|The stylized signature of [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid I]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] was written in an expressive calligraphy. It reads ''Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious''.]]
The [[Diwani]] script is a cursive style of Arabic calligraphy developed during the reign of the early [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turkey|Turks]] ([[16th century|16th]] and early [[17th century|17th centuries]]). It was invented by [[Housam Roumi]] and reached its height of popularity under [[Süleyman I the Magnificent]] ([[1520]]–[[1566|66]]). As decorative as it was communicative, Diwani was distinguished by the complexity of the line within the letter and the close juxtaposition of the letters within the word.
When his cousin, [[René of Châlon|René of Châlon, Prince of Orange]], died childless in 1544, the eleven-year-old William inherited all Châlon's property, including the title Prince of Orange. Because of his young age, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]] served as the regent of the principality until William was fit to rule. However, Charles V demanded that William receive a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] education, and William was sent to [[Brussels]] to study under the supervision of [[Maria of Austria|Maria of Hungary]], regent of the [[Netherlands]]. In Brussels, he was taught foreign languages and received military and diplomatic education.
<center>[[Image:Diwani.png|Arabic Diwani font]]</center>
See also
On [[6 July]] [[1551]], he married Anna van Egmond en Buren, the wealthy heir to the lands of her father, and William earned the titles Lord of Egmond and Count of Buren. They had three children:
* [[Arabic calligraphy]]
#Maria (1553 – 1554);
* [[Islamic art]]
#[[Philip William of Orange|Philip-William]] (1554 – 1618); and
#[[Maria of Nassau|Maria]] (1556 – 1616).
Later that same year, William was appointed [[captain]] in the [[cavalry]]. Favored by Charles V, he made quick promotions, and became commander of one of the Emperor's armies at age 22. He was made a member of the [[Raad van State]], the highest political advisory council in the Netherlands[[William I of Orange#Notes|<sup>1</sup>]] in 1555, the same year Charles abdicated in favour of his son, [[Philip II of Spain]].
See external links:
His wife Anna died on [[24 March]] [[1558]], after which William of Orange had a brief relationship with Eva Eliver but the two never married. An [[illegitimate]] son, Justines, was born. In 1559, Philip appointed William as the [[stadtholder]] (governor) of the provinces [[Holland]], [[Zeeland]], [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]] and [[Burgundy]], thereby greatly increasing his political power.
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/newspot/2002/may-jun/n14.htm calligraphy]
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/newspot/2001/july-aug/n7.htm manuscript illumination] from the Turkish Ministry of Culture.
=== Decorative ===
== From politician to rebel ==
[[Image:BattleOfHeiligerlee.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Battle of Heiligerlee]], fought on [[23 May]] [[1568]], is usually given as the beginning of the [[Eighty Years' War]].]]
==== Miniature ====
Although he never directly opposed the Spanish king, William soon became one of the most prominent members of the opposition in the Raad van State, together with [[Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn|Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn]] and [[Count of Egmont|Lamoral, Count of Egmont]]. They were mainly seeking for more political power for the Dutch nobility, and complained that too many Spaniards were involved in governing the Netherlands.
See external links:
William was also dissatisfied with the increasing persecution of [[Protestant Church|Protestants]] in the Netherlands. Although he was brought up as both a Lutheran and Catholic, William was not a very religious person, and a proponent of freedom of religion. The [[inquisition]] policy in the Netherlands, carried out by [[Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle|Cardinal Granvelle]], prime minister to [[Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|regent]] [[Margaret of Austria (1522-1583)|Margaret of Austria]], increased opposition to the Spanish rule among the – then mostly Catholic – population of the Netherlands.
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/newspot/2003/jan-apr/n15.htm miniature painting]
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/2000/May/N22.htm portrait painting]
==== Textiles ====
On [[25 August]] [[1561]], William of Orange married for the second time. His new wife, [[Anna of Saxony]], is described by contemporaries as "ugly and ill-tempered", and it is generally assumed that William married her to gain more influence in [[Saxony]], [[Hesse]] and the [[Palatine]]. The couple had five children:
#Anna (1562);
#Anna (1563 – 1588);
#Maurice August Philip (1564 – 1566), [[Maurice of Nassau|Maurice]] (1567 – 1625); and
#Emily (1569 – 1629).
See external links:
In early [[1565]], a large group of lesser noblemen, including William's younger brother [[Louis of Nassau|Louis]], formed the Confederacy of Noblemen. On [[5 April]], they offered a petition to Margaret of Austria, requesting an end to the persecution of Protestants. From August to October [[1566]], a wave of [[iconoclasm]] (known as the ''Beeldenstorm'') spread through the Low Countries. [[Calvinism|Calvinists]], angry with their prosecution by the Spanish and opposed to the Catholic images of saints (which in their eyes conflicted with the [[Ten Commandments|Second Commandment]]), destroyed statues in hundreds of [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] throughout the Netherlands.
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JAN/N24.htm textiles]
==== Carpet ====
Among the Ottoman Turks the art of carpet weaving have environmental, sociological, economic, and religious reasons, which all of these effected the daily life and the decorative structures of the carpets. Turks used the carpets not just on the floors but also walls and doorways. This protected them from the temprature fluctuations between day and night, and through out the seasons.
Hereke Carpets have very important place among world carpets. They are the best and finest silk rugs in the world. Carpets with Hereke designes look like magnificent cloths with fine weaving. There is an authentic Hereke designs and later carpet designers have influenced with the royal tastes and compositions. The first examples were find during the Seljuk period, were established in Usak, Gordes, Cairo, Bursa and Istanbul in 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. The Hereke factory, build through Ottoman industrial policy in 19th century, started to work on textiles, but later carpet weaving took the dominance.
Following the Beeldenstorm, unrest in the Netherlands grew, and Margaret agreed to grant the wishes of the Confederacy, provided the noblemen would help to restore order. She also allowed more important noblemen, including William of Orange, to assist the Confederacy. In late 1566, and early 1567, it became clear that the regent would not fulfill her promises, and when several minor rebellions failed, many [[Calvinism|Calvinists]] (the major Protestant denomination) and Lutherans fled the country. Following the announcement that Philip II, unhappy with the situation in the Netherlands, would dispatch his loyal general [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva]] (also known as "The Iron Duke") to restore order, William retreated to his native Nassau. He had been (financially) involved with several of the rebels.
Other significant designes include "Palace", "Yoruk" and "Turkmenian" carpets. They generally have the same functional characteristics, but differ from in their styles. Stylised designs dominate "Yoruk" and "Turkmenian", whereas naturalism is prevalent in Palace due to the technological possibilities which gives way to more complex designs and motifs.
After his arrival in August 1567, Alva established the ''Council of Troubles'' (known to the people as the ''Council of Blood'') to trial those involved with the rebellion and the iconoclasm. William was one of the 10,000 to be summoned before the Council, but he failed to appear. He was subsequently declared an outlaw, and his properties were confiscated.
==== Jewelry ====
As one of the most prominent and popular politicians of the Netherlands, William of Orange emerged as the leader of an armed resistance. He financed the ''Watergeuzen'', refugee Protestants who formed bands of [[corsair]]s and raided the coastal cities of the Netherlands (often killing Spanish and Dutch alike). He also raised an army, consisting mostly of German [[mercenary|mercenaries]] to fight Alva on land. Led by his brother Louis, the army invaded the northern Netherlands in [[1568]]. On [[23 May]], the army won the [[Battle of Heiligerlee]] against a Spanish army led by the stadtholder of the northern provinces, [[Jean de Ligne, Duke of Aremberg]]. Aremberg was killed in the battle, as was William's brother Adolf. Alva countered by killing a number of convicted noblemen (including the Dukes of Egmont and Hoorn on [[6 June]]), and then by leading an expedition to [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]. There, he annihilated Louis's forces in the [[Battle of Jemmingen]] on [[21 July]], although Louis managed to escape. These two battles are now considered to be the start of the Eighty Years' War.
{{sect-stub}}
=== WarArchitecture ===
{{Main| Architecture in Ottomans}}
[[Image:Netherlands_flag_prince.png|framed|right|The so-called ''Prinsenvlag'' (Prince's flag), based on the colours in the [[coat of arms]] of William of Orange was used by the Dutch rebels, and forms the basis of the current [[flag of the Netherlands]].]]
=== Performance ===
William responded by leading a large army into [[Brabant]], but Alva carefully avoided a confrontation, expecting the army to fall apart quickly. He proved to be right, as William lacked the money to support the army. He made several more plans to invade in the next few years, but little came of it, lacking support and money. William remained popular with the public, partially through an extensive [[propaganda]] campaign through pamphlets. One of his most important claims, with which he attempted to justify his actions, was that he was not fighting the rightful owner of the land, the Spanish king, but only the inadequate rule of the foreign regents in the Netherlands, and the presence of foreign soldiers.
====Dance====
<gallery>
Image:Constantinople settings and traits (1926)- bulgarians dancing.png|Istanbul 1908 - Bulgarians
Image:Constantinople settings and traits (1926)- Epirotes.png|Istanbul 1908 - Epirotes
Image:Constantinople settings and traits (1926)- greeks dancing.png|Istanbul 1908 - Greeks
</gallery>
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Competing—successfully—with the women of the harem for the affection of the Ottoman noble were young males in various functions, chief among whom were the entertainers, known as [[köçeks]]. They traveled in troupes and were skilled in music, dancing, and erotic pleasures. The average troupe—named after its leader—would have about thirty dancers, though some had several hundred. When not on stage, köçeks would work in coffee-houses and taverns, where they would serve drinks, flirt, and be available for trysts with the clientele.
[[Image:Turkish - Dancing Kocek - Late 19th c - wiki.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Dancing Köçek with a tambourine. Photograph, late 19th c. Private collection.]] They were highly sought after by all nobles of all ranks, including the Sultan. Köçeks wore elegant and gaudy costumes, had long curly hair, and were immortalized in books discussing their qualities and ranking them by nationality, such as the ''Huban-nameh'' of [[Enderunlu Fazil]].
On [[1 April]], [[1572]] a band of Watergeuzen captured the city of [[Brielle]], which had been left unattended by the Spanish garrison. Contrary to their normal "hit and run" tactics, they occupied the town and claimed it for the prince. This event was followed by other cities in opening their gates for the Watergeuzen, and soon most cities in [[Holland]] and [[Zeeland]] were in the hands of the rebels, notable exceptions being [[Amsterdam]] and [[Middelburg]]. The rebel cities then called a meeting of the [[Staten Generaal]] (which they were technically unqualified to do), and reinstated William as the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland.
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====Median (Open Stage Show)====
[[Image:The Turkish theater 1933 - pishekar, kavuklu, three zenne, orchestra, on median (open space).png|left|thumb|100px|Central - Median]]
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====Meddah (One Person Show) ====
[[Image:Turkish Goverment information brocure (1950s) - Meddah-story teller.png|left|thumb|100px|Istanbul - Story teller]]
Meddah or story teller was a single person show that played in front of a small group of audiance like a coffee shop audience. The play is generally about a single topic which the meddah (story teller) plays different personalities within the story. Depending on the person the meddah is impersonating in the story, he used an umbrella, or an hancercife to signal the change of personality. The control of voice is the most important skill in this type of show. There is no time limitation on the shows. A good meddah has the skill to adjust the story depending on the interaction getting from the audiance.
The stories are mostly conflicts between different parts of the society. Meddah were generally travelling artists that moved from one big city to another. The main path that used was the towns on the spice road. The dynamics of the tradition is supposedly goes back to the [[Homer]]'s time. The methods of meddahs were same as the methods of that times artists who told the stories of Greek epics [[Iliad]] and [[Odyssey]] from one town to another, even though the stories were changed to Ferhat ile Şirin or Leyla ile Mecnun. Among the reportuars of the meddah also include true stories, that was modified depending the audiance, artist and political situation.
Concurrently, rebel armies captured cities throughout the entire country, from [[Deventer]] to [[Mons]]. William himself then advanced with his own army and marched into several cities in the south, including [[Roermond]] and [[Leuven]]. William had counted on intervention from the French Protestants ([[Huguenots]]) as well, but this plan was thwarted after the [[St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]] on [[24 August]], which signalled the start of a wave of violence against the Huguenots. After a successful Spanish attack on his army, William had to flee and he retreated to [[Enkhuizen]], in Holland. The Spanish then organised countermeasures, and sacked several rebel cities, sometimes massacring their inhabitants, such as in [[Mechelen]] or [[Zutphen]]. They had more trouble with the cities in Holland, where they [[Siege of Haarlem | took Haarlem]] after seven months and a loss of 8,000 soldiers, and they had to give up their [[siege]] of [[Alkmaar]].
The Istanbul meddahs were known integrate musical instruments to their stories. That was pointed as a difference to the east anatolian [[Dengbejin]].
In [[1574]], William's armies won several minor battles, including several naval encounters. The Spanish, now lead by Don [[Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens]] who succeeded Alva in 1573, also had their successes, and their decisive victory in the [[Battle of Mookerheyde]] on [[14 April]] cost the lives of two of William's brothers, Louis and Henry. Requesens's armies also besieged the city of [[Leiden]]. They broke up their siege when nearby dykes were cut by the Dutch. William was very content with the victory, and established the [[University of Leiden]], the first university in the country.
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====Karagöz (Shadow Play)====
:Karagoz
William married for the third time on [[24 April]] [[1575]]. He had his previous marriage legally disbanded in 1571, on claims of insanity of his wife Anna. Charlotte de Bourbon-Monpensier, a former French [[nun]], was also popular with the public. Together, they had six daughters:
#Louise Juliana (1576 – 1644);
#Elisabeth (1577 – 1642);
#Catherina Belgica (1578 – 1648);
#Charlotte Flandrina (1579 – 1640);
#Charlotte Brabantia (1580 – 1631); and
#Emilia Antwerpiana (1581 – 1657).
== Costumes ==
After failed peace negotiations in [[Breda (Netherlands)|Breda]] in 1575, the war lingered on. Things looked bright for the rebels when Don Requesens died unexpectedly in early 1576, and a large group of Spanish soldiers, not having received their salary in months, deserted. While the new regent, [[Don John of Austria]], arrived, William of Orange managed to have most of the provinces and cities sign the [[Pacification of Ghent]], in which they declared to fight for the expulsion of Spanish troops together. However, he failed to achieve unity in matters of religion. Catholic cities and provinces would not allow freedom for Calvinists, and vice versa.
{{Main|Costumes of the Ottoman Empire}}
The fashion during the ottoman empire was covered in these pages. The fashion was more of expression of ones feelings and cultural values during the ottoman period than what is represented through modern fashion values.
== Lifestyle ==
When Don John signed the [[Perpetual Edict]] in February 1577, promising to comply with the conditions of the Pacification of Ghent, it seemed that the war had been decided in favour of the rebels. However, after Don John took the city of [[Namur (city)|Namur]] in 1577, the uprising spread throughout the entire Netherlands. Don John attempted to negotiate peace, but the prince intentionally let the negotiations fail. On [[24 September]] [[1577]], he made his triumphal entry in the capital Brussels.
The Ottoman court life in many aspects assembled ancient traditions of the [[Persian]] [[Shah]]s, but had many [[Ethnic Greek|Greek]] and [[European]] influences.
<gallery>
At the same time, Calvinist revolters grew more radical, and attempted to forbid Catholicism in their areas of control. William was opposed to this both for personal and political reasons. He desired freedom of religion, and he also needed the support of the less radical Protestants and Catholics to reach his political goals. On [[6 January]] [[1579]], several southern provinces, unhappy with William's radical following, sealed the [[Union of Arras|Treaty of Arras]], in which they agreed to accept their regent, [[Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza|Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma]] (who had succeeded Don John).
Image:Constantinople(1878)-public typist.png|Telling a problem to a typist
Image:Constantinople(1878)-Road to pear; - in bottom the tip of the serraglio.png|A street
Image:Constantinople(1878)-The great galata bridge.png|The galata bridge
Image:Constantinople(1878)-the ghetto of the Hebrew.png|Hebrew getto
</gallery>
=== Traditions ===
Five northern provinces, later followed by most cities in [[Brabant]] and [[Flanders]], then signed the [[Union of Utrecht]] on [[23 January]], confirming their unity. William was initially opposed to the Union, as he still hoped to unite all provinces. Nevertheless, he formally gave his support on [[3 May]]. The Union of Utrecht would later become a ''de facto'' [[constitution]], and would remain the only formal connection between the Dutch provinces until [[1795]].
{{sect-stub}}
The culture that evolved around the court was known as the Ottoman Way. To get a high position in the empire, one must be skilled in the Way. It included knowing both [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Ottoman Turkish]] and how to behave in court, in front of the sultan, and on formal and religious occasions. The Ottoman Way also used to separate the nobles from the lower classes. Peasants and villagers were called Turks, while nobles were Ottomans. Sometimes though, people would get mad at other and this caused many disputes between the people.
In general, Turks take their shoes off in the house. There are slippers that are designated to home use. This custom was carried through centuries as the Turkish babies have been free to move and adults can rest on the floor. This custom aimed in keeping the carpet and kilim clean. Women and girls take up carpet and kilim weaving as a means of earning money.
== Declaration of independence ==
There is a religious holiday that families present candies to guests.
[[Image:François,_Duke_of_Anjou.jpg|thumb|right|The [[François, Duke of Anjou|Duke of Anjou]], who had been attracted by William as the new sovereign of the Netherlands, was hugely unpopular with the public.]]
[[Image:Constantinople settings and traits (1926)- seker bayrami.png|left|thumb|100px|Seker Bayrami]]
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=== Household life at Palace ===
In spite of the renewed union, the Duke of Parma was successful in reconquering most of the southern part of the Netherlands. Because he had agreed to remove the Spanish troops from the provinces under the Treaty of Arras, and because Philip II needed them in Spain's war with Portugal, the Duke of Parma was unable to advance any further until the end of 1581.
The [[Harem (household)|Harem]] was a small world in itself, ruled by the Sultana (Empress/Queen). It was the administrative center of Empire. The Sultana was the mother of the current sultan ([[Walida Sultana]]). She also selected the concubines for her son. The concubines could live in or around the palace for their entire life, and it supported them with whatever they needed. Women not found suitable by the Sultana for the sultan were married off to eligible bachelors from the Ottoman nobility or sent back home. Female servants did all the chores such as serving food and making the beds. Male (sometimes [[Eunuch]]) white and black servants did the hard work such as shopping, guarding the palaces and maintaining the gardens, the braziers and candelabras.
You can not see the face of the bride. Religious and political leaders are at the front.
In the mean time, William and his supporters were looking for foreign support. The prince had already sought for French assistance on several occasions, and this time he managed to gain the support of [[François, Duke of Anjou]], brother of king [[Henry III of France]]. On [[29 September]] [[1580]], the Staten Generaal (with the exception of Zeeland and Holland) signed the [[Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours]] with the Duke of Anjou. The Duke would gain the title "Protector of the Liberty of the Netherlands" and become the new sovereign. This, however, required that the Staten Generaal and William would let go of their formal support of the King of Spain, which they had maintained officially up to that moment.
[[Image:Constantinople settings and traits (1926)- Royal wedding-1.png|left|thumb|100px|1908 Royal Wedding]]
Every prince has his own place. It is a tradition to take the bride from her house and take it to where she will be building her new familiy.
On [[22 July]] [[1581]], the Staten Generaal declared their decision to no longer recognise Philip II as their king, in the [[Oath of Abjuration]]. This formal [[declaration of independence]] enabled the Duke of Anjou to come to the aid of the resisters. He did not arrive until [[10 February]] [[1582]], when he was officially welcomed by William in [[Flushing, Netherlands|Flushing]].
[[Image:Constantinople settings and traits (1926)- Royal wedding-2.png|left|thumb|100px|1908 Royal Wedding]]
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== Sports ==
On [[March 18]], the Spaniard Juan Jauréguy attempted to assassinate William in [[Antwerp]]. Although William suffered severe injuries, he survived thanks to the care of his wife Charlotte and his sister Mary. While William slowly recovered, the intensive care by Charlotte took its toll, and she died on [[5 May]].
{{sect-stub}}
[[Yağlı güreş|Turkish Wresling]] is very old tradition among Turks.
[[Image:Constantinople settings and traits (1926)- Turkish Wresling.png|left|thumb|100px|Turkish Wresling]]
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:Cirit
== Food And Drinks ==
The Duke of Anjou was not very popular with the population. In their view, the French were enemies, and the Duke of Anjou was not very concerned with the people's religious issues. The Duke was even accused of planning Jauréguy's failed attempt to kill the prince. The provinces of Zeeland and Holland refused to recognise him as their sovereign, and William was widely criticised for what were called his "French politics". When the Anjou's French troops arrived in late 1582, William's plan seemed to pay off, as even the Duke of Parma feared that the Dutch would now gain the upper hand.
{{sect-stub}}
:Raki
:Turkish Caffee
:Hooka
However, the Duke of Anjou himself was displeased with his limited power, and decided to take the city of [[Antwerp]] by force on [[18 January]] [[1583]]. The citizens, who were warned in time, defended their city in what is known as the "French Fury". The position of Anjou after this attack became impossible to hold, and he eventually left the country in June. His leave also discredited William, who nevertheless maintained his support for Anjou. He stood virtually alone on this issue, and became politically isolated. Holland and Zeeland nevertheless maintained him as their stadtholder, and attempted to declare him count of Holland and Zeeland, thus making him the official sovereign.
In the middle of all this, William had married for the fourth and final time on [[12 April]] [[1583]] to [[Louise de Colligny]], a French Huguenot and daughter of [[Gaspard de Coligny]]. She would be the mother of [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange|Frederick Henry]] (1584 – 1647), Williams fourth legitimate son.
== AssassinationScience and Technology ==
[[Image:Moordwillemzwijger2.jpg|thumb|right|William the Silent was killed at his home by Balthasar Gérard on [[July 10]], [[1584]].]]
[[Image:StampWilliamOfOrange.jpg|thumb|right|A 1984 Dutch [[postage stamp]] commemorating the [[quatercentenary]] of William's death.]]
Timeline
The Catholic Frenchman [[Balthasar Gérard]] (born 1557) was a supporter of Philip II, and in his opinion, William of Orange had betrayed the Spanish king and the Catholic religion. After Philip II declared William an outlaw and promised, which Gérard found out in 1581, he decided to travel to the Netherlands and kill him. He served in the army of the governor of [[Luxembourg]], [[Peter, Count of Mansfelt]] for two years, hoping to get close to William when the armies would meet. This never happened, and Gérard left the army in 1584.
18/07/1851 -Inauguration of the Academy of Sciences
He went to the Duke of Parma to present his plans, but the Duke was unimpressed. In May 1584, he presented himself to William as a French nobleman, and gave him the seal of the Count of Mansfelt. This seal would allow for forgeries of message of Mansfelt. William sent Gérard back to [[France]] to pass the seal to his French allies.
== Education ==
Gérard returned in July, having bought pistols on his return voyage. On [[10 July]], he made an appointment with William of Orange in his home in [[Delft]], nowadays known as the ''Prinsenhof''. When he left the dining room and climbed down the stairs, Gérard shot him in the chest from close range, and fled. According to the official account [http://www.onsverleden.net/nederlandseopstand/stvanhollandmoordwvo.htm], William's last words were (in French):
=== Timeline ===
: "Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, ayez pitié de moi et de ton pauvre peuple" (My Lord, My Lord, have pity on me and your poor people)
* 01/04/1847-Institution of the Ministry of Education founded
Members of the Nassau family were traditionally buried in [[Breda (Netherlands)|Breda]], but as that city was in Spanish hands when William died, he was buried in the New Church (''Nieuwe Kerk'') in [[Delft]]. His grave monument was originally very sober, but it was replaced in [[1623]] by a new one, made by Hendrik de Keyser and his son Pieter. Since then, all members of the [[Prince of Orange|House of Orange]], including all [[Dutch monarchy|Dutch monarchs]] have been buried in the same church.
* [[Ottoman Civil Service School|Civil Service School]] founded [[1859]]
* [[Imperial Ottoman Lycée]] at [[Galatasaray]] founded [[1868]]
== Social Issues ==
Gérard was caught before he could flee Delft, and imprisoned. He was tortured before his trial on [[13 July]], where he was sentenced to be brutally — even by the standards of that time — killed. The magistrates sentenced that the right hand of Gérard should be burned off with a red-hot iron, that his flesh should be torn from his bones with pincers in six different places, that he should be quartered and disemboweled alive, that his heart should be torn from his bosom and flung in his face, and that, finally, his head should be taken off.
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==External Legacy links==
* [http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com] Many articles about the Ottoman history and culture including art, culture, literature, economics, architecutre (in Turkish)
[[Category:Ottoman Empire]]
[[Image:Willem_van_Oranje_Standbeeld_Den_Haag,_juni_2003.JPG|thumb|right|A statue of William of Orange in [[The Hague]]. His finger originally pointed towards the [[Binnenhof]], but the statue has since been moved. A similar statue stands in Voorhees Mall on Rutgers University]]
At the suggestion of [[Johan van Oldenbarneveldt]], William's son [[Maurice of Nassau|Maurice]] succeeded his father as stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. A strong military leader, he won several victories over the Spanish. Van Oldenbarneveldt managed to sign a very favourable 12-year armistice in [[1609]], although Maurice was unhappy with this. After the armistice, Maurice's half-brother (and William's youngest son), [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange|Frederick Henry]], continued the battle against the Spanish. The Netherlands became formally independent after the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in [[1648]].
The son of Frederick Henry, [[William II of Orange]] succeeded his father as stadtholder, as did his son, [[William III of Orange]]. The latter also became king of England until he died childless in [[1702]]. He appointed his nephew (a great-great-grandson of William of Orange's brother John) Johan Willem Friso as his successor. The first king of the Netherlands, [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]] was a descendant of Johan Willem Friso. His descendants have been the monarchs of the Netherlands to this day. See [[House of Orange]] for a more extensive overview.
As the chief financer and political and military leader of the early years of the Dutch revolt, William is considered a national hero in the Netherlands, even though he was born in Germany, and usually spoke [[French language|French]]. Many of the Dutch national symbols can be traced back to William of Orange:
* The [[flag of the Netherlands]] (red, white and blue) is derived from the flag of the prince, which was orange, white and blue.
* The [[coat of arms]] of the Netherlands is based on that of William of Orange. Its motto ''Je maintiendrai'' (French, "I will maintain") was also used by William of Orange, who based it on the motto of his uncle René of Châlon, who used ''Je maintiendrai Châlon''.
* The [[national anthem]] of the Netherlands, the [[Wilhelmus]] was originally a propaganda song for William. It was probably written by [[Philips van Marnix, lord of Sint-Aldegonde]], a supporter of William of Orange.
* The national colour of the Netherlands is [[orange (colour)|orange]], and it is used, among other things, in clothing of Dutch athletes.
== Notes ==
<sup>1</sup> As of 1549, the Netherlands, also known as the "Seventeen Provinces" was comprised of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of northern France.
== References ==
* Various authors (1977). ''Winkler Prins — Geschiedenis der Nederlanden''. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 90-10-01745-1.
* Anton van der Lem (1995). ''De Opstand in de Nederlanden 1555 – 1609''. Utrecht: Kosmos. ISBN 90-215-2574-7.
* [http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/ De Bello Belgico]. Retrieved [[1 October]] [[2004]].
* [http://www.onsverleden.net/ Geschiedenis. Een prachtvak]. Retrieved [[1 October]] [[2004]].
* [http://members.home.nl/pushkar/ Het Huis van Oranje-Nassau en de Nederlandse geschiedenis]. Retrieved [[1 October]] [[2004]].
* [http://www.geocities.com/couprie/historie/oranje/index.html Willem van Oranje]. Retrieved [[1 October]] [[2004]].
* [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/WVO The Complete Correspondence of William I of Orange (Dutch)] - digital archive by the Institute for Dutch History (inghist.nl)
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{{succession box|title=[[Prince of Orange]]|before=[[René of Châlon]]||after=[[Philip William of Orange|Philip William]] |years=[[1544]]–[[1584]]}}
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[[Category:1533 births|Orange, William I of]]
[[Category:1584 deaths|Orange, William I of]]
[[Category:House of Nassau|Orange, William I of]]
[[Category:History of the Netherlands|Orange, William I of]]
[[Category:Eighty Years' War (Persons)|Orange, William I of]]
[[Category:Dutch stadtholders|Orange, William I of]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece|Orange, William I of]]
[[Category:Murdered royalty|Orange, William I of]]
[[bg:Вилхелм Орански]]
[[de:Wilhelm I. (Oranien-Nassau)]]
[[ja:ヴィレム1世 (オランダ総督)]]
[[nl:Willem van Oranje]]
[[no:Vilhelm I av Orange]]
[[simple:William the Silent]]
[[sv:Vilhelm I av Oranien]]
[[pl:Wilhelm I Orański]]
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