Mohammed Rafi and List of IEC standards: Difference between pages

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In order to distinguish standards published by the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] numerically from other [[international standard]]s, their number range was shifted in 1997 by adding 60000. So what used to be called IEC 27 is now officially IEC 60027, and so on. However, the old numbers remain commonly used. [http://www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv/faqs/faqs_M-P.htm#numbering]

[[Image:Normal MohdRafi08022005.jpg|thumb|right|'''Mohammad Rafi''']]

'''Mohammed Rafi''' ([[December 24]], [[1924]] - [[July 31]], [[1980]]) is perhaps the most famous [[Hindi]] [[playback singer]] of yesteryears. Rafi still remains popular in [[South Asia]] and in countries like [[UK]], [[Kenya]], [[West Indies]] etc. where South Asian immigrants have settled. He continues to inspire many new Bollywood playback singers like [[Sonu Nigam]].

This is an incomplete list of IEC standards that includes many of the more widely known and used ones:

Along with [[Lata Mangeshkar]], he shares the [[Guinness Book of Records|record]] for having sung the greatest number of songs, approximately 26,000 during his film career spanning 40 years (from [[1940]] to [[1980]]) But less than 5,000 songs can be verified. Rafi has also sung a large number of songs with [[Geeta Dutt]] and [[Asha Bhonsle]].

* [[IEC 60027]] Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology

His songs ranged from [[Indian classical music|classical]] numbers to patriotic songs, sad lamentations to highly romantic numbers, [[qawaali]]s to [[ghazal]]s and [[bhajan]]s, and from slow melancholic tunes to fast fun filled songs. He had a strong command of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] and a powerful range that could accommodate this variety.

* IEC 60038 IEC Standard Voltages

* IEC 60050 International electrotechnical vocabulary

* IEC 60063 [[Preferred number]] series for resistors and capacitors

* IEC 60086 Primary [[batteries]]

* IEC 60094 Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems

** IEC 60094-5 Electrical magnetic tape properties

** IEC 60094-6 Reel-to-reel systems

** IEC 60094-7 Cassette for commercial tape records and domestic use

* IEC 60096 Radio-frequency cables

* IEC 60134 Absolute maximum and design ratings of tube and semiconductor devices

* IEC 60169 Radio-frequency connectors

** IEC 60169-8 [[BNC connector]], 50 ohm

** IEC 60169-9 [[SMC connector]], 50 ohm

** IEC 60169-10 [[SMB connector]], 50 ohm

** IEC 60169-15 [[N connector]], 50 ohm or 75 ohm

** IEC 60169-16 [[SMA connector]], 50 ohm

** IEC 60169-16 [[TNC connector]], 50 ohm

** IEC 60169-24 [[F connector]], 75 ohm

* [[IEC 60228]] Conductors of insulated cables

* IEC 60238 Edison screw lampholders

* IEC 60268 Sound system equipment

** IEC 60268-1 General

** IEC 60268-2 Explanation of general terms and calculation methods

** IEC 60268-3 Amplifiers

** IEC 60268-4 Microphones

** IEC 60268-5 Loudspeakers

** IEC 60268-6 Auxilliary passive elements

** IEC 60268-7 Headphones and earphones

** IEC 60268-8 Automatic gain control devices

** IEC 60268-9 Artificial reverberation, time delay and frequency shift equipment

** IEC 60268-10 [[peak programme meter|Peak programme level meters]]

** IEC 60268-11 Application of connectors for the interconnection of sound system components

** IEC 60268-12 Application of connectors for broadcast and similar use

** IEC 60268-13 Listening tests on loudspeakers

** IEC 60268-14 Circular and elliptical loudspeakers; outer frame diameters and mounting dimensions

** IEC 60268-16 Objective rating of speech intelligibility by speech transmission index

** IEC 60268-17 Standard volume indicators

** IEC 60268-18 Peak programme level meters - Digital audio peak level meter

* IEC 60297 [[19-inch rack]]

* [[IEC 60309]] Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes

* [[IEC 60320]] Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes

* IEC 60335 Safety of electrical household appliances

* [[IEC 60364]] Electrical installations of buildings

* IEC 60417 Graphical symbols for use on equipment

* [[IEC 60446]] Wiring colours

* IEC 60574 Audio-visual, video and television equipment and systems

* [[IEC 60529]] Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

* IEC 60603 Connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz for use with printed boards

** IEC 60603-7 [[RJ45]] connector (8-pin)

* IEC 60617 Graphical symbols for diagrams

** IEC 60617-12 [[Binary logic elements]]

* IEC 60651 [[Sound level]] meters

* IEC 60694 High-voltage switchgear. Common specifications

* IEC 60774 [[VHS]]/[[S-VHS]] video tape cassette system

* IEC 60793 [[Optical fibre]]s

* IEC 60825 [[Laser safety]]

* IEC 60874 Connectors for optical fibres

* IEC 60884 Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes

:: Defines general requirements of such plugs and sockets. The many particular forms used in different countries are listed in IEC/TR 60083 (formerly IECEE CEE-7).

* IEC 60906 IEC system of plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes

** [[IEC 60906-1]]: Plugs and socket-outlets 16 A 250 V AC

**:This is the system the IEC recommends as the worldwide standard for countries using 220-240 V AC. Switzerland uses already a very similar plug.

** IEC 60906-2: Plugs and socket-outlets 15 A 125 V AC

**: This is the system used in the United States, Canada, and Japan.

** IEC 60906-3: [[SELV]] plugs and socket-outlets, 16 A 6V, 12 V, 24 V, 48 V, AC and DC

* [[IEC 60908]] [[Compact disk]] digital audio system

* IEC 60950 Safety of information technology equipment

* IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

** IEC 61000-2-1: Guide to electromagnetic environment for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public power supply systems

** IEC 61000-2-7: Environment - Low frequency magnetic fields in various environments

** IEC 61000-2-9: Environment - Description of HEMP environment. Radiated disturbance. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-2-10: Environment - Description of HEMP environment. Conducted disturbance

** IEC 61000-3-2: Limits - Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase)

** IEC 61000-3-3: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current ≤ 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection

** IEC 61000-3-4: Limits - Limitation of emission of harmonic currents in low-voltage power supply systems for equipment with ra ted current greater than 16 A

** IEC 61000-3-8: Limits - Guide to signalling on low-voltage electrical installations. Emission levels, frequency bands and ele ctromagnetic disturbance levels

** IEC 61000-3-11: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems. Equipment with rated voltage current ≤ 75 A and subject to conditional connection

** IEC 61000-4-1: Testing and measurement techniques - Overview of IEC 61000-4 series

** IEC 61000-4-2: Testing and measurement techniques - Electrostatic discharge immunity tests. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-4-3: Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test

** IEC 61000-4-4: Testing and measurement techniques - Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-4-5: Testing and measurement techniques - Surge immunity test

** IEC 61000-4-6: Testing and measurement techniques - Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields

** IEC 61000-4-8: Testing and measurement techniques - Power frequency magnetic field immunity test. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-4-9: Testing and measurement techniques - Pulse magnetic field immunity test. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-4-10: Testing and measurement techniques - Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-4-12: Testing and measurement techniques - Oscillatory waves immunity test. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-4-13: Testing and measurement techniques - Harmonics and interharmonics including mains signalling at a.c. power por t, low frequency immunity tests

** IEC 61000-4-14: Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage fluctuation immunity test

** IEC 61000-4-15: Testing and measurement techniques - Flickermeter. Functional and design specifications. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-4-16: Testing and measurement techniques - Test for immunity to conducted, common mode disturbances in the frequency range 0 Hz to 150 kHz

** IEC 61000-4-17: Testing and measurement techniques - Ripple on d.c. input power port immunity test

** IEC 61000-4-23: Testing and measurement techniques - Test methods for protective devices for HEMP and other radiated disturban ces

** IEC 61000-4-24: Testing and measurement techniques - Test methods for protective devices for HEMP conducted disturbance. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-4-25: Testing and measurement techniques - HEMP immunity test methods for equipm ent and systems

** IEC 61000-4-27: Testing and measurement techniques - Unbalance, immunity test

** IEC 61000-4-28: Testing and measurement techniques - Variation of power frequency, immunity test

** IEC 61000-4-29: Testing and measurement techniques - Testing and measurement techniques. Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations on d.c. input power port immunity tests

** IEC 61000-5-1: Installation and mitigation guidelines - General considerations. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-5-2: Installation and mitigation guidelines - Earthing and cabling

** IEC 61000-5-5: Installation and mitigation guidelines - Specification of protective devices for HEMP conducted disturbance. Basic EMC publication

** IEC 61000-6-6: Generic standards - HEMP immunity for indoor equipment

* IEC 61043 [[Sound intensity]] meters with pairs of microphones

* IEC 61149 Safety of mobile radios

* IEC 61158 Digital data communications for measurement and control - Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems

** IEC 61158-SER Digital data communications for measurement and control - Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems - ALL PARTS

** IEC 61158-1 Digital data communications for measurement and control - Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems - Part 1: Overview and guidance for the IEC 61158 series

** IEC 61158-2 Digital data communications for measurement and control - Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems - Part 2: Physical layer specification and service definition

** IEC 61158-3 Digital data communications for measurement and control - Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems - Part 3: Data link service definition

** IEC 61158-4 Digital data communications for measurement and control - Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems - Part 4: Data link protocol specification

** IEC 61158-5 Digital data communications for measurement and control - Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems - Part 5: Application layer service definition

** IEC 61158-6 Digital data communications for measurement and control - Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems - Part 6: Application layer protocol specification

* IEC 61286 Character set with electrotechnical symbols (ISO-IR 181 [http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/181.pdf])

* IEC 61508 [[Safety Integrity Level]]

* IEC 61557 Equipment for measuring electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems

* IEC 61603 Infrared transmission of audio or video signals

* IEC 61784 Digital data communications for measurement and control

** IEC 61784-1 Digital data communications for measurement and control - Part 1: Profile sets for continuous and discrete manufacturing relative to fieldbus use in industrial control systems

* IEC 61966 Multimedia systems -- [[Colour]] measurement

** IEC 61966-2-1 [[sRGB]] default RGB colour space

* IEC 62196 Plugs and sockets for charging [[electric vehicle]]s

* IEC 62271 Standards for High-voltage switchgear and controlgear

** IEC 62271-100 High-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers

** IEC 62271-102 Alternating current disconnectors and earthing switches

** IEC 62271-200 A.C.-metal enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV

** IEC 62271-203 Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above

==See also==

He sung for [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Jeetendra]], the tragedy heroes, [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Bharat Bhushan]], comedian [[Johnny Walker]] and many more. His voice personified the rebellious image of the star, [[Shammi Kapoor]] and also gave expression to smaller and younger heroes like [[Biswajit]] and [[Joy Mukherjee]]. Rafi has also sung for singer-actor [[Kishore Kumar]] in a few movies like ''Raagini'', ''Baaghi Shehzaada'', and ''Shararat''.

* The [[list of ISO standards]] covers also those jointly published by [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] and [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]].

==Early years==

Rafi was born at [[Kotla Sultan Singh]] village near [[Amritsar]] in [[Punjab]], now in [[Pakistan]] to a middle class [[Muslim]] family of barbers. At the age of 14, he moved to [[Lahore]] and learned Indian classical music from [[Ghulam Ali Khan]]. Rafi started imitating his idol G. M. Durrani and became a playback singer.

Rafi's first song was in [[Punjabi]] for the film '''Gul Baloch''' - it was a duet with the singer [[Zeenat Begum]]. The song was ''Soniye nee, Heeriye nee'', composed by Shyam Sunder. Shyam Sunder was impressed with his voice and gave Rafi seven songs in another film ''Bazaar''. Rafi's talent was noticed by composer Firoz Nizami, who found him a job at Radio Lahore. Rafi's first hit song was ''yaha badla wafa ka'', composed by Firoz Nizami. It earned Rafi fame. Producer of film ''Amar Raj'', J B Wadia went looking for him because he wanted only Rafi to sing songs for his film.

Rafi also did brief roles in movies like ''Laila-Majnu'' ([[1945]]) and ''Jugnu''. In ''Laila-Majnu'', he was seen singing ''tera jalwa'' as a part of the chorus.

==Years with Naushad==

Rafi's big time came when he met the composer [[Naushad]] in [[Bombay]]. Rafi's first song for Naushad was ''Hindustan ke hum hain'' (We belong to [[Hindustan]]) for the film ''Pehle Aap'' in [[1944]]. Rafi and Naushad struck a chord. The first hit for the duo was the soundtrack of the superhit movie ''Anmol Ghadi'' ([[1946]]). Before Rafi, Naushad's favorite singer was [[Talat Mahmood]]. Once Naushad found Talat smoking during a recording. he was annoyed and hired Rafi to sing all the songs of the movie ''[[Baiju Bawra]]''. After the [[Partition of India]], Rafi and Naushad decided to remain in India. Whenever Naushad required a male voice in the songs composed by him, he would approach Rafi and nobody else. This attitude of Naushad was criticized by many people, but he continued his patronage of Rafi. Naushad used Rafi's voice for almost all actors of that time including Bharat Bhushan and [[Dilip Kumar]].

==Rise to fame==

Soon, Rafi became favorite singer of other composers too, notably [[O. P. Nayyar]], [[Shankar Jaikishan]] and [[Sachin Dev Burman]]. Rafi became voice of [[Dev Anand]] with soul-stirring songs composed by S. D. Burman. Rafi sang songs of all moods for S. D. Burman, picturized on Dev Anand - the romantic ''dil ka bhanwar'', the drunk ''hum bekhudi mein'', the free-spirited ''khoya khoya chaand''. Rafi and S. D. Burman teamed up with [[Dev Anand]]'s Navketan production house to produce hit tracks in many movies - ''Kala Bazar'', ''Tere Ghar Ke Saamne'', ''Guide'' among others. S. D. Burman also got Rafi to sing for [[Rajesh Khanna]] in ''Aradhana'' and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in ''Abhimaan''. Rafi and S. D. Burman also produced soulful songs for [[Guru Dutt]]'s ''Pyaasa'', ''C.I.D.'' and ''Kaagaz ke Phool''.

[[O. P. Nayyar]] used Rafi and [[Asha Bhosle]] for most of his songs. Together they created beautiful music in the 1950s and 60s. O. P. Nayyar was once quoted as saying "If there had been no Mohd. Rafi, there would have been no O P Nayyar". He and Rafi created many songs together including the famous ''Yeh hai Bombay meri jaan''. O P Nayyar was so impressed with Rafi that he got Rafi to sing for singer-actor [[Kishore Kumar]] - ''Man mora baawara'' for the movie ''Raagini''. The team will be particularly remembered for the songs picturized on [[Shammi Kapoor]]. The song ''Jawaaniyan yeh mast mast'' and the title song ''Yun to humne lakh hansee dekhe hain, tumsa nahin dekha'' (Although I have seen a lakh beauties, but never saw one like you) of the film ''Tumsa Nahin Dekha'' became instant hits. They were followed by hits like ''Taareef karoon kya uski jisne tumhe banaya'' (How should I praise the one who created you) from ''Kashmir ki Kali''. As the famous [[ghazal]] singer [[Jagjit Singh]] mentions, "Rafi was extremely versatile and could take on the personality of Shammi Kapoor, or for that matter, any other hero on whom the song was picturized."

Shammi Kapoor himself gives a large credit for his success to Rafi. Shammi's image of young, rebellious, carefree man can be attributed to the famous song ''Yahoo! Chahe koi mujhe junglee kahe, kehne do ji'' (Let people call me wild, I don't care) sung by Rafi and composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan]]. Shanker-Jaikishan also created beautiful songs with Rafi. The team will be remembered for the ones picturized on [[Rajendra Kumar]] - ''Baharon phool barsaao'' and others. Shanker-Jaikishan also got him to sing ''Ajab hai yeh dastaan'' from <i>Sharaarat</i>, picturized on Kishore Kumar.

Rafi was also composer Ravi 's first choice for playback singing. He got Rafi to sing the famous [[Rock-n-Roll]] number from the movie China Town ''Baar Baar Dekho'', picturized on Shammi Kapoor.

[[Madan Mohan]] was another composer whose favorite singer was Rafi. They teamed up to produce many superb [[ghazal]]s including the intoxicating ''teri aankhon ke siva duniya mein rakha kya hai'' (There's nothing in the world except your eyes), the sad ''Yeh duniya yeh mehfil mere kaam ki nahin'' (This world, with all its things, is not of any use to me) and the romantic ''tum jo mil gaye ho''. Madan Mohan used Rafi's voice in many films like ''Chirag'' and ''Laila Majnu''.

The famous composer duo [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] ("L-P") also used Rafi as their male voice in 1960s and 70s. When L-P were new in the industry, Rafi sang for them, although he was the numero uno singer in Bollywood at that time. They got Rafi to sing for their first hit film ''Paarasmani''. Both Rafi and L-P won the [[Filmfare Award]]s for the song ''Chahoonga main tujhe shaam savere'' from the superhit movie ''Dosti''. The song was to be sung by L-P's favorite singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]], but then producer of the film decided to hand over the song to Rafi. L-P weren't amused with the idea. But when the recording was finished, Rafi also became their favorite singer.

In [[1965]], Rafi was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Padma Sri]] award.

==The lean years==

In the year [[1969]], Bollywood witnessed the rise of a new superstar, [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the movie ''Aradhana''. ''Aradhana'' was the beginning of the era of another great singer [[Kishore Kumar]]. The Rajesh Khanna rage coupled with the complete sync of Kishore's singing voice on Rajesh Khanna brought the first serious set back in Rafi's career. As Rajesh Khanna and Kishore Kumar soared to super stardom towards the early 1970s, Rafi's career began to spiral downwards. The careers of many other superstars and singers got affected during the early '70s as a result of the Kishore Kumar-Rajesh Khanna wave, but such was Rafi's predominance in the field of playback singing in the pre-1970s era that his became the most obvious and talked about [[grapevine]] in the industry circles and the media.

[[Image:Rafi & Kishore.jpg|Rafi and Kishore Kumar|thumb]]

Also, the older lot of Rafi-centric composers like [[O. P. Nayyar]], [[Naushad]] and [[Shankar Jaikishan]] were replaced by the talented [[Rahul Dev Burman]], marking a beginning of a new era of hindi film music. Other composers like [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]], were also forced to prefer Kishore over Rafi due to producers' demands. From Rafi's perspective, it was the rise of R D Burman which affected his career the most, as Kishore was R D Burman's favourite singer. It is ironic though that it was with Rafi that [[Rahul Dev Burman]] stormed into [[Bollywood]], with his first notable super-hit score ''Teesri Maanzil'' released in the year [[1966]].

However, even during his lean phase, the few songs that Rafi recorded for [[Rahul Dev Burman]], [[Sachin Dev Burman]], [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] and [[Madan Mohan]] are considered as Bollywood classics.

==Last years==

Rafi did manage a grand comeback towards the late 1970's. His song ''Kya hua tera waada'' from the movie ''Hum Kisise Kum Nahin'' fetched him the national award and [[Filmfare Award]] for the year [[1977]], ironically again this song was composed by none other than R D Burman. His songs from the films sung towards the late 1970's ''Laila Majnu'', ''Amar Akbar Anthony'' and ''Sargam'', became huge hits. [[ Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] the famous music director duo were instrumental in Rafi's comeback, as they began to churn out hits after hits from Rafi during the late '1970s. His ''dard-e-dil, dard-e-jigar'', composed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal and filmed on [[Rishi Kapoor]], in the movie ''Karz'', became a rage amongst the youngsters.

On the day of [[July 31]], [[1980]] after composing a song for the movie ''Aas Paas'' with L-P, Rafi asked "Should I leave?". L-P were surprised because Rafi had never said anything like this before. While leaving, Rafi said once again "OK. I will leave." Rafi passed away at 7.30 PM on the same day due to a massive [[heart attack]].

==Rafi the person==

Rafi married Bilquis and had four sons and three daughters. He was a teetotaller, a highly religious and extremely humble person. He was a devout [[Muslim]]. Once, when a lesser-known composer, Nisar Bazmi (who migrated to Pakistan in early 1960s), didn't have enough money to pay him, Rafi charged a fee of one rupee and sang for him. He even helped producers financially. As Laxmikant (of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo) once observed - "He always gave without thinking of the returns". Rafi and [[Lata Mangeshkar]] had a major debate over the issue of royalties in 1960s. Rafi believed that once a recording was over and a singer has been paid, he or she should not ask for more. Lata, on the other hand said that singers should be paid royalties for their works, over and above the amount given for the singing. This led to a fall out between them. They refused to sing songs together. At the instance of [[Nargis]], [[Sanjay Dutt]]'s mother, they finally made up at a stage concert and sang ''Dil Pukare'' from the film Jewel thief, composed by [[S D Burman]].

==See Also==

* [[List of male singers]]

==External link==

*[http://webstore.iec.ch/ Search IEC catalogue]

* [http://www.mohdrafi.com/links/index.php3 Mohdrafi.com]

* [http://www.abuparker.com/RafiSahab/RSbio.html Abuparker.com]

* [http://www.urdupoetry.com/singers/MRLst.html UrduPoetry.com]

* [http://www.raganet.com/RagaNet/Issues/4/rafi.html Raganet.com]

* [http://www.india4world.com/indian-personality/Mohammed-Rafi.shtml India4world.com]

* [http://www.vernoncorea.info Vernon Corea of the BBC]

* [http://music.indya.com/biographies/ind/mohd_rafi.html biography]

* Audio: [http://www.angelfire.com/ab2/mistertoronto/rafisad.html Sad Song by Rafi]

[[Category:IndianIEC film singers|Rafi, Mohammedstandards]]

[[Category:1924 births|Rafi, Mohammed]]

[[Category:1980 deaths|Rafi, Mohammed]]

[[Category:Male singers|Rafi, Mohammed]]

[[fr:Mohammed Rafi]]