|
[[Image:Nathaniel_Hawthorne_old.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860s]]
The '''Earl of Derby''' is a title in the [[peerage]] of [[England]]. The title was first adopted by the Ferrers family under a creation of [[1139]], until forfeited and held by the family of [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] under a creation of [[1337]]. It became extinct upon [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]'s accession to the throne. It was then created for the Stanley family in [[1485]].
'''Nathaniel Hawthorne''' ([[July 4]], [[1804]] – [[May 19]], [[1864]]) was a [[19th century]] [[United States|American]] [[the novel|novelist]] and [[short story]] writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of [[American literature]].
The subsidiary titles of the Earl of Derby are: ''Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe'' (created 1844) and ''Baron Stanley of Preston'' (1886). The [[courtesy title]] of the eldest son of the Earl is ''Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe''.
==Biography==
Several successive generations of the Stanley Earls, along with other members of the family, have been prominent members of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], and at least one historian has suggested that this family rivals the [[Marquess of Salisbury|Cecils (Marquesses of Salisbury)]] as the single most important family in the party's history.
He was born in [[Salem, Massachusetts]], where his [[Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace|birthplace]] is now a house museum, and died in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]]. Hawthorne's father was a sea captain and descendant of [[John Hathorne]], one of the judges who oversaw the [[Salem Witch Trials]]. Hawthorne's father died at sea in 1808 of [[yellow fever]], when Hawthorne was only four years old, and Nathaniel was raised secluded from the world by his mother.
Hawthorne attended [[Bowdoin College]] in [[Maine]] from 1821–1824, befriending classmates [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] and future president [[Franklin Pierce]]. Until the publication of his [[Twice-Told Tales]] in 1837, Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his "owl's nest" in the family home. As he looked back on this period of his life, he wrote: "I have not lived, but only dreamed about living" [letter to Longfellow, June 4, 1837]. And yet it was this period of brooding and writing that had formed, as [[Malcolm Cowley]] was to describe it, "the central fact in Hawthorne's career," his "term of apprenticeship" that would eventually result in the "richly meditated fiction."
==The Ferrers Creation==
"Ferrer" is [[Norman language|Norman French]] and means "to bind with iron" or " to shoe a horse". Ferrières in [[Normandy]], the hometown of the de Ferrers family, was an important centre for ironwork. The Ferrers coat of arms shows six black [[horseshoe]]s on a silver background. They were descended from Henry de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Ferrières, Lord of [[Longueville]], [[Normandy]], and a [[Domesday Book|Domesday]] Commissioner; he built [[Tutbury Castle]] and [[Duffield Castle]] and had large holdings in Derbyshire as well as 17 other counties.
Hawthorne was hired in 1839 as a weigher and gauger at the [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] Custom House. He had become engaged in the previous year to the [[illustrator]] and [[Transcendentalism|transcendentalist]] [[Sophia Peabody]]. Seeking a possible home for himself and Sophia, he joined the transcendentalist [[utopian]] community at [[Brook Farm]] in 1841; later that year, however, he left when he became dissatisfied with the experiment. (His Brook Farm adventure would prove an inspiration for his novel, [[The Blithedale Romance]].) He married Sophia in 1842; they moved to [[The Old Manse]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]], where they lived for three years. Hawthorne and his wife then moved to [[The Wayside]], previously a home of the Alcotts. Their neighbors in Concord included [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]].
[[Robert de Ferrers, 1nd Earl of Derby|Robert de Ferrers]], 2nd Earl of Ferrières ([[1062]]-[[1139]]) was created Earl of Derby by King Stephen in [[1138]] for his valiant conduct at the Battle of Northallerton. He was married to Hawise de Vitre and died in [[1139]]. His son [[Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby|Robert de Ferrers]] (?-bef.[[1160]]) became the second earl and was married to Margaret Peverel. He founded [[Darley Abbey]] and [[Merivale Abbey]]. His son [[William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby|William de Ferrers]] (?-[[1190]]) was married to Sybil de Braose. He rebelled against King [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] and was imprisoned at [[Caen]], [[Normandy]]. He died in the [[Crusade]]s at the [[Siege of Acre]].
He was succeeded by his son [[William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby|William de Ferrers ]] (?-[[1247]]) who married Agnes de Keveliok, daughter of the [[Earl of Chester]]. He was succeeded by his son [[William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby|William de Ferrers]] (?-[[1254]]) who married Sibyl Marshall and then Margaret De Quency with whom he had his son and heir [[Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby|Robert de Ferrers]] ([[1239]]-[[1279]]), who became the 6th Earl. He rebelled against King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] and was arrested and imprisoned first in the [[Tower of London]], then in [[Windsor Castle]], and his lands and earldom were forfeited, including Tutbury Castle which still belongs to the [[Duchy of Lancaster]]. The line eventually gave rise to the [[Earl Ferrers|Earls Ferrers]]. [[Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl of Ferrers]], was the only Peer of the Realm to be [[hanged]] for murder.
[[Image:Nathaniel Hawthorne - Project Gutenberg eText 15161.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px|Nathaniel Hawthorne illustrated in an 1870 publication]]
==Creation of Henry III==
The large estates which were taken from Robert in [[1266]] were given by Henry III to his son, [[Edmund Crouchback]]; and his son, [[Thomas, Earl of Lancaster]] also called himself Earl Ferrers. In [[1337]] Edmund’s grandson, [[Henry of Grosmont]] (c. [[1299]]-[[1361]]), afterwards [[Duke of Lancaster]], was created Earl of Derby, and this title was taken by Edward III's son, [[John of Gaunt]], who had married Henry’s daughter, Blanche. John of Gaunt’s son and successor was [[Henry IV of England|Henry Bolingbroke]], who acceded to the throne as Henry IV in [[1399]]. The title Earl of Derby fell into disuse.
Like Hawthorne, Sophia was a reclusive person. She was, in fact, bedridden with headaches until her sister introduced her to Hawthorne, after which her headaches seem to have abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed a long marriage, and Sophia was greatly enamored of her husband's work. In one of her journals, she writes: "I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the... jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in the miraculous wealth of thoughts" [Jan 14th 1851, Journal of Sophia Hawthorne. Berg Collection NY Public Library].
==The Stanley Creation==
The Stanley family was descended from Adam de Aldithley who accompanied [[William the Conqueror]] to [[England]]. One of his descendants married an heiress whose marriage portion included [[Stoneley]], [[Derbyshire]] - hence the name Stanley.
[[Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby|Thomas Stanley]] (c. [[1435]]-[[1504]]) married Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], also Eleanor Nevill. The title of Earl of Derby was conferred on him in [[1485]] by Henry VII after the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] where Thomas decided not to support King [[Richard III of England|Richard III]]. He was succeeded by his grandson [[Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby|Thomas Stanley]] ([[1484]] - bef. [[1521]]) He married Anne Hastings, daughter of Lord Hungerford and Hastings. The 2nd Earl's brother James Stanley (? - bef. [[1497]]), of Cross Hall, [[Lathom]], was the ancestor of the 11th Earl. This line is known as the "[[Stanleys of Bickerstaffe]]". James Stanley became Bishop of [[Ely]]. He sent a small army into the [[Battle of Flodden Field]], commanded by his son, Sir John Stanley who later entered a [[monastery]].
In 1846 Hawthorne was appointed surveyor (determining the quantity and value of imported goods) at the Salem Custom House. Like his earlier appointment to the custom house in Boston, this employment was vulnerable to the politics of the [[spoils system]]. When Hawthorne later wrote [[The Scarlet Letter]], he included a long introductory essay depicting his time at the Salem Custom House. He lost this job due to the change of administration in Washington after the presidential election of 1848. In 1852 he wrote the [[campaign biography]] of his old friend, Franklin Pierce. With Pierce's election as president, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States consul in [[Liverpool]]. In 1857 he resigned from this post and did some traveling in France and Italy. He and his family returned to The Wayside in 1860. Failing health began to prevent him from completing new writings. Hawthorne died in his sleep on [[May 19]], [[1864]] in Plymouth, N.H. while on a tour of the White Mountains with Pierce.
The second earl's son [[Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby|Edward Stanley]] ([[1509]]-[[1572]]) became the 3rd earl. He was married four times. His second wife Dorothy Howard, daughter of [[Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk]] supplied the heir [[Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby|Henry Stanley]] ([[1531]]-[[1593]]). He married Margaret Cliff, daughter of [[Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland]]. Both his sons succeeded to the earldom. [[Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby|Ferdinando Stanley]] ([[1559]]-[[1594]]) built [[Leasowe Castle]]. He married Alice Spencer, but was without male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother [[William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby|William Stanley]] ([[1561]]-[[1642]]). William married Elizabeth de Vere daughter of [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]] ([[1550]]-[[1604]]). Their son [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby|James Stanley]] ([[1607]]-[[1651]]) succeeded to the earldom on his father's death. James was a staunch Royalist. In [[1643]] he moved to the [[Isle of Man]] and established it as a Royalist stronghold. He was beheaded by the Parliament forces. His wife was [[Charlotte de la Trémouille]] (?-[[1663]]) daughter of Claude de la Trémoille, Duc de Thouars, is known as the heroine who defended [[Lathom House]] in [[1644]] and the [[Isle of Man]] in [[1651]]. Their son [[Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby]] ([[1628]]-[[1672]]) became the 8th Earl. He had two sons; who both succeeded to the earldom. He married Dorothea Helena Kirkhoven, daughter of Baron Rupa of the Netherlands. The 8th Earl's eldest son [[William Richard George Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby|William Richard George Stanley]] ([[1655]]-[[1702]]) became the 9th Earl. He married Elizabeth Butler, daughter of [[Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory]] ([[1634]]-[[1680]]), and sister of [[James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde]] ([[1665]]-[[1745]]). He had two daughters and one son but he outlived his son and was succeeded by his younger brother. [[James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby|James Stanley]] ([[1664]]-[[1736]]). James had one son who died in infancy. When the 10th Earl died the line died out, and the earldom passed to the "Stanleys of Bickerstaffe".
Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne had three children: Una, Julian, and Rose. Una suffered from mental illness and died young. Julian moved out west and wrote a book about his father. Rose converted to Roman Catholicism and took her vows as a Dominican nun. She founded [http://www.hawthorne-dominicans.org/found.htm a religious order] to care for victims of cancer.
[[Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby]] ([[1689]]-[[1776]]) was descended from the brother of the 2nd Earl, and he succeeded to the earldom in [[1736]]. He married Elizabeth Hesketh. His residence was [[Bickerstaffe Hall]] near [[Ormskirk]], [[Lancashire]], and he became [[Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire]], and [[Member of Parliament]] for the County of Lancaster. The 11th Earl's younger brother was the Hon. and Rev. John Stanley, Rector of [[Bury]] Parish Church [[1743]]-[[1778]]. Edward's eldest son, James, Lord Stanley was commonly called Lord Strange. Edward outlived James (who died in [[1771]]) and he was succeeded by James' son [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby|Edward Smith-Stanley]] ([[1752]]-[[1834]]). The 12th Earl founded the [[Epsom Derby]] [[horse-race]]. He married Lady Elizabeth Hamilton, daughter of the Sir [[James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton]]. His second marriage was to a Drury Lane actress, Elizabeth Farren. The 12th Earl's first marriage produced his heir [[Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby|Edward Stanley]] ([[1775]]-[[1851]]). He was a politician and natural historian. His zoological collections founded [[Liverpool Museum]]. He was also a patron of the arts, especially of the poet [[Edward Lear]] who wrote ''The Owl and the Pussycat'' for the Earl's children. He was married to Charlotte Hornby. In [[1844]], he had a church built on the Knowsley Estate, St. Mary the Virgin, where several Stanleys found their final resting place.
==Writings==
His son, [[Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby| Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley]] ([[1799]]-[[1869]]), succeeded him to become the 14th Earl. He became Member of Parliament for Stockbridge, a seat bought by his father. Although a [[Whig]], he became a member of the [[Tory]] government. He was [[Prime Minister]] three times, and he procured several government appointments for his son and heir. He was married to Emma Wilbraham daughter of [[Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Baron Skelmersdale]]. They had a daughter and two sons, both of whom succeeded to the earldom. The eldest son [[Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Edward Henry Stanley]] ([[1826]]- [[1893]]) was Member of Parliament for [[King's Lynn]]. His father, as Prime Minister, gave him the jobs of Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Colonial Secretary and Foreign Secretary. He became Foreign Secretary again under [[Benjamin Disraeli]] and Colonial Secretary under [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. His brother [[Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby]] ([[1841]]-[[1908]]) was married to Lady Constance Villiers, daughter of [[George William Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon]]. He was the Member of Parliament for Preston and held the office of [[Governor-General of Canada]] between [[1888]] and [[1893]]. In 1892, he purchased and donated the Stanley Cup, to be awarded to the "championship hockey club of the Dominion of Canada" each year. He was succeeded by his son [[Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby|Edward George Villiers Stanley]] ([[1865]]-[[1948]]) who married Alice Montagu daughter of [[William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester]]. A pair of Memorial Gates were erected in [[1958]] on Knowsley Lane on the Knowsley Estate in his memory. He outlived his eldest son [[Edward Montagu Cavendish Stanley, Lord Stanley|Edward Montagu Cavendish Stanley]] ([[1894]]-[[1938]]) who was known as Lord Stanley and was succeeded by grandson [[Edward John Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby]] ([[1918]]-[[1994]]) who became the 18th Earl. He established [[Knowsley Safari Park]] in [[1971]]. He married to Isabel Miles-Lade, but was without issue. He was succeeded by [[Edward Richard William Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby]] (born [[October 10]], [[1962]]) the son of Hugh Henry Montagu Stanley ([[1926]]-[[1971]]), the younger brother of the 18th Earl. He is married to the Hon. Caroline Neville. The heir to the earldom is Edward John Robin Stanley, Lord Bickerstaffe (born [[April 21]], [[1998]]).
Hawthorne is best-known today for his many [[short story|short stories]] (he called them "tales") and his four major [[romance (genre)|romances]] of 1850–60: ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' (1850), ''[[The House of the Seven Gables]]'' (1851), ''[[The Blithedale Romance]]'' (1852), and ''[[The Marble Faun]]'' (1860). (Another book-length romance, ''[[Fanshawe (novel)|Fanshawe]]'', was published anonymously in 1828.)
Before publishing his first collection of tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote scores of [[short story|short stories]] and sketches, publishing them anonymously or [[pseudonym|pseudonymously]] in periodicals such as ''The New-England Magazine'' and ''The United States Democratic Review''. Only after collecting a number of his short stories into the two-volume ''[[Twice-Told Tales]]'' in 1837 did Hawthorne begin to attach his name to his works.
The Earls of Derby own the [[Knowsley Estate]] and [[Greenhalgh Castle]]; they were the [[List of Lords of the Isle of Man|Lords of Mann]], i.e. the [[Isle of Man]]. Several Earls of Derby are buried in St. Mary's Church, Knowsley.
Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial [[New England]], and many of his short stories have been read as moral [[allegory|allegories]] influenced by his [[Puritan]] background. "Ethan Brand" (1850) tells the story of a lime-burner who sets off to find the Unpardonable Sin, and in doing so, commits it. One of Hawthorne's most famous tales, "[[The Birth-Mark]]" (1843), concerns a young doctor who removes a birthmark from his wife's face, an operation which kills her. Other well-known tales include "[[Rappaccini's Daughter]]" (1844), "[[My Kinsman, Major Molineux]]" (1832), "[[The Minister's Black Veil]]" (1836), and "[[Young Goodman Brown]]" (1835). "The Maypole of [[Merrymount]]" recounts a most interesting encounter between the Puritans and the forces of anarchy and hedonism.
==Earls of Derby, first Creation ([[1138]])==
*[[Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby]] ([[1062]]-[[1139]])
*[[Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby]] (d. [[1162]])
*[[William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby]](d. [[1190]])
*[[Robert de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby]]
*[[William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby]]
*[[William de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby]] (d. [[1247]])
*[[William de Ferrers, 7th Earl of Derby]] (d. [[1254]])
*[[Robert de Ferrers, 8th Earl of Derby]] ([[1239]]-[[1279]])
Recent criticism has focused on Hawthorne's narrative voice, treating it as a self-conscious [[rhetoric|rhetorical]] construction, not to be conflated with Hawthorne's own voice. Such an approach complicates the long-dominant tradition of regarding Hawthorne as a gloomy, guilt-ridden [[moralist]].
==Earls of Derby, second Creation ([[1337]])==
*[[Henry of Grosmont|Henry of Grosmont, 1st Earl of Derby]] (d. [[1360]])
*[[John of Gaunt|John of Gaunt, 2nd Earl of Derby]] ([[1340]]-[[1399]])
*[[Henry IV of England|Henry Bolingbroke, 3rd Earl of Derby]] ([[1367]]-[[1413]]) (became King in 1399)
Hawthorne enjoyed a brief friendship with [[United States|American]] [[novelist]] [[Herman Melville]] beginning on [[August 5]] [[1850]], when the two authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection ''[[Mosses from an Old Manse]]'', which Melville later praised in a famous review, "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition of ''[[Moby-Dick]],'' which Melville dedicated to Hawthorne, 'in appreciation for his genius.' Hawthorne's letters to Melville did not survive.
==Earls of Derby, third Creation ([[1485]])==
*[[Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby]] (c. [[1435]]-[[1504]])
*[[Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby]] ([[1497]]-bef. [[1521]])
*[[Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby]] (c. [[1508]]-[[1572]])
*[[Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby]] ([[1531]]-[[1593]])
*[[Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby]] ([[1559]]-[[1594]])
*[[William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby]] (bef. [[1584]]-[[1642]])
*[[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby]] ([[1607]]-[[1651]])
*[[Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby]] ([[1628]]-[[1672]])
*[[William Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby|William Richard George Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby]] ([[1655]]-[[1702]])
*[[James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby]] ([[1664]]-[[1736]])
*[[Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby]] ([[1689]]-[[1776]])
*[[Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby]] ([[1752]]-[[1834]])
*[[Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby]] ([[1775]]-[[1851]])
*[[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby]] ([[1799]]-[[1869]])
*[[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby]] ([[1826]]-[[1893]])
*[[Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby]] ([[1841]]-[[1908]])
*[[Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby|Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby]] ([[1865]]-[[1948]])
*[[Edward Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby|Edward John Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby]] ([[1918]]-[[1994]])
*[[Edward Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby|Edward Richard William Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby]] (b. [[October 10]], [[1962]])
The heir to the earldom is [[Edward John Robin Stanley, Lord Stanley of Bickerstaffe]] (born [[April 21]], [[1998]]).
[[Edgar Allan Poe]] wrote important, though largely unflattering reviews of both ''Twice-Told Tales'' and ''Mosses from an Old Manse''.
[[Category:Earldoms|Derby]]
[[ja:ダービー伯爵]]
==See also==
* ''[[The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales]]''
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
*Eric Eldred's [http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/hawthorne.html excellent Hawthorne site] at Eldritch Press contains all of Hawthorne's works, notes on the writings, annotated editions,and lots of other information.
*The [http://www.hawthorneinsalem.org Hawthorne in Salem Website] was funded in May of 2000 by a three-year grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and is a collaborative effort of North Shore Community College in Danvers, Massachusetts, and three Salem, Massachusetts museums with important Hawthorne collections.
*[[Herman Melville]]'s appreciation, [http://209.11.144.65/eldritchpress/nh/hahm.html "Hawthorne and His Mosses"] (1850)
*[[Henry James]]'s important book-length study, ''[http://209.11.144.65/eldritchpress/nh/nhhj1.html Hawthorne]'' (1879)
*WBUR's celebration of Nathaniel Hawthorne at 200, [http://www.wbur.org/arts/2005/48691_20050101.asp], with links to NPR's "The Connection" on Hawthorne's birthday, as well as an interview with author Phillip McFarland.
*{{gutenberg author|id=Nathaniel_Hawthorne|name=Nathaniel Hawthorne}}
[[Category:1804 births|Hawthorne, Nathaniel]]
[[Category:1864 deaths|Hawthorne, Nathaniel]]
[[Category:American novelists|Hawthorne, Nathaniel]]
[[Category:Massachusetts writers|Hawthorne, Nathaniel]]
[[Category:American short story writers|Hawthorne, Nathaniel]]
[[Category:Unitarian Universalists|Hawthorne, Nathaniel]]
[[bg:Натаниел Хоторн]]
[[da:Nathaniel Hawthorne]]
[[de:Nathaniel Hawthorne]]
[[eo:Nathaniel HAWTHORNE]]
[[fr:Nathaniel Hawthorne]]
[[he:נתניאל הות'ורן]]
[[it:Nathaniel Hawthorne]]
[[ja:ナサニエル・ホーソーン]]
[[nl:Nathaniel Hawthorne]]
[[zh:纳撒尼尔·霍桑]]
| 