Broadband networks and Constantine II of Greece: Difference between pages

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The future telecommunication networks should have the following characteristics: [[broadband]], ''multi-media'', ''multi-point'', ''multi-rate'' and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services) [[#REF|[1]]][[#REF|[2]]]. The [[Broadband integrated services digital network]] (B-ISDN) provides these characteristics to a network. [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM) is a target technology for meeting these requirements and is widely deployed as a broadband network [[#REF|[2]]].

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|{{House of Oldenburg (Glucksburg-Greece)}}

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[[Image:King Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie.jpg|thumb|left||270px|'''King Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie''']]

'''Constantine II''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] '''Κωνσταντίνος Β'''', born [[June 2]], [[1940]]), was the last [[List of Kings of Greece|King of Greece]] from [[March 6]], [[1964]] to [[June 1]], [[1973]]. His official title was '''King of the Hellenes''' ('''Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων''').

He was a son of [[Paul of Greece]] and [[Frederika of Hanover]]. At the age of 20 he competed in the [[1960 Olympics]] in Rome representing [[Greece]] and won Gold medal in [[sailing]] (Gold Dragon Class).

== Modern communication services ==

=== Rule ===

Society is becoming more informationally and visually oriented every day. Personal computing facilitates easy access, manipulation, storage, and exchange of information. These processes require reliable transmission of data information. Communicating documents by images and the use of high resolution graphics terminals provide a more natural and informative mode of human interaction than just voice and data. Video teleconferencing enhances group interaction at a distance. High definition entertainment video improves the quality of picture at the expense of higher transmission bit-rates, which may require new transmission means other than the present overcrowded radio spectrum [[#REF|[3]]][[#REF|[4]]]. A modern telecommunications network (such as the broadband network) must provide all these different services (''multi-services'') to the user.

As king, Constantine had a turbulent relationship with his prime minister, [[George Papandreou, senior|George Papandreou]], a [[centrism|centrist]]. Papandreou's resignation in [[1965]], after a clash with Constantine over control of the military, led to turmoil in the country, and culminated in a [[military coup]] on [[April 21]] [[1967]], which resulted in a [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|7 year miliary regime]]. In December of that year, Constantine and his family fled to [[Rome]], [[Italy]], after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the ruling junta.

== Differences between traditional (telephony) and modern communication services ==

=== Abolition of the Monarchy ===

Conventional telephony communicates using:

The monarchy continued in his absence under regents. In [[1973]], the predominatly royalist [[Hellenic Navy]] staged an abortive attempt to overthrow the military regime. The military regime subsequently retaliated by abolishing the monarchy and declaring a republic. In 1974, the new democratic regime under [[Constantine Karamanlis]] held a second democratic referendum, which confirmed the monarchy's abolition, with the monarchy receiving only one third of all votes cast. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] who had just won a resounding victory (54% of the vote in a general election) had formally declared his neutrality in the referendum, although he was rumoured to be against the monarchy. However, many voters of his party were traditionally in favour the monarchy and it is certain that those who voted for the monarchy had previously voted for Karamanlis. All other parties represented in Parliament had declared for a republic. Both the centrists and the left of centre [[PASOK]], who considered themselves heirs of the Venizelist tradition, as well as the communist left, were historically against the monarchy. Opponents of the monarchy ridiculed Constantine's personality, the fact that he swore in the junta government in 1967, and his reluctance to sever all ties with the junta once in exile. In addition, the opposition collectively blamed Constantine II for the serious political crisis that had led to the coup in the first place. Proponents of the monarchy stress that Constantine staged a counter-coup against the military regime in 1967, thus losing his throne.

* the voice medium only,

* connects only two telephones per call, and

* uses circuits of fixed bit-rates.

=== After the abolition ===

In contrast, modern communication services depart from the conventional telephony service in these three essential aspects. Modern communication services can be:

Constantine was not formally exiled nor stripped of his property or citizenship after the referendum. Still, it seems he was formally discouraged from visiting Greece as he did so only once, very briefly, in February 1981 for the funeral of his mother, Queen Frederika. There were also legal disputes with the Greek state, since Constantine was unable or unwilling to pay the heavy taxes on his property in Greece. In the early 1990s Constantine started appearing more in the newly created private television channels and thus became more "visible" in Greece. In 1992 he concluded an agreement with the government under [[Constantine Mitsotakis]] ceding most of his land in Greece to a non-profit foundation in exchange for the former palace of Tatoi and the right to export a large number of movables from Greece. In 1993 he attempted a first visit to Greece which however did not end well as the government, irritated by his "tour" around Greece and by increasingly loud protests from the opposition, asked him to leave. In 1994, the government of [[PASOK]] which had by then succeeded Mitsotakis passed new legislation reversing the 1992 "deal" and stripping Constantine of his property in Greece and his Greek citizenship.

* multi-media,

* multi-point, and

* multi-rate.

Constantine has since sued Greece before the [[European Court of Human Rights]], claiming ownership of lands worth in excess of €550 million. He won only partially, receiving only €4 million for the lost property. The Greek government paid this sum (out of the "disasters of nature" budget, as a means of making a public statement), but was not obliged by the court decision to return any lands.

These aspects are examined individually in the following three sub-sections [[#REF|[5]]].

A law stating that Constantine cannot be granted a Greek passport unless he signs a formal declaration recognising the Republic still remains in force. Constantine refuses to comply as a matter of principle. However, he now travels in and out of Greece without problems, on a Danish royal passport (as "King Constantine of Greece"), and has done so several times in the past few years. Because of the [[Schengen agreements]] the Greek government cannot refuse him entry.

The monarchy eventually was overthrown but their tittles and styles are oficcially recognized by the Danish Royal Family.

He is oficially styled in Denmark as '''His Majesty King Constantine of Greece'''

=== Multi-mediaPublic Opinion ===

As a young prince, Constantine was a popular [[socialite]], gaining popularity for his athletic achievements (including his Olympic medal), and his tendency to mix with other Athenians at social functions and athletic events. According to some sources, his rise to the throne was widely welcomed by the population who had hoped that he would lead the country to a more modern and more open period. The young king instead chose to continue the conservative ways of his father, a fact many blamed on the influence of his mother, Frederika.

A multi-media call may communicate audio, data, still images, or full-motion video, or any combination of these media. Each medium has different demands for communication qualities, such as:

To this day, many Greek people and most Greek politicians blame Constantine II for the chaos that had led to the 1967 coup. [[Constantine Karamanlis]] dismissively described Constantine as ''Paul's naughty little boy''. Karamanlis was also scathing in his radio address in the evening of [[December 8]], 1974, as the polling returns became known. "A [[carcinoma]] was resected today from the body of the nation" he declared, succinctly epitomising the public mood.

* [[bandwidth]] requirement,

* signal [[latency]] within the network, and

* signal fidelity upon delivery by the network.

Moreover, the information content of each medium may affect the information generated by other media. For example, voice could be transcribed into data via voice recognition and data commands may control the way voice and video are presented. These interactions most often occur at the communication terminals, but may also occur within the network [[#REF|[2]]][[#REF|[3]]].

=== Multi-point ===

A multi-point call involves the setup of connections among more than two people. These connections can be multi-media. They can be one way or two way communications. These connections may be reconfigured many times within the duration of a call.

A few examples will be used to contrast point-to-point communications versus multi-point communications. Traditional voice calls are predominantly two party calls, requiring a point-to-point connection using only the voice medium. To access pictorial information in a remote database would require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database, and high bit-rate video from the database. Entertainment video applications are largely point-to-multi-point connections, requiring one way communication of full motion video and audio from the program source to the viewers. Video teleconferencing involves connections among many parties, communicating voice, video, as well as data. Thus offering future services requires flexible management of the connection and media requests of a multi-point, multi-media communication call [[#REF|[3]]][[#REF|[4]]].

=== Multi-rate ===

A multi-rate service network is one which allocates transmission capacity flexibly to connections. A multi-media network has to support a broad range of bit-rates demanded by connections, not only because there are many communication media, but also because a communication medium may be encoded by algorithms with different bit-rates. For example, audio signals can be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 kbit/s to hundreds of kbit/s, using different encoding algorithms with a wide range of complexity and quality of audio reproduction. Similarly, full motion video signals may be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 Mbit/s to hundreds of Mbit/s. Thus a network transporting both video and audio signals may have to integrate traffic with a very broad range of bit-rates [[#REF|[3]]][[#REF|[5]]].

== A single network for multiple services ==

=== Traditional networks ===

Traditionally, the various services mentioned above were carried via separate networks – voice on the telephone network, data on computer networks or local area networks ([[LAN]]s), video teleconferencing on private corporate networks, and television on [[broadcast]] radio or cable networks.

These networks are largely engineered for a specific application and are not suited for other applications. For example, the traditional telephone network is too noisy and inefficient for bursty data communication. On the other hand, data networks which store and forward messages using computers have very limited connectivity, usually do not have sufficient bandwidth for digitised voice and video signals, and suffer from unacceptable delays for the real-time signals. Television networks using the radio or the cable medium are largely broadcast networks with minimum switching facilities [[#REF|[2]]][[#REF|[3]]].

=== Benefits of a single network for multiple services ===

It is desirable to have a single network for providing all these communication services in order to achieve the economy of sharing. This economy motivates the general idea of an integrated services network. Integration avoids the need for many overlaying networks, which complicate network management and reduce the flexibility in the introduction and evolution of services. This integration is made possible with the advances in broadband technologies and high speed information processing [[#REF|[2]]][[#REF|[3]]].

== Broadband Traffic ==

=== Types of traffic carried by the network ===

Modern networks have to carry integrated traffic consisting of voice, video and data. The [[Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network]] (B-ISDN) satisfies these needs [[#REF|[7]]]. The types of traffic supported by a broadband network can be classified according to three characteristics [[#REF|[6]]]:

* [[Bandwidth]]: is the amount of network capacity required to support a connection

* [[Latency]]: is the amount of delay associated with a connection. Requesting low latency in the [[Quality of Service]] (QoS) profile means that the cells need to travel quickly from one point in the network to another.

* Cell-delay variation (CDV): is the range of delays experienced by each group of associated cells. Low cell-delay variation means a group of cells must travel through the network without getting too far apart from one another.

=== Requirements of the different types of traffic ===

The different types of traffic found in a broadband network (with examples) and their respective requirements are summarized in Table 1.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"

|+ Table 1: Network traffic types and their requirements [[#REF|[6]]]

! TRAFFIC TYPE !! EXAMPLE !! REQUIRED BANDWIDTH !! CELL-DELAY VARIATION !! LATENCY

|-

| Constant || Voice, Guaranteed circuit emulation || Minimal || Low ||

|-

| Variable || Compressed Video || Guaranteed || Variable || Low

|-

| Available || Data || Not guaranteed || Widely variable || Variable

|}

In more recent years, his legal battles again the Greek state became the fodder of bad publicity. His family's insistence on using royal titles is frequently mocked in the press, where he is most frequently referred to simply as "o teos" ("the former").

=== See alsoFamily ===

In [[1964]] King Constantine married Queen [[Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]], born Princess of [[Denmark]], and sister of the current Danish Queen, [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe II]]. His heir, should the throne ever be restored, is [[Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece|Crown Prince Pavlos]]. Constantine II's sister, [[Queen Sofia of Spain|Sofia]], is married to King [[Juan Carlos of Spain]].

* [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM)

* [[Teletraffic Engineering in Broadband Networks]]

* [[Broadband]]

* [[Circuit-switched]] networks

* [[Packet-switched]] networks

Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie live in exile in [[London]], [[England]] , where the exiled monarch is a close friend of [[Charles, Prince of Wales|The Prince of Wales]] and a godfather to [[Prince William of Wales]].

== <div id="REF">References</div> ==

Children:

[1] ATM Congestion Control, Fang Lu, http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis788-95/ftp/atm_cong/index.html, Last accessed 1 March 2005.

*[[Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark]], born on [[July 10|10 July]] [[1965]] at Mon Repos, [[Corfu]], [[Greece]]. She was married on [[July 9|9 July]] [[1999]] in [[London]], [[England]] to [[Carlos Morales Quintana]] who was born on [[December 31]] [[1970]] at [[Lanzarote]], [[Spain]].

**Their Children:

***[[Arrietta Morales y de Grecia]], born on [[24 February]] [[2002]] in [[Barcelona]].

***[[Ana-Maria Morales y de Grecia]], born on [[15 May]] [[2003]] in [[Barcelona]].

***[[Carlos Morales y de Grecia]], born on [[30 July]] [[2005]] in [[Barcelona]].

*[[Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece]], Prince of [[Denmark]], born on [[May 20|20 May]] [[1967]] at [[Tatoi|Tatoi Palace]] in Athens, Greece. He was married on [[July 1|1 July]] [[1995]] in [[London]], [[England]] to [[Marie-Chantal Miller]], who was thereafter Crown Princess Pavlos. She was born on [[September 17|17 September]] [[1968]] in [[London]], [[England]].

**Their Children:

***[[Maria Olympia]], Princess of [[Greece]] and [[Denmark]], born on [[July 25|25 July]] [[1996]] in [[New York City]], [[United States|USA]].

***[[Constantine Alexios]], Prince of [[Greece]] and [[Denmark]], born on [[October 29|29 October]] [[1998]] in New York City, USA.

***[[Achileas Andrea]], Prince of [[Greece]] and [[Denmark]], born on [[August 12|12 August]] [[2000]] in New York City, USA.

***[[Odysseus Kimon]], Prince of [[Greece]] and [[Denmark]], born on [[September 17]], [[2004]] in London.

*[[Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark]], born on [[October 1|1 October]] [[1969]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]].

*[[Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark]], born on [[June 9|9 June]] [[1983]] in [[London]], [[England]].

*[[Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark]], born on [[April 26|26 April]] [[1986]] in [[London]], [[England]].

{{start box}}

[2] Hiroshi Saito, Teletraffic Technologies in ATM Networks, Artech House, 1993. ISBN 0-89006-622-1.

{{succession box|title=[[King of the Hellenes]]|before=[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]|after=Republic'''<br> ([[Georgios Papadopoulos]], President)|years=1964&ndash;1973}}

{{end box}}

{{start box}}

[3] Hui J., “Switching and traffic theory for integrated broadband networks”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990. ISBN 0-7923-9061-X.

{{succession box |

before=[[Mireille von Hanover]] |

title=[[Line of succession to the British throne]] |

after=[[Irene of Greece]] |

years=}}

{{end box}}

[4] Sexton M., Reid A., “Broadband Networking: ATM, SDH and SONET”, Artech House Inc., Boston, London, 1997. ISBN 0-89006-578-0.

[[Category:Greek heads of state]]

[5] Ferguson P., Huston G., “Quality of Service: Delivering QoS on the Internet and in Corporate Networks”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-471-24358-2.

[[Category:Greek monarchs]]

[[Category:1940 births]]

[[Category:House of Glücksburg]]

[6] ATM Traffic Control, Mark Juliano, http://www.byte.com/art/9412/sec10/art5.htm, Last accessed 3 March 2005.

[[bg:Константинос II]]

[7] Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks, Invited submission to Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, Vol 28 (1996), 1723-1738, Raj Jain, http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~jain/papers/ftp/cnis/index.html, Last accessed 7 March 2005.

[[de:Konstantin II. (Griechenland)]]

[[el:Κωνσταντίνος Β' της Ελλάδας]]

[[nl:Konstantijn II van Griekenland]]

[[pl:Konstantyn II (król Grecji)]]

[[sv:Konstantin II av Grekland]]