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{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right"
{{Tank | name=BTR-80
|+ <font size="+1">'''The Rt. Hon. Pierre Elliott Trudeau'''</font>
| image=[[Image:Btr-80 in Serbia.jpg|250px]]
|-
| caption=Btr-80 in Serbia
| style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" |[[Image:ptrudeau.jpg|Pierre Trudeau]]
| length=7.65
|-
| width=2.90
| '''Order:'''
| height=2.35
| 15th
| weight=13.6
|-
| suspension=wheeled
| '''First Term:'''
| speed_road=80
| [[April 20]], [[1968]]–<br>[[June 4]], [[1979]]
| speed_off=40 km/h swim 9 km/h
|-
| range=600
| '''Second Term:'''
| primary=15.5-mm KPVT machine gun
| [[March 3]], [[1980]]–<br>[[June 30]], [[1984]]
| secondary=7.62-mm [[PK machine gun|PKT machine gun]]
|-
| armour=[classified]
| '''Predecessor:'''
| engine=V8 UTD-20 Diesel engine
| [[Lester B. Pearson]]
| hp=260
|-
| kW=
| '''First Successor:'''
| crew=3 (+7 passengers)
| [[Joe Clark]]
}}
|-
[[Image:BTR-80 and Bradley.jpg|thumb|]]
| '''Second Successor:'''
'''BTR-80''' is a 8x8 wheeled [[Armoured personnel carrier]] designed in the [[Soviet Union]]. Production started in [[1986]] and replaced the previous versions, [[BTR-60]] and [[BTR-70]] in the Soviet army.
| [[John Turner]]
|-
| '''Date of Birth:'''
| [[October 18]], [[1919]]
|-
| '''Place of Birth:'''
| [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
|-
| '''Date of Death:'''
| [[September 28]], [[2000]]
|-
| '''Spouse:'''
| [[Margaret Sinclair]]
|-
| '''Children:'''
| three sons and one daughter
|-
| '''Profession:'''
| Lawyer
|-
| '''Political Party:'''
| [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|}
[[The Right Honourable]] '''Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau,''' [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]] , [[Order of Canada|CC]] , [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]] , [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] , [[Master of Arts|MA]] , LL.L , [[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]] , [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada|FRSC]] ([[October 18]], [[1919]] – [[September 28]], [[2000]]) was the fifteenth [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] of [[Canada]] from [[April 20]], [[1968]] to [[June 3]], [[1979]], and from [[March 3]], [[1980]] to [[June 30]], [[1984]].
==Description==
Trudeau was a charismatic figure who dominated the Canadian political scene, arousing passionate reactions. "He haunts us still", one [[biography]] begins. Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect. They salute his political acumen in preserving national unity and bringing into force the [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. Detractors fault Trudeau for arrogance, deplore [[economic policy|economic policies]] that increased the [[national debt]], and criticize him for increasing a sense of political alienation in [[Western Canada|Western provinces]]. But few would dispute the assertion that Trudeau was a towering figure who helped re-define Canada.
The Soviets based the BTR-80 on the [[BTR-70]] APC. It has a 260-hp, V-8 turbocharged, water-cooled, diesel engine. The reconfigured rear portion of the hull accommodates a new, single engine. The Soviets removed the roof [[chamfer]]s of the modified BTR-70, raised the rear, and squared off the rearward-sloping engine compartment.
==Capabilities==
Trudeau led Canada through some of its most tumultuous times, and was often the centre of controversy. Known for his flamboyance, he sometimes wore [[Sandal (footwear)|sandal]]s in the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]]; dated celebrities; occasionally [[fuddle duddle|used obscenities]] to insult his opponents; and on [[May 7]], [[1977]], did a [[Glossary of ballet terms#Pirouette|pirouette]] behind the back of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]. He was also known as an author, political activist, and professor from early in his adult life. As prime minister, he [[patriation|patriated]] the [[Canada Act 1982|Canadian Constitution]] from the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] to Canada and incorporated in it the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]].
The Soviets modified the truncated cone turret used on the BTR-70 for the BTR-80 by redesigning the mantlet. This allows the 14.5-mm and coaxial 7.62-mm machine guns to be elevated to a maximum of 60 degrees. This high angle of fire is useful in engaging targets on steep mountainsides, such as those in Afghanistan. It may also give the BTR-80 increased air defense capability. The Soviets have also modified the design and positioning of the firings ports; the ports are now round, rather than tear-shaped, and have ball mounts similar to those used on the BMP. The forward firing ports now sit in angled recesses which allow the individual weapons to fire to the front of the vehicle.
The redesigned side doors are split horizontally. The upper portion opens forward; this gives dismounting troops some protection against small arms fire from the front of the vehicle. The lower portion opens down, forming a step. Six smoke grenade projectors are mounted on the rear of the turret. Armor protection, particularly in the frontal 60-degree arc, has probably increased.
==Early life and career==
Born in Montreal, Trudeau earned a law degree at the [[Université de Montréal]] in 1943, followed by a master's in political economy at [[Harvard]]. During his attendance at the Université de Montréal, Trudeau was conscripted into the army, and joined the Canadian Officers Training Corps under the [[World War II|wartime]] ''National Resources Mobilization Act'' of [[1940]]. Trudeau served with other conscripts of his time, in the home guard, since it was only later, starting in 1944, that some conscripts were sent overseas. The vast majority of those sent overseas were volunteers. He said he was willing to become involved in the war, but he believed that to do so would be to turn his back on a Quebec population he considered to have been betrayed by the Mackenzie King government. In a [[1942]] [[Outremont]] by-election, he campaigned for the Quebec anti-conscription candidate Jean Drapeau (see [[Conscription Crisis of 1944]]), and was eventually expelled from the Officers' Training Corps for lack of discipline. After the war, he attended the ''[[Institut d'études politiques de Paris]]'' in [[Paris]] in 1946-47, and spent the following year at the [[London School of Economics]].
==Limitations==
From the late [[1940s]] through the mid-[[1960s]], Trudeau was primarily based in [[Montreal]] and was seen by many as an intellectual. In 1949, he was an active supporter of workers in the [[Asbestos Strike]]. In 1956, he edited an important book on the subject, ''La grève de l'amiante'', which argued that the strike was a seminal event in Quebec's history, marking the beginning of resistance to the conservative, [[francophone]] clerical establishment and [[anglophone]] business class that had long ruled the province. Throughout the 1950s, Trudeau was a leading figure in the opposition to the repressive rule of [[Premier of Quebec]] [[Maurice Duplessis]] as the founder and editor of ''[[Cité Libre]],'' a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the [[Quiet Revolution]].
The side firing ports are angled forward. This design prevents mounted infantrymen from engaging targets directly to the sides and rear of the vehicle with small arms fire.
==Remarks==
Trudeau was interested in [[Marxist]] ideas in the [[1940s]]. In the 1950s and early 1960s, he was a supporter of the [[social democracy|social democratic]] [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] party. During the 1950s, he was [[blacklisted]] by the United States, and prevented from entering that country because of a visit to a conference in Moscow (where he was briefly arrested for throwing a snowball at a statue of Stalin), and because he subscribed to a number of leftist publications. Trudeau later appealed the ban, and had it lifted.
In 1984, the Soviets began production of a dieselized variant of the BTR-70, which they called the BTR-80. The Soviets have retrofitted some BTR-70s with several of the improvements incorporated into the BTR-80, including the high-angle-of-fire turret.
His views evolved towards a liberal position in favour of individual rights counter to the state and made him an opponent of [[Quebec nationalism]]. In economic theory he was influenced by professors [[Joseph Schumpeter]] and [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], while he was at Harvard. Trudeau criticized the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] of [[Lester Pearson]] when it supported arming [[Bomarc|Bomarc nuclear missiles]] in Canada with nuclear warheads. Nevertheless, he was persuaded to join the party in 1965 with his friends [[Gérard Pelletier]] and [[Jean Marchand]]. The "three wise men" ran for the Liberals and were elected in the [[Canadian federal election, 1965|1965 election]]. Trudeau was appointed two years later to Pearson's [[Canadian cabinet|cabinet]] as Minister of Justice.
[[Image:Btr-80-color.jpg|Thumb|Left|300px|BTR-80]]
==Justice minister==
As justice minister, Pierre Trudeau was responsible for removing laws against [[homosexuality]] from the [[Criminal Code of Canada]], famously remarking: "The view we take here is that there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation." He also liberalized [[divorce]] laws, and clashed with Quebec [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], during constitutional negotiations.
==Versions==
At the end of Canada's [[centennial]] year in [[1967]], Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down. Trudeau was persuaded to run for the Liberal leadership, and ran an energetic campaign that mobilized and inspired many youths who had been influenced by the [[1960s]] [[counterculture]], and who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change.
* BTR-80 - armoured personnel carrier
* BTR-80K - Commander APC
* BTR-80A - APC with 30 mm gun as primary weapon
* BTR-80S - APC
==Users==
At the April [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership convention, 1968|1968 Liberal leadership convention]], Trudeau was elected leader of the party on the fourth ballot, defeating several prominent, long-serving Liberals including [[Paul Martin, Sr.]], [[Robert Winters]] and [[Paul Hellyer]]. Some wondered if he was too liberal and radical for the nation's top job, and his views led to some initial alienation from the party's conservative wing. However, he benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called "[[Trudeaumania]]" which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths.
There are over 5000 BTR-80s in service in various armies around the world.
[[Afghanistan]], [[Algeria]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Belarus]], [[Estonia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Hungary]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[South Korea]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], [[North Korea]], [[Russian Federation]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkey]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Uzbekistan]]
A significant moment in the [[Canadian federal election, 1968|1968 federal election]] occurred during the annual [[Fête nationale du Québec|Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day]] parade when rioting Quebec [[Quebec separatism|separatists]] threw rocks and bottles at the bandstand where Trudeau was seated. Defying his aides' pleas to take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat fearlessly facing the rioters. The image of the young politician showing such courage impressed the Canadian populace, and he handily won the election the next day.
==Prime minister==
[[Image:Elizabethcanadavisit1977.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Queen Elizabeth II delivering a [[Speech from the Throne]] to the Parliament in the summer of 1977, with Trudeau looking on.]]
As prime minister, Trudeau espoused [[participatory democracy]] as a means of making Canada a "Just Society". His desire for greater citizen involvement in government appears to have been frustrated by lack of support within his party, and he later opposed greater involvement for citizens in representative democracy. He vigorously defended the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programs as means of making society more just.
During the [[October Crisis]] of 1970, when ''[[Front de libération du Québec]]'' (FLQ) terrorists kidnapped Quebec Labour Minister, [[Pierre Laporte]] (who was later murdered) and British Trade Consul [[James Cross]], Trudeau responded by invoking the ''[[War Measures Act]]'', which put the nation under temporary [[martial law]]. Although this response is still controversial and was opposed as excessive by figures like [[Tommy Douglas]], it was met with only limited objections from the public. Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis, answering the question of how far he would go to stop the terrorists with "Just watch me!" Five of the FLQ terrorists were flown to Cuba in 1970 as part of a deal in exchange for James Cross' life, but all members were eventually arrested. The five flown to Cuba were arrested after they returned to Canada years later.
In 1971, the bachelor prime minister married Vancouver socialite [[Margaret Trudeau|Margaret Sinclair]], a woman who, at 22, was less than half Trudeau's age. They had three children and were the subject of enormous press coverage before their well-publicized legal separation in 1977. Their divorce was finalized in 1984.
In the [[Canadian federal election, 1972|election of 1972]], Trudeau's Liberal Party won with a [[minority government]], with the [[New Democratic Party]] holding the [[balance of power]]. In the [[Canadian federal election, 1974|election of 1974]], Trudeau was re-elected with a [[majority government]]. Trudeau's government policy of official [[Bilingualism in Canada|bilingualism]] was one of several issues in both elections.
==Defeat and opposition==
In the [[Canadian federal election, 1979|election of 1979]], Trudeau's government was defeated by the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservatives]], led by [[Joe Clark]], who formed a [[minority government]]. Trudeau announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader; however, before a [[leadership convention]] could be held, Clark's government was defeated in the [[Canadian House of Commons]] by a [[Motion of Non-Confidence]]. The Liberal Party persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election. Trudeau defeated Clark in the [[Canadian federal election, 1980|February 1980 election]], and won a [[majority government]].
==Return to power==
Two very significant events for Canada occurred during Trudeau's final term in office. The first was the defeat of the [[1980 Quebec referendum]] proposal on Quebec [[independence]], called by ''[[Parti Québécois]]'' governemnt [[René Lévesque]]. Secondly, Trudeau's likely most enduring legacy, was the successful [[1982]] [[patriation]] of the [[Constitution of Canada]] and the additional [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. Quebec refusal to agree to the new constitution is the source of continued acrimony between the federal and Quebec governments.
On [[February 29]], [[1984]] (a leap day), after a famous "long walk in the snow", Trudeau decided to step down as prime minister, ending his 16-year rule of Canada.
==Final years==
[[Image:trudeau2.jpg|right|Trudeau in his later years.]]
In retirement, Trudeau rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press. However, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the [[Meech Lake Accord]] and [[Charlottetown Accord]] proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. His opposition was a critical factor leading to the defeat of the two proposals. He also spoke out against [[Jacques Parizeau]] and the ''Parti Québécois'' with less effect. In his final years, Trudeau commanded respect in English Canada, but was regarded with suspicion in Quebec due to his role in the 1982 constitutional deal which was seen to have excluded the province. Trudeau also remained active in international affairs, visiting foreign leaders and participating in international associations such as the [[Club of Rome]].
In the last years of his life, Trudeau was afflicted with [[Parkinson's disease]], and became less active, although he continued to work at his law office until a few months before his death. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, [[Michel Trudeau]], who was killed in an avalanche in November 1998.
===Death===
{{main|Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau}}
Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on [[September 28]], [[2000]], and is buried in the Trudeau family crypt, St-Remi-de-Napierville Cemetery, Saint-Remi, Quebec. He is survived by his ex-wife Margaret, his sons [[Justin Trudeau]] and [[Alexandre Trudeau|Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau]], a journalist, and his daughter, Sarah, whom he fathered with [[Deborah Coyne]]. During the [[State funeral of Pierre Trudeau|funeral services]], Justin delivered an emotional yet articulate eulogy [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-307-1620-21/unforgettable_moments/life_society/justin_trudeau_eulogy] that led to wide speculation that a career in politics was in his future.
==Honours and awards==
Effective [[January 1]], [[2004]] Montréal-Dorval International Airport was renamed [[Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport]] (YUL).
A plan to rename [[Mount Logan]], Canada's highest mountain, for Trudeau was considered, but ultimately rejected. A plan is under consideration to name a mountain in British Columbia's [[Cariboo Range]] for the prime minister. The peak is located in the "Premier Range", which has many peaks named for British and Canadian prime ministers.[http://www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2004/09/28/trudeau_mount.html]
The Canadian news agency [[Canadian Press]] named Trudeau "[[Canadian Newsmaker of the Year|Newsmaker of the Year]]" a record 10 times, including every year from [[1968]] to [[1975]]. (The other two times were in [[1978]] and [[2000]].) In [[1999]], CP also named Trudeau "Newsmaker of the [[20th century|20th Century]]." Trudeau declined to give CP an interview on that occasion, but said in a letter that he was "surprised and pleased." In many informal polls conducted by Canadian internet sites, users also widely agreed with the "Newsmaker of the 20th Century" honour.
In [[2004]], viewers of the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] series ''[[The Greatest Canadian]]'' voted Trudeau the third greatest Canadian.
==Legacy==
[[Image:Williams pavelic blue 000.jpg|thumb|200px|Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's official portrait by Myfanwy Pavelic.]]
Many Canadians, particularly in western Canada, disliked Trudeau and his policies. Trudeau's policies were thought by many westerners to favour [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], at the expense of [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]]. On a visit to [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], he quipped: "Why should I sell the Canadian farmers' wheat?" (This was actually in the context of a longer comment in which he answered his own question, but is rarely remembered as such.)
One particularly unpopular policy in the West was the [[National Energy Program]]. His imposition of the ''War Measures Act'', on the written request of the Premier of Quebec and the Mayor of Montreal, which received general support at the time, is remembered by some, especially in Quebec, as an attack on democracy. Though his popularity had fallen in English Canada at the time of his retirement in 1984, public opinion later became much more sympathetic to him, particularly in comparison to his successor, [[Brian Mulroney]].
Some people consider Trudeau's economic policies to have been a weak point. [[Inflation]] and [[unemployment]] marred much of his term and, when he left office, the national debt and deficit were at all time high levels. However, these trends were present in most western countries at the time, they continued after he left office, and the role Trudeau played in them is debatable.
The value of the [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] continues to be debated in some quarters. The [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] has ruled that the Charter does not apply to [[common law]], although it ruled that the common law must be applied in such a way that it is in the spirit of the Charter, and its [[notwithstanding clause]] has occasionally been used (by Quebec for a few years after its enactment) to circumvent its provisions. The Supreme Court has described situations in which charter rights can be superceded and withdrawn. Canadians remain subject to [[double jeopardy]], in the sense that the Crown retains the right to appeal acquittals (a right upheld by the Supreme Court in 1988 as consistent with the Charter), and Canadian libel laws still do not incorporate a presumption of innocence. The Trudeau government did remove the right of courts to substitute a conviction for an acquittal on appeal (the so-called [[Henry Morgentaler|Morgentaler]] amendment) in 1975, but the Charter does not provide further protections against double jeopardy.
The Charter and [[Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982|section 35]] of the ''[[Constitution Act of 1982]]'' have clarified issues of aboriginal rights. For example, it has been used to establish the previously denied aboriginal rights of [[Metis (people)|Métis]]. The Charter has also been used to extend the rights of women, gays and lesbians, and minorities. Hundreds of [[federal]] and [[Canadian province|provincial]] statutes were rewritten in order to comply with the Charter and many others have been struck down as unconstitutional. Most notably the law restricting [[abortion]] was struck down in 1989, and, in 2003, Canadian courts ruled that restrictions against [[same-sex marriage]] were unconstitutional. There is as much controversy when the courts interpret Charter rights broadly as there is when the courts restrict or qualify them. Overall, the Charter receives wide public support in Canada.
===Cultural legacy===
Few outside the museum community recall the tremendous efforts Trudeau made, in the last years of his tenure, to see to it that the [[National Gallery of Canada]] and the [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]] finally had proper homes in the National capital. The Trudeau government also implemented programs which helped develop the Canadian [[film]] industry.
===Legacy with respect to Quebec===
Trudeau's legacy in Quebec is mixed. Nationalist Quebecers have often portrayed his policy of bilingualism not as an exercise in establishing equity, but as an exercise in the assimilation of the French into a monolithic anglophone Canada.
On the other hand, many credit his actions during the [[October Crisis]] as crucial in terminating the [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route. Trudeau is also credited by many for defeat of the [[1980 Quebec referendum]]. In the debates between Trudeau and Levesque, Canadians were treated to a contest between two highly intelligent, articulate and bilingual politicians who, despite being bitterly opposed, were each committed to the democratic process.
===Bilingualism===
[[Bilingualism in Canada|Official bilingualism]] has been integrated into all levels of the federal government and the civil service to the extent that virtually all government services are provided in both official languages, anywhere in the country. However, the only officially bilingual provincial government is [[New Brunswick]].
While official [[bilingualism]] has settled some of the grievances francophones had towards the federal government, many francophones had hoped that Canadians would be able to function in the official language of their choice no matter where in the country they were.
Bilingualism did not bring about the fully bilingual and bicultural nation desired by many. Nor has the original target that half of all high school graduates be bilingual been met. However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated; Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. In fact, Trudeau's vision was to see Canada as a bilingual confederation in which ''all'' cultures would have a place. This is described in the following way in his epitaph:
:... Never wavering from his vision of Canada as a strong united federation with equality among provinces and guaranteed rights for individuals, Trudeau was determined to secure a full and equal place for all Canadians in a bilingual, multicultural Canada.
This was not the vision of Quebec separatists nor even many moderate Quebec nationalists (as noted above). Bilingualism was also opposed by some English-Canadians, particularly in western Canada, who saw it as either a waste of money or as "French being rammed down [their] throats" and a threat to their rights. The [[Reform Party of Canada]] initially reflected this sentiment with its opposition to bilingualism. However, anti-bilingual feelings have faded as the fears of opponents have failed to be realized and the Reform Party's successors have reconciled themselves to the policy.
Despite the opposition to the policy, the number of bilingual Canadians has increased in the past thirty years and federal government language services vastly improved across the country. As well, one can receive English or French language radio and television almost anywhere in Canada, something that was not the case prior to official bilingualism. Moreover, Canada is now one of the most multicultural countries in the world—and this is as true in large urban centres in Quebec as elsewhere across the country.
===Constitutional legacy===
Trudeau's most enduring legacy is the 1982 [[Canadian constitution]]. Many hail his creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in the [[1982]] constitution as having had a profoundly positive effect on the nation. It is seen as advancing [[civil rights]] and liberties and, notwithstanding clause aside, has become for many Canadians a deeply respected institution.
Nevertheless, the [[patriation]] of the constitution was referred to as the [[Night of the Long Knives (1981)|Night of the Long Knives]] in Quebec, and created a strong feeling (Trudeau would call it a myth) of Quebec being left out of Confederation. This grievance was exacerbated by the failures of the [[Meech Lake Accord|Meech Lake]] and [[Charlottetown Accord|Charlottetown Accords]] which Trudeau, though no longer in office, helped to defeat. The failure of the two accords revived long-dormant support for separatism in Quebec, eventually leading to the extremely close [[1995 Quebec referendum]] on sovereignty, nearly bringing about the very result that Trudeau had so passionately opposed.
===Overview===
While Pierre Trudeau had no viable political opposition in Quebec at the federal level in his time (for instance, his Liberal party captured 74 out of 75 Quebec [[seat]]s in the [[Canadian federal election, 1980|1980 federal election]]), Quebecers characteristically hedged their bets by twice electing the diametrically opposed, pro-sovereignty ''[[Parti Québécois]]'' at the provincial level. (At the time, there was no pro-sovereignty federal party like today's [[Bloc Québécois]].) His legacy within Quebec is somewhat mixed, and he is seen by many Quebecers, particularly in the media, academic and political establishments as a ''vendu'' (sellout). While his reputation has grown in English Canada since his retirement in 1984, it has not improved in Quebec.
Trudeau remains well regarded by many Canadians. The passage of time has softened some of the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents, although the naming of the airport after him still generated some controversy.
Trudeau is seen by many as embodying the spirit of his age: youth, ambition, and anti-conformism. His energy, charisma, and confidence as prime minister are often cited as reasons for his popularity even though a large number of Canadians disapproved of his policies.
{{start box}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Prime Minister of Canada]]|
before=[[Lester Bowles Pearson|Lester Pearson]]|
years=1968 – 1979|
after=[[Joe Clark]]
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Prime Minister of Canada]]|
before=[[Joe Clark]]|
years=1980 – 1984|
after=[[John Turner]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Lester Pearson]]|
title=[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Leader]]|
years=1968-1984|
after=[[John Turner]]
}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mount Royal (federal electoral district)|
Member of Parliament for Mount Royal]]|
before=[[Alan Macnaughton]]|
after=[[Sheila Finestone]]|
years=[[1965]]-[[1984]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{wikiquote}}
==See also==
*[[Politics of Canada]]
*[[List of Canadian general elections]]
*[[Timeline of Canadian history]]
*[[History of the Quebec sovereignist movement]]
*[[Prime Minister nicknaming in Quebec]]
*[[Night of the Long Knives (1981)]]
*[[Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau]]
==External links==
*[http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/btr-80.htm FAS page]
*[http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/readings/trudeau.htm Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Quebec and the Constitution]
*[http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/docs/patriate/index.htm Exchange of correspondence between Pierre E. Trudeau and René Lévesque on the patriation of the Canadian constitution, 1981-1982]
* [http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/politics/Pierre_Trudeau.htm canadahistory.com biography]
* [http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/pm/trudeau_e.asp Gravesite of the Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau]
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-73/politics_economy/trudeaumania/ Trudeaumania: A Swinger for Prime Minister] (CBC Archives)
{{canPM}}
== See also ==
[[de:Pierre Trudeau]]
*[[BTR-152]]
[[fr:Pierre Elliott Trudeau]]
*[[BTR-60]], [[BTR-70]], [[BTR-94]]
[[io:Pierre Trudeau]]
[[pl:Pierre Trudeau]]
[[pt:Pierre Elliott Trudeau]]
[[zh:皮埃尔·特鲁多]]
{{Template:Modern IFV and APC}}
[[Category:1919 births|Trudeau, Pierre]]
[[Category:2000Armoured deaths|Trudeau,personnel Pierrecarriers]]
[[Category:CanadianRussian lawyers|Trudeau,and PierreSoviet armored personnel carriers]]
[[Category:Canadian Prime Ministers|Trudeau, Pierre]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada|Trudeau]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Canada|Trudeau, Pierre]]
[[Category:Members of Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Trudeau, Pierre]]
[[Category:People from Quebec|Trudeau, Pierre]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada|Trudeau, Pierre]]
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