Mac (computer) and Timeline of the 2005 French riots: Difference between pages

Revision as of 20:17, 9 November 2005

Revision as of 20:17, 9 November 2005

Line 1:

{{current}}

[[Image:Macintosh_128k_No_Text.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The [[Macintosh 128K|first Macintosh Computer]], introduced in 1984.]]

{| class="toccolours" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="right" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; clear: right"

[[Image:Steve Jobs with iMac.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Steve Jobs]] introducing the original [[iMac]] computer in [[1998]].]]

! colspan="2" align=center style="background: #aad; font-size:120%" | 2005 French civil unrest

The '''Macintosh''', more generally called the '''Mac''' for short, is a line of [[personal computers]] designed, developed, manufactured and marketed by [[Apple Computer]]. Named after the ubiquitous [[McIntosh|fruit apple 'McIntosh']], the [[Macintosh 128K|original Macintosh]] was released on [[January 24]], [[1984]] with the famous [[1984 (television commercial)|1984 television commercial]] aired once at the [[Superbowl]], with a series of other advertisements in an expensive campaign. The Macintosh is regarded as being the first personal computer to popularize the use of the [[graphical user interface]] at a time when most computers used an [[operating system]] with a [[command line interface]]. Today, the Macintosh is the only family of computers available from Apple, and spans from the "budget" [[desktop]] computer [[Mac mini]] to the midrange [[server]] [[Xserve]]. It also includes two series of [[notebooks]]: the [[iBook]] and the [[PowerBook]]. Macintosh systems are mainly targeted towards the home consumer, education, and creative professional markets; however, the Xserve G5, which is certified to serve clients on the Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and Novell NetWare platforms, has enabled Apple to gain exposure to the enterprise market as well.

Macintosh computers originally used [[Mac OS]] as the operating system. However, from [[1999]] onward, Apple introduced the new [[Unix]]-based [[Mac OS X]], finally stopping Mac OS development in [[2002]]. Both operating systems were exclusively available for the Macintosh - however, alternative operating systems such as [[Linux]] can be installed as well. The current version of Mac OS X is [[Mac OS X v10.4|Mac OS X v10.4 'Tiger']], and all Macs besides the Xserve (which uses [[Mac OS X Server]]) are sold with it preinstalled. To complement the Macintosh, Apple also has developed a series of digital media applications (collectively the [[iLife]] suite) and a range of software aimed at the creative professional market including [[Final Cut Pro]], [[Shake (software)|Shake]], and [[Aperture (software)|Aperture]].

== Current Lineup ==

The table below depicts the current series of Macintosh computers available.

{| border=1 cellpadding=5 style="border-collapse: collapse;"

|- bgcolor="#ccccff"

|

| '''Name'''

| '''Type'''

| '''Market'''

| '''Description'''

|-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:white"| [[Image:IMac_G5.jpg|50px|The iMac G5]]

| [[iMac|iMac G5]]

| Desktop

| Consumer

| The iMac is Apple's current flagship consumer desktop computer; the current models use a G5 processor, similar to the processors found in the higher end models of Macintoshes.

|-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:white"| [[Image:MacminiWhiteBGSmall.jpg|50px|The Mac mini]]

| [[Mac mini]]

| Desktop

| Consumer

| The Mac mini is the cheapest Macintosh currently in production, and the only consumer Macintosh desktop that does not ship with a [[computer monitor|monitor]]. It uses a standard G4 processor.

|-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:white"| [[Image:Emac.jpg|40px|The eMac]]

| [[eMac]]

| Desktop

| Education

| The eMac is a low-end desktop model originally intended for the educational market. It was sold freely for a while, but is now once again restricted to the educational institutions. It features a built-in [[CRT]] screen, and a G4 processor.

|-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:white"| [[Image:Power_Mac_G5.jpg|30px|The PowerMac G5]]

| [[PowerMac]]

| Desktop

| Professional

| The PowerMac is Apple's most expensive, high end workstation computer. The top of the line model currently features two [[dual-core]] G5 processors.

|-

|style="text-align:center;;background-color:white"| [[Image:Macintosh iBook.jpg|40px|The iBook G4]]

| [[iBook]]

| Portable

| Consumer

| The iBook is the Apple consumer portable. It uses a G4 processor at a lower clock rate than the more powerful PowerBook line.

|-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:white"| [[Image:AluminiumG4.jpg|50px|The Aluminum PowerBook G4]]

| [[PowerBook]]

| Portable

| Professional

| The PowerBook is a high end portable workstation computer marketed towards creative professionals, and of today still uses a G4, due to issues with power consumption on G5 processors.

|-

|style align="text-align:center;" style="background-color: white;"| [[Image:XServe2005 G5civil Ext.gif|80pxunrest in France|TheMain Xservearticle]]

| align="center" style="background: white;"|[[Timeline of the 2005 French civil unrest|Timeline]]

| [[Xserve]]

| Server

| Enterprise

| The [[Xserve|Xserve G5]] is an enterprise-grade [[19-inch rack|1U rackmount]] server, specifically marketed towards mission critical data centers and enterprise client services.

|-

| align="center" style="background: #eef;"|[[Response to the 2005 civil unrest in France|Response]]

| align="center" style="background: #eef;"|[[Social situation in the French suburbs|Context]]

|}

[[Image:Strasbourg torched car.jpg|thumb|A car burns in [[Strasbourg]], [[France]] on the night of [[November 5]] as riots spread from the Paris banlieues to other parts of the country. Photo credit: François Schnell.]]

The following is a '''timeline of the [[2005 French civil unrest]]''' that began Thursday, October 27, 2005. Where the source lists events as occuring in a night and following morning, this article lists them on the date of the night, not the following morning. The extent table in the main article does the opposite.

== History ==

=== 1979 - 1983: Development ===

The Macintosh project started in early [[1979]] with [[Jef Raskin]], who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. In [[September]] 1979, Raskin was given permission to start hiring for the project and was, in particular, looking for an engineer that could put together a prototype. [[Bill Atkinson]], a member of the [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]] team, introduced him to [[Burrell Smith]], a service technician who had been hired earlier that year. Over the years, Raskin hired a large development team that designed and built the original Macintosh [[hardware]] and [[software]]; team included [[Bill Atkinson]], [[Chris Espinosa]], [[Joanna Hoffman]], [[George Crow]], [[Burrell Smith]], [[Jerry Manock]], [[Jef Raskin]] and [[Andy Hertzfeld]].

<!-- Discuss in Discussion first to justify putting this back. * Wendesday [[October 21]] - French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy[http://http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L19243562.htm] announced a crackdown on urban violence and black marketeers on Wednesday, ordering specially trained police to tackle 25 tough neighbourhoods across the country. Sarkozy, who has clearly stated his ambition to run for president in 2007, also announced plans to combat violence in football stadiums, including greater use of video surveillance and bans on hooligans caught on film. "This ... is a totally new strategy to push back urban violence and make life possible in a certain number of neighbourhoods where trafficking and the underground economy have infected daily life," Sarkozy said at the launch of his new initiative. "We absolutely have to re-establish a foothold in these neighbourhoods and obtain results," he said. -->

Smith's first Macintosh board design was built to Raskin's specifications; it had 64K of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and had a 256x256 B&W white bitmap display. [[Bud Tribble]], a Macintosh programmer, was interested in running the Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh and asked Smith if he could incorporate the Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Macintosh while still keeping the production cost down. By [[December 1980]], Smith had succeeded in inventing a board design that not only utilized the 68000, but made it faster from 5 MHz to 8 MHz; it also had a 384x256 bitmap display. Smith's design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, and because of this the board was much cheaper{{ref|lisa}}.

===First week===

The innovative design caught the attention of [[Steve Jobs]]. Realizing that the Macintosh was more marketable than the Lisa, he began focusing his attentions on the project and its members. In January 1981 he completely took over the project, forcing Raskin to take a leave of absence.

* '''Thursday, [[October 27]]''' - 1st night of rioting

Jobs and a number of Apple engineers visited [[Xerox PARC]] in [[December]] [[1979]], three months after the [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]] and Macintosh projects had begun. After hearing about the pioneering graphical user interface technology being developed at Xerox PARC from former Xerox employees such as Jef Raskin, Steve Jobs negotiated a visit to see the [[Xerox Alto]] computer and [[Smalltalk]] development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. There is debate over the degree of impact that this visit had on Apple's products. Apple's GUIs ended up working and looking differently from the PARC GUIs, and GUIs had been an active area of computing research since the late 1960s -- but it is clear that the Xerox visits were extremely influential on the development of the Lisa and Macintosh. (''See [[History of the GUI]].'')

** Gangs, mostly consisting of hundreds of youths, clashed with police, throwing rocks and [[Molotov cocktail]]s at police forces and firefighters, setting cars on fire, and vandalizing buildings. A shot was reportedly fired at police. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20051030/wl_afp/franceriotpolice_051030022906]

** Police fired [[tear gas]] at the rioters. About 27 people were detained. 17 police officers and 3 journalists were wounded. The number of rioters and bystanders injured is not known.[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/31/news/france.php]<br>

* '''Friday, [[October 28]]''' - 2nd night of rioting

Jobs continued to look to external sources for inspiration, and ideas, and he made another key move in [[1981]] when he struck a multi-million dollar deal with industrial designer [[Hartmut Esslinger]] of frogdesign (now simply frog). After signing the deal, Esslinger developed the Snow White design language{{ref|snowwhite}} for Apple products.

** Rioters in Clichy-sous-Bois apparently set more than 30 cars alight and made barricades of those cars, along with dustbins, which firefighters worked to clear away.

** At least 200 riot police and crowds of young rioters clashed in on-and-off, running battles, on the night of the 28th and the early morning of the 29th. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1604595,00.html]

* '''Saturday, [[October 29]]''' - 3rd night of rioting

Jobs' leadership at the Macintosh project was short lived; after an internal power struggle with Apple's new CEO [[John Sculley]] in the [[1980s]], Jobs resigned from Apple and went on to found [[NeXT]] Inc., and Esslinger followed Jobs to develop the design language for NeXT products.

** About 500 people took part in a silent march through Clichy-sous-Bois, in memory of the teenagers. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4388536.stm] Representatives of the Muslim community appealed for calm and dignity at the procession. Marchers wore [[t-shirt]]s printed with the message ''mort pour rien'' <!-- sic, the singular--> "dead for nothing". [http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20051029/wl_afp/franceriotpolice]

* '''Sunday, [[October 30]]''' - 4th night of rioting

The Macintosh's predecessor, the [[Apple Lisa|Lisa computer]], was introduced in January 1983 for a price of $9,995.00 with many of the GUI-related innovations later seen on the Macintosh. It was aimed at business customers but was too much of a hard sell at the time; it was not a success for Apple, and the line was discontinued in 1986.

** A tear gas grenade was launched into the [[mosque]] of the Cité des Bousquets, on what for Muslims is the holiest night of the holy month of [[Ramadan]]. Police denied responsibility but acknowledged that it was the same type used by French riot police. Speaking to 170 police officers at Seine-Saint-Denis prefecture in [[Bobigny]] (the local authority overseeing Clichy-sous-Bois), Nicolas Sarkozy said, "I am, of course, available to the Imam of the Clichy mosque to let him have all the details in order to understand how and why a tear gas bomb was sent into this mosque." Eyewitnesses also reported that police called women emerging from the mosque "whores" and other names [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2005/11/327207.html].

* '''Monday, [[October 31]]''' - 5th night of rioting

=== 1984: Introduction ===

** It was reported that the rioting had spread to other parts of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]]. In nearby [[Montfermeil]], the municipal police garage was set on fire.

[[Image:Ad_apple_1984.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Apple's [[1984 (television commercial)|1984 ad]]]]

** Michel Thooris, an official of police trade union Action Police CFTC (who only represents a minority of the police civil servants), described the unrest as a "civil war" and called on the [[French Army]] to intervene. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1604595,00.html]

The Macintosh was hinted at on [[January 22]], [[1984]], with a famous [[Super Bowl]] [[1984 (television commercial)|commercial]] (directed by Ridley Scott) featuring a female athlete throwing a hammer through a giant television screen image of a dictator ("Big Brother", alluding to the tyrant character of the [[Orwell]] novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]]'', and to the dominant computer maker at that time: [[IBM]], colloquially known in the industry as "Big Blue"). The Macintosh was officially introduced and went on sale on [[January 24]], [[1984]], for a price of $2,495.00.

* '''Tuesday, [[November 1]]''' - 6th night of rioting

Like the Lisa, it was powered by a [[Motorola 68000]] processor, running at 8 [[megahertz]], faster than the Lisa's 5 MHz. The Mac was designed to be self-contained, and had far more programming code in [[Read-only memory|ROM]] than other computers; it had a non-expandable 128 [[kilobytes]] of [[RAM]]. The computer shipped with two useful programs designed to show off its interface, [[MacWrite]] and [[MacPaint]].

** Rioting had spread to nine other suburbs, across which 69 vehicles were torched. [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174227,00.html]

** A total of 150 [[arson]] attacks on garbage cans, vehicles and buildings were reported. [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174227,00.html]

** The unrest was particularly intense in [[Sevran]], [[Aulnay-sous-Bois]] and [[Bondy]], all in the [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] region, which is considered to be a "sensitive area of immigration and modest incomes."

** In Sevran, youths set fire to two rooms of a primary school, along with several cars. Three officers were slightly injured. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/2005/11/01/international/i093631S93.DTL]

** In Aulnay-sous-Bois, rioters threw [[Molotov cocktails]] at the [[town hall]] and rocks at the firehouse; police fired [[rubber bullet]]s at advancing rioters. [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174227,00.html]

** Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy refers to rioters as "scum" [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110100833.html]

** [[Prime Minister of France| French Prime Minister]] [[Dominique de Villepin]] "met Tuesday with the parents of the three families, promising a full investigation of the deaths and insisting on 'the need to restore calm,' the prime minister's office said." [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174227,00.html]

* '''Wednesday, [[November 2]]''' - 7th night of rioting

Although the Mac garnered an immediate enthusiastic following, it was too radical for some. Because the machine was entirely designed around the GUI, existing text-mode and [[command-line program|command-driven program]]s had to be redesigned and rewritten, a challenging undertaking that many [[software developer]]s shied away from, which initially led to a lack of [[software]] for the new system. Many users, accustomed to the arcane world of command lines, labeled the Mac a "toy computer," an image that put off many potential users.

** Reports suggest rioters briefly stormed a police station while 78 vehicles were torched.

** One government official claims that live rounds were fired at riot police.

** Two primary schools, a post office, and a shopping centre were damaged and a large car showroom set ablaze.

** Police vans and cars were stoned as gangs turned on police.

** Rioting had spread west-ward to the area of [[Hauts-de-Seine]] where a police station was bombarded with home-made [[Molotov Cocktail|Molotov cocktails]].

** [[Jacques Chirac]], the [[President of France]], made appeals for calm, and Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin held an emergency cabinet meeting. De Villepin issued a statement saying "Let's avoid stigmatising areas", an apparent rebuke to his political rival, Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy, who has called the rioters "scum" (''racaille''). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4401670.stm] [http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/article_1059355.php/Paris_riots_lay_bare_deeper_problems] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5389430,00.html]. <!-- Globaly, on the thursday night 315 ??? vehicles were torched. -->

** A woman on crutches in her fifties, Joëlle M., was doused with petrol in [[Sevran|Sevran-Beaudotes]] and set on fire as she exited a bus; "She was rescued by the driver (Mohammed Tadjer) and hospitalized with severe burns" [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20051104/D8DLUT50B.html] [http://www.lefigaro.fr/societe/20051105.FIG0004.html]

=== 1985Second - 1989week ===

In [[1985]], the combination of the Mac and its graphical user intefarce with [[Adobe PageMaker|Aldus Pagemaker]] and Apple's [[LaserWriter]] printer enabled a low-cost solution for designing and previewing printed material, an activity that came to be known as [[desktop publishing]]. Interest in the Mac exploded, and it is only recently that it has started to lose its dominance as the standard platform for publishing and printing houses with the introduction of newer desktop publishing software for Windows before Mac OS X, such as [[Adobe]]'s [[InDesign]].

* '''Thursday, [[November 3]]''' - 8th night of rioting

The limitations of the first Mac soon became clear. It had very little memory, even compared to other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily; it lacked a [[hard drive]] or any means to attach one easily. Although by [[1985]] the Mac's base memory had increased to 512 KB, and it was possible, albeit inconvenient, to expand the memory of a 128 KB Mac, Apple realized that the Mac needed to be improved.

** Traffic was halted on the [[RER]] B suburban commuter line which links Paris to [[Charles de Gaulle airport]] after unions called for a strike.

** Rioters attacked two trains overnight at the Le Blanc-Mesnil station, forced a conductor from one train and broke windows, the [[SNCF]] rail authority said. A passenger was lightly injured by broken glass. [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1277178]

** For the first time the riots spread outside of [[Paris]], spreading to [[Dijon]] with sporadic violence in [[Bouches-du-Rhone]] in the south and [[Rouen]] in the north-west of France.

** In Parliament, de Villepin pledged again to restore order as his government has come under criticism for its failure to prevent the violence.

** Around 1000 [[firemen]] were called to put out a blaze at a carpet factory while twenty-seven buses were set alight.

** 500 cars were torched and arson occurred in [[Aulnay-sous-Bois]], [[Neuilly-sur-Marne]], [[Le Blanc Mesnil]], and [[Yvelines]].[http://www.20minutes.fr/journal/recherche/pop_article.php?ida=63803&mot=Chirac][http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051104/ap_on_re_eu/france_rioting][http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4405620.stm][http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1104/p06s02-woeu.html] [http://permanent.nouvelobs.com/societe/20051104.OBS4153.html]. Additionally, 7 were burned in Paris [http://permanent.nouvelobs.com/societe/20051104.FAP3932.html?1733], and others had their windows broken out near the metro station La Chapelle. Nationally, 593 vehicles were torched Thursday.

* '''Friday night, [[November 4]]''' - 9th night of rioting

The result was the [[Macintosh Plus]], released in [[1986]]. It offered one [[megabyte]] of [[RAM]], expandable to four, and a then-revolutionary [[SCSI]] interface, allowing up to seven peripherals, such as hard drives and scanners, to be attached to the machine. Its [[floppy drive]] was increased to 800 [[kilobyte]] capacity. The Plus was an immediate success and remained in production for four years.

** Violence continued in Val d'Oise, Seine-et-Marne and Seine-Saint-Denis. Arson and attacks on vehicles occurred in [[Aubervilliers]], [[Sarcelles]], [[Montmagny]] and [[Persan]].

** French police claim incidents Thursday night have diminished in intensity compared to the previous night, with only fifty vehicles set on fire [http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?slug=Uneasy+calm+in+Paris&id=80881]. Prefect Jean-François Cordet said in a statement that "contrary to the previous nights, there were fewer direct clashes with the forces of order."

** "Traore's brother, Siyakah Traore, called for protesters to 'calm down and stop ransacking everything.'" [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174533,00.html].

** Violence spread to [[Lille]] and [[Toulouse]] for the first time [http://fr.news.yahoo.com/04112005/5/nouveaux-incidents-dans-les-banlieues-autour-de-paris.html].

* '''Saturday, [[November 5]]'''

[[Image:Macintosh II.jpg|thumb|The Macintosh II]]

** Day

Other issues remained, particularly low processor speed and limited graphics ability, which had hobbled the Mac's ability to make inroads into the business computing market. Updated [[Motorola]] [[Central processing unit|CPUs]] made a faster machine possible, and in [[1987]], Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology, and introduced the [[Macintosh II]], which utilized a 16-MHz [[Motorola 68020]] processor. It had an open architecture with several expansion slots and it, along with the updated [[Mac OS|system software]], supported color graphics.

*** Police reported the discovery of a bomb making factory for producing gasoline bombs inside of a derelict building in Evry, south of Paris, raising questions on the possibility of planning well in advance of the riots. Six minors have been arrested.

*** Several thousand residents of [[Aulnay-sous-Bois]] joined a march in protest against the riots, initiated by the commune's mayor, Gérard Gaudron.

*** At noon, Prime Minister [[Dominique de Villepin]] met with Nicolas Sarkozy and other cabinet members.

*** [[Yves Bot]], public prosecutor of the city of Paris, on Europe 1 radio described the events as organized violence[http://kavkazcenter.com/eng/content/2005/11/07/4203.shtml], well beyond spontaneously erupting riots. Bot alleged that adolescents in other cities were being incited to commence rioting via the internet, saying that the violence was directed against institutions of the Republic, but he denied it being ethnic in character.

** Night - 10th night of rioting

*** Around France, 897 vehicles were torched and 170 people arrested [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051105/ap_on_re_eu/france_rioting].

*** An incendiary device was tossed at the wall of a synagogue [[Pierrefitte]] [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051105/ap_on_re_eu/france_rioting].

*** Firefighters were attacked while rescuing a sick person in [[Meaux]].

*** Violence continued both within and outside Paris. In [[Grigny]], two schools were set on fire.

*** Another school was set on fire in [[Vigneux-sur-Seine|Vigneux]].

*** A [[nursery school]] was burned in Achères, west of Paris, outraging residents who demanded that the [[French Army]] be deployed or that a citizens [[militia]] be formed[http://apnews.myway.com/article/20051105/D8DMKAVGC.html].

*** In [[Torcy]], close to [[Disneyland Paris]], rioters set fire to a police station and a youth center. [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174670,00.html]

*** Additional attacks occured in [[Avignon]] ([[Vaucluse]]), [[Saint-Dizier]] ([[Haute-Marne]]), [[Soissons]] ([[Aisne]]), [[Nantes]] ([[Loire-Atlantique]]), [[Montauban]] ([[Tarn-et-Garonne]]) and in the north at [[Lille]], [[Roubaix]], [[Tourcoing]], [[Mons-en-Baroeuil]]. Other incidents occured in [[Cannes]], [[Nice]], and [[Toulouse]].[http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2005-11-05T122759Z_01_KNE228332_RTRUKOC_0_UK-FRANCE-RIOTS.xml&archived=False].

*** In the Normandy city of [[Evreux]], over 50 cars, a shopping center, a post office, and two schools were burned. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051106/ap_on_re_eu/france_rioting]. 253 people were arrested.

* '''Sunday [[November 6]]'''

Along with the Mac II, the [[Macintosh SE]] was released, the first compact Mac with an expansion slot. The Macintosh SE shared some of the II's aesthetics, such as its new [[ergonomic]] mouse and keyboard. SEs eventually featured a 1.44-megabyte floppy disk drive.

** Morning

*** Cars torched in central Paris for the first time, in the historic [[IIIe arrondissement|third district]]. There, citizens urged for the [[French Army]] to be deployed.

With the [[Motorola 68030]] processor came the [[Macintosh IIx]] in [[1988]]. It was essentially an updated II with the new Motorola processor, which ran at 16 MHz. It also sported some internal improvements including an onboard [[memory management unit]]. It was followed by a more compact version with fewer slots, the [[Macintosh IIcx]], and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16-MHz 68030, the [[Macintosh SE/30]] in [[1989]]. At the same time, the fastest Mac yet, the [[Macintosh IIci]], running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean" and to support the architectural changes in the forthcoming, much-delayed [[System 7 (Macintosh)|Macintosh System 7]]. Apple also introduced the much-criticized [[Macintosh Portable]] in 1989, a 16-MHz 68000 machine with an [[active matrix]] display.

*** The total number of vehicles torched during the night is estimated at 1,295, the highest number so far. 193 people were arrested. An extra 2,300 police were drafted. [http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2005-11-06T095801Z_01_KNE228332_RTRUKOC_0_UK-FRANCE-RIOTS.xml].

*** In broad daylight on Sunday, a [[Belgian]] [[RTBF]] news crew was physically assaulted in [[Lille]], injuring a cameraman.

The following year, the 40MHz [[Macintosh IIfx]], costing $13,000, was unveiled. Apart from its fast processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements including faster memory and two [[CMOS|CMOS 6502]] processors (which had been the CPU in the [[Apple II]]) controlling [[I/O]] operations.

*** A [[Korean]] female journalist from [[KBS]] TV was knocked unconscious with repeated punches and kicks to her face and head in [[Aubervilliers]] [http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=1&key=2005110709]

*** As of Sunday morning, tenth night, the total number of people arrested since [[October 27]] surpassed 800, and the total number of vehicles set on fire is estimated to be around 3,500. [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3226,36-707066@51-704172,0.html] [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000100&sid=aQWVkcTQYxgo&refer=germany]

=== 1990 - 1998 ===

** Night - 11th night of rioting

In [[1990]] the Mac had gained widespread acceptance, but it was generally seen as too expensive, especially with the wide range of PC clones available. The release of [[Microsoft Windows 3.0]], widely seen as the first version of Windows to actually challenge the Mac, was released in [[May]] [[1990]], and it created a usable alternative to the Macintosh platform.

*** Rioters fired [[buckshot|large-caliber]] ammunition from pistols and hunting rifles in the southern Parisian suburb of [[Grigny]], injuring 34 policemen, three of them seriously. [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/6727FE6C-C8E3-491A-B272-A902E3F3F500.htm][http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/07/international/europe/07france.html?ei=5094&en=5e569e209f289296&hp=&ex=1131339600&partner=homepage&pagewanted=print] Two of them are reported to have been hit in the head. [http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/F/FRANCE_RIOTING?SITE=CAANG&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&SECTION=HOME] [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0,36-707134,0.html] The shots ended at 8:30 pm; according to a journaliste of ''[[Le Monde]]'' and several social workers, this might be related to the beginning of the [[soccer]] match [[PSG]]-[[AS Monaco]] (''[[France Inter]]'', Nov. 7)

*** For the first time, [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[church]]es have been attacked with [[Molotov cocktail]]s in [[Liévin]] and [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] in [[Pas-de-Calais]] and [[Sète]] in [[Hérault]].

Apple's response was the brainchild of [[CEO]] [[John Sculley]]: a range of inexpensive Macs introduced on [[October]] [[1990]]. The [[Macintosh Classic]], essentially a cheaper version of the aformentioned Macintosh SE, sold for a price of $999 in its American base version. The Macintosh was the cheapest ever available Mac up until the release of the [[Mac mini]]. The 68020-powered [[Macintosh LC]], was available for ~$1800, in a distinctive "pizza box" case, offered color graphics, and a low-cost 512×384-pixel monitor was launched to accompany it. The [[Macintosh IIsi]], essentially a 20-MHz IIci with only one expansion slot, cost $2500, and was a powerful machine for the price. It was the first Mac with a microphone input. All three machines sold very well, though Apple's profit margin was considerably lower than on earlier machines.

*** 1408 vehicles have been torched during the night (982 vehicles were burned outside Paris), and 395 people were arrested. [http://www.standaard.be/Kanaal/Index.aspx?kanaalid=62&artikelId=DMF07112005_003] A Polish tourbus parked in [[Alfortville]] waiting to return a group of vacationers to [[Poland]] was one of the vehicles that were destroyed. [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/1190950,12,item.html]

***In the first incident outside France, five cars were torched in [[Saint-Gilles, Belgium|Saint-Gillis]], [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]].[http://www.hln.be/hln/cch/det/art_138112.html]

The following year saw the much-anticipated release of [[System 7 (Macintosh)|System 7]], a 32-bit rewrite of the [[Mac OS|Macintosh operating system]] that improved its handling of color graphics, memory addressing, networking, and [[computer multitasking|multitasking]], and introduced [[virtual memory]]. Later that year, Apple introduced the [[Macintosh Quadra]] 700 and 900 computers, the first Macs to employ the faster [[Motorola 68040]] processor. They were joined by improved versions of the previous year's hits, the [[Macintosh Classic II]] and [[Macintosh LC II]], which was upgraded to utilize a 16MHz 68030.

***German police suspects that the torching of five vehicles in Berlin may potentially be connected to the rioting in Paris suburbs. [http://de.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=domesticNews&storyID=2005-11-07T100158Z_01_MAI736114_RTRDEOC_0_DEUTSCHLAND-KRIMINALITAET-AUTOS.xml]. Similar incidents have been registered in [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]].

[[Image:Powerbook150.jpg|thumb|200px|Powerbook 150]]

At the same time, the first three models in Apple's enduring [[PowerBook]] range were introduced &mdash; the 16 MHz 68000-powered PowerBook 100, a miniaturized [[Macintosh Portable]] built by Sony; the 16-MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25-MHz 68030 PowerBook 170. They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palmrest, and with a built-in pointing device (a [[trackball]]) below the keyboard. All three had a black-and-white 640×400-pixel display, [[passive matrix addressing|passive matrix]] for the 100 and 140, and active matrix for the 170.

In [[1992]] Apple unveiled an ill-fated plan to sell consumer Macs, named the the [[Macintosh Performa]] series, through non-traditional dealers. At Apple dealers, a lower-end version of the Quadra series, the [[Macintosh Centris]] was brought out, only to be quickly renamed Quadra when buyers became confused by the range of Classics, LCs, IIs, Quadras, Performas, and Centris.

As well as releasing several new Macintosh products, Apple also unveiled the miniaturized [[PowerBook Duo]] range. It was intended to be docked for desktop-like functionality while at the workplace. The last PowerBook Duo was dropped from the Apple product line in early-[[1997]], possibly because of the difficulties switching to PowerPC processors.

<!-- Note: I am not sure to do with this below line, as it is copied directly from the Macintosh TV article. Possibly rewrite? - TDS (on a copy editing spree at 12:10 am ;)) -->

In [[1993]] the [[Macintosh TV]] was introduced, it was Apple's first attempt at computer-television integration. It shared the external appearance of the [[Macintosh Performa]] 500 series, but in a black case. It was essentially a Performa 520 which could switch its built-in 14" Sony Trinitron CRT from being a computer display to a cable-ready television: it did not do windowed TV on the computer desktop, though it could capture still frames to PICT documents. It came with a small remote control that is also compatible with Sony televisions. Only 10,000 were made in the model's short time on the market, and they are now quite rare.

By the early [[1990s]], it was thought by some that [[RISC]]-architecture [[Central processing unit|CPUs]] would soon dramatically outpace the speed increases occurring over the same time in [[CISC]] CPUs such as the Macintosh's [[Motorola 68000]] series and Intel's [[x86]] series. The [[AIM alliance]] of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola was announced in [[1991]] to create a series of RISC CPUs called the [[PowerPC]]. Existing Macintosh software that had been written for the [[Motorola 68000|68000]] series CPUs, including some large sections of the Mac OS&mdash;were made to run with a [[Mac 68K emulator|software emulator]]. The first [[PowerPC]]-based Macs were sold in [[1994]]. The Power Macintosh line proved to be incredibly successful, with over one million units sold by late-1994, three months before Apple's one-year goal. In [[2005]], Apple announced that it would move from [[PowerPC]] to the x86 series; the [[PowerPC]] will still be used in the Macintosh until [[2007]], although the architectural benefits and speed differences of RISC versus CISC remain controversial.

* '''Monday [[November 7]]'''

In [[1994]], Apple also released the second-generation PowerBook models, the [[PowerBook|PowerBook 500]], that sported the first trackpad ever to be used by a portable laptop computer.

** Day

*** A 61-year-old man, [[Jean-Jacques Le Chenadec]], a former [[Renault]] employee, died in the hospital because of the injuries sustained after being beaten when he went to check on a garbage can fire in the suburb of Stains. He succumbed to his injuries, becoming the first death caused by the riots.[http://www.nu.nl/news/621550/20/Eerste_dode_door_rellen_in_Franse_buitenwijken.html] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4413250.stm] [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-riots7nov07,0,2240109.story?coll=la-home-headlines] According to a witness, Jean-Jacques was 'deliberately assasinated'.

By [[1995]], Microsoft and Intel were turning up the heat on Apple by introducing [[Windows 95]], and the [[Intel Pentium|Pentium]] processor, both products significantly enhancing the multimedia capability of the PC, and quickly began to erode the Mac's market share. In response, Apple started the [[Macintosh clones|Macintosh clone]] program in order to regain lost market share in the desktop computer market. This program was cancelled in August [[1997]] when negotiations between Apple and the clone makers to extend the licensing agreement broke down, and Apple bought back the licenses of [[Power Computing]] and other clone vendors.

*** Rioter Moussa Diallo is quoted as saying: "This is just the beginning. It's not going to end until there are two policemen dead." [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/07/international/europe/07france.html?th&emc=th]

*** Eric Raoult, mayor of [[Raincy]], which is one of the cities hit by the riots, has imposed a [[curfew]] on people younger than 15-years-old from 1 am to dawn [http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/story.asp?j=161770722&p=y6y77y4z8].

<!-- We definitely need more on this matter as it was one of the main reasons Apple was failing in the late 90s. - TDS -->

*** [[France 3]] has decided to stop revealing the toll of the riots and the number of cars torched in order to not inflame the situation. [http://info.france2.fr/violences-banlieues/15475641-fr.php]

*** Three French blog participants have been arrested for provoking the violence. [http://fr.news.yahoo.com/07112005/290/trois-arrestations-pour-incitation-a-l-emeute-sur-blog.html]

=== 1999 - Present ===

*** Jewish religious leaders in France report they have been advised by the government not to discuss their fears publicly in order to avoid further anti-Semitic attacks.[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3165579,00.html]

[[Image:Original_iMac.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The original iMac]]

*** The [[Union of French Islamic Organizations]] (UOIF) issued a [[fatwa]] condemning the violence [http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/11/06/france.riots.fatwa.reut/index.html]

In [[1998]], a year after [[Steve Jobs]] returned to the company, Apple introduced a new all-in-one Macintosh similar to the original [[Macintosh 128K]] in the aspect of design, named the [[iMac]]. The iMac did not feature the usual ports such as [[ADB]] and [[SCSI]]; instead, it only including two [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] ports, in part as an attempt to set new industrial standards. The new iMac was not a great leap forward in hardware specifications, but instead enjoyed great success because of it's innovative marketing and design. The iMac featured a translucent plastic case, originally [[Bondi blue]] and [[white]], with many other colors later replacing Bondi blue. The iMac set new standards for computer design and furthermore popularized the use of [[USB]]. The iMac proved to be phenomenally successful, selling 800,000 units in 1998, making the company an annual profit of $309 million, making it Apple's first profitable year since [[Michael Spindler]] took the position of CEO of the company in 1995. The success of the iMac is highly regarded as one of the reasons that Apple has continued to grow to this date, and many credit the turn around of Apple from a failing, non-profitable company, to the successfull company that it is today to the original iMac.

*** De Villepin on the [[TF1]] television channel announced the deployment of 18,000 police, supported by a 1,500 strong reserve. [http://english.ohmynews.com/ArticleView/article_view.asp?menu=A11100&no=257451&rel_no=1&back_url=][http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/acteurs/interventions_premier_ministre_9/dans_les_medias_497/intervention_premier_ministre_journal_54327.html].

** Night - 12th night of rioting

In the summer of [[1999]], Apple introduced the [[iBook]], a new consumer level portable Macintosh that was designed to be similar in appearance to the iMac introduced a year earlier. Six weeks after the iBook's unveiling, more than 140,000 orders had been placed, and by October the computer was as successful as the iMac. <!-- in terms of what -- TDS -->

*** Police said that violence in Seine-Saint-Denis was still simmering, but the situation was calmer than in the previous nights, with three times fewer calls to the fire services, but violence continued in the province. [http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/11/08/afx2323455.html]

*** In [[Toulouse]], some 50 rioters stopped and torched a bus and ordered the driver to get out, hurling firebombs and other objects as police arrived [http://www.jg-tc.com/articles/2005/11/07/ap/headlines/d8dnrhk8a.txt]

In [[2000]], the Macintosh made a fundamental change, this time in its operating system, by switching to the [[Mach kernel|Mach]] and [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] Unix-based [[Mac OS X]], from the original Mac OS 'classic'.

*** Two schools were torched in [[Lille|Lille Sud]] and in [[Bruay-sur-Escaut]] near the city of [[Valenciennes]]. A gymnasium was burned in [[Villepinte]].

*** Additional violence and vandalism in eastern France in [[Alsace]], [[Lorraine]] and [[Franche-Comté]]. Violence in [[Toulouse]], [[Strasbourg]], [[Moselle]], and [[Doubs]].[http://today.reuters.fr/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2005-11-07T222825Z_01_CHE769341_RTRIDST_0_OFRTP-FRANCE-BANLIEUES-TOULOUSE-20051107.XML]

In recent years [[Apple]] has seen a significant boost in sales of Macintoshes largely due to the success of the [[iPod]]. The iPod [[digital music player]]s have brought awareness to the Macintosh line which hasn't been seen since after its original release in 1984. In 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 Macintosh sales have been increasing continuously.

*** 1173 vehicles have been burned. [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-706693,36-707655@51-704172,0.html]

*** Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin announced that, starting on Wednesday, "wherever it is necessary, prefects will be able to impose a curfew". No army intervention is being planned [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1289530].

Apple has continued to add new products to their lineup. and on [[January 11]], [[2005]] at the [[Macworld Conference & Expo|Macworld Expo]]/[[San Francisco]], Apple announced the [[Mac mini]] with a price of US$499. This was the first Macintosh ever released for less than $500.

* '''Tuesday [[November 8]]'''

** Day

On [[June 6]], [[2005]], Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced that the company would begin [[Apple Intel transition|transitioning the Macintosh line]] from [[PowerPC]] to [[Intel]] microprocessors, with the transition expected to be complete by the end of [[2007]], and demonstrated a version of Mac OS X running on a computer powered by an Intel [[Pentium 4]] CPU. It is unclear whether the Intel-based Apple computers will use a [[Phoenix Technologies|Phoenix]] [[BIOS]], used in the x86 Developer Transition System, the Intel-created [[Extensible Firmware Interface]], or another BIOS (the [[Open Firmware]] system that Apple has used in its PowerPC-based computers will not be used, according to a PowerPC-to-Intel developer transition document released by Apple). Intel-powered Macs will be able to run Macintosh software compiled for [[PowerPC]] processors using a [[binary translation|dynamic translation]] system known as [[Rosetta (software)|Rosetta]]. The reason for this switch was (according to Apple) due to problems with the power consumption of the IBM [[PowerPC 970|G5]] processors, coupled with IBM's inability to deliver on the promised roadmap. Apple is expected to transition to Intel [[Pentium M]] processors in its Powerbook and iBook lines first (probably in June [[2006]]), with the desktop lines following later towards the second half of 2007.

***The Belgian TV-station [[VTM]] reports that a Molotov cocktail was thrown into a schools bicycle parking during class hours, and that their reporters had been attacked on the scene.

***President [[Jacques Chirac]] declares a [[state of emergency]] following an emergency session of his cabinet, and the re-activation of a [[1955]] law enacted during the [[Algerian War of Independence|Algerian war]], allowing local authorities to impose curfews, beginning on Tuesday, 12 PM, with an initial 12-day limit.

Some, particularly Apple loyalists, have branded this future Macintosh lineup as [[Apple Intel transition|Mactel]] (or MacIntel), a reference to the [[Microsoft Windows]]-Intel colloquialism [[Wintel]]. It has recently been reported that Apple has trademarked the word "Mactel"{{ref|mactel}}, indicating that it may be planning on using that name for some products. During and for a time after the transition, developers are encouraged to compile and distribute [[universal binary|universal binaries]], which will run on both [[PowerPC]] and Intel-based Macs.

** Night - 13th night of rioting

***Protestant church in [[Meulan]] attacked. [http://trans.voila.fr/voila?systran_lp=fr_en&systran_f=1131462231&systran_id=Voila-fr&systran_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-echos.com%2Factualite.php%3Fcle%3D7610]

On [[October 11]], [[2005]] Apple released their fourth quarter results, reporting shipment of 1,236,000 Macintoshes, resulting in 48% growth in Macs over the year-ago quarter.{{ref|q4results}}

***Youths threw firebombs at police and set cars ablaze in suburb of [[Toulouse]]. Dozens of youths set fire to at least 10 cars and threw objects at police. [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L08333103.htm]

*** As of midnight [[Central European Time]], the [[France|French Republic]] is placed under a [[State of Emergency]]. The cities of [[Orléans]] and [[Amiens]] imposed curfews on minors below 16 years of age.

==Architecture==

*** More than 500 cars had been torched by 0400 (0300GMT), police said. Around 200 people were arrested. Police said the levels of violence across the country were lower than the previous night. The suburbs of Paris were relatively calm, with few isolated cases of arson, and a dozen arrests. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4419770.stm]

*** Public transport in [[Lyons]] was shut down after a Molotov cocktail hit a train station.

=== Hardware ===

*** In [[Bordeaux]], a Molotov cocktail hit a gas-powered bus.

The current product family of Macintoshes use [[PowerPC]] processors, co-developed by Apple, [[IBM]], and [[Motorola]], and currently produced by IBM and [[Freescale]], a former division of Motorola. All Macintosh models ship with 512 MB [[RAM]] standard, and as of [[October 12]], [[2005]] the [[iMac G5]] ships with the [[Apple Mighty Mouse]], a two button mouse produced by Apple. Current Macintosh computeres use the [[ATI Radeon]] or [[GeForce|nVidia GeForce]] series chips for graphics, and include either a [[Combo Drive]], a DVD player and CD burner all in one, or the [[Superdrive]], a dual function DVD burner, and CD burner. Macintoshes include two standard data transfer ports: [[USB]] ports, standardized in [[1998]] with the [[iMac]], and [[FireWire]], a less popular port developed by [[Apple Computer|Apple]] to support more power-demanding devices.

* '''Wednesday [[November 9]]'''

** Day

====Processor Architecture====

*** French businesses are worried that the cost of the past 13 nights of rioting that has swept the country could go beyond clean-up to hurt investment and consumer confidence going into the all-important winter shopping season. Concerns about the violence helped push the [[euro]] to two-year lows against the [[US dollar]] as companies postpone investment in some of the affected areas, potential tourists watch neighborhoods burn on television and the stakes increase the longer the riots continue.[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D8DP4A101.htm?campaign_id=apn_home_up&chan=db]

*** [[Daniel Feurtet]], the [[communist]] mayor of the riot-hit [[Blanc-Mesnil]] district, threatened to quit. "If the prefect decides to impose a curfew in one of our areas, I'll hand in my resignation right away," he told [[Le Monde]] newspaper, referring to the regional government officials empowered to impose curfews.[http://today.reuters.com/news/NewsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=uri:2005-11-09T184759Z_01_RID944016_RTRUKOC_0_US-FRANCE-RIOTS-1.xml&pageNumber=1&summit=]

Apple had been using the Motorola 68k series of processors since the orginal Macintosh, which used a [[Motorola 68000]] processor, but with the release of the [[PowerPC]] processors, Apple began migrating to the PowerPC platform beginning with the [[PowerMac]] in 1994.

*** Interior minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] has ordered the expulsion of all foreigners convicted of taking part in the riots that have swept France for 13 nights. He told parliament 120 foreigners had been found guilty of involvement and would be deported without delay.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4422422.stm]

** Night - 14th night of rioting

The original 68000 was a 16-bit processor that ran at 8MHz in desktop systems, although the [[Macintosh Portable]] was able to run at 16MHz. Apple later released the Macintosh II featuring a 32-bit [[Motorola 68020]] processor, but the Macintoshes at the time only supported 24-bit memory addressing, and as such they only used 2/3 of the chip's memory addressing capabilities. Macs with this limitation were referred to as '32-bit dirty', while it's successors which completely supported 32-bit memory addressing were refered to as '32-bit clean'. The successor Macintosh IIx introduced the [[Motorola 68030]] processor, which added an onboard [[Memory Management Unit]] to it's feature set. Finally Apple released the first '32-bit clean' Macintosh, the Macintosh IIci. Later Apple released the Macintosh IIfx, which not only contained a 40Mhz 68040, but also contained two [[MOS Technology 6502]] processors for use as auxiliary controllers - the irony being that the MOS 6502 was the primary processor in the older [[Apple II]] line. In 1991, Apple released the first computers containing the [[Motorola 68040]] processor, which contained a floating point unit in the main processor. These continued to be the primary line until the release of the [[Power Macintosh]] line in 1994.

Since 1994, Apple has been using the PowerPC line of processors, starting with the [[PowerPC 601]], which were later upgraded to the [[PowerPC 603|603]] and [[PowerPC 604|604]]. In 1997, Apple introduced their first computer based on the significantly upgraded [[PowerPC G3]] processor; and followed it with the [[PowerPC G4]] in 1999. The latest generation of processor in use is the 64-bit [[PowerPC G5]], introduced in 2003. During the transition to the PowerPC, Apple wrote a 68030-to-PowerPC translation routine that booted very early in the OS loading. The first version of the OS to ship with the earliest PowerPC systems was estimated to be running 95% emulated. Later versions of the operating system increased the percentage of PowerPC native code; until OS X brought it to 100% native.

Starting in [[2006]], Apple will begin transitioning the Macintosh line of computers to use processors from [[Intel]]. This will mark the second major transition of processor technology for Apple. Apple will be using a technology they call "Rosetta" to translate PowerPC instructions into [[x86]] instructions, much as they used software to translate 680x0 instructions into PowerPC instructions during their last transition. Unlike the prior transition, however, it appears that the core OS will be 100% compiled for the new architecture upon release.

=== Software ===

==== Operating system ====

{{seemain|Mac OS history}}

The Macintosh operating system was originally known as the ''System Software'' or more simply ''System''. With the release of [[System 7 (Macintosh)|System 7.6]], the official name became [[Mac OS]]. From [[2001]] onward, the "classic" Mac OS was phased out in favor of the new, [[Unix]]-based [[Mac OS X]]. Apple had offered another UNIX system, [[A/UX]], for their Macintosh servers earlier, but without much success. The Mac OS operating system is generally considered one of the Macintosh platform's main selling points, and its releases are heavily touted by Apple with large special events, and release day events. Apple has generally chosen to stick with some loose user inteface elements in all of its releases, and many similarities can be seen between the legacy [[Mac OS 9]], and the modern Mac OS X.

=====System / Mac OS =====

[[Image:Apple Macintosh Desktop.png|thumb|right|Original 1984 Mac OS desktop]]

Mac OS, or ''System'' as it was originally known, was the first widely-used operating system with a graphical interface. In fact, no versions of the "classic" Mac OS featured a [[command line]]. It was originally a single-tasking OS, but optional [[cooperative multitasking]] was introduced in ''System 5''. The next major upgrade was [[System 7]] in [[1991]], which featured a new, full color design as well as built-in multitasking, [[AppleScript]], and more user configuration options. Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, but its dated architecture (such as using cooperative multitasking instead of the more modern [[preemptive multitasking]]) made a replacement necessary.

=====Mac OS X=====

[[Image:MacOSX10.4.png|thumb|right|Mac OS X v10.4 desktop]]

In [[March 2001]], Apple introduced [[Mac OS X]], a modern and more secure [[Unix]]-based successor (using [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]], [[XNU]] and [[Mach kernel|Mach]] as foundations). Mac OS X is directly derived from [[NeXTSTEP]], the operating system developed by Steve Jobs' company [[NeXT]] before it was bought by Apple. Older Mac OS programs can still run under Mac OS X in a special [[virtual machine]] called [[Classic (Mac OS X)|Classic]], but this will no longer be possible when Apple switches from the PowerPC architecture to Intel processors in 2007. Even though Mac OS X was never certified as an UNIX implementation by [[The Open Group]], it is the most common Unix-based desktop operating system of today. Mac OS X is currently at version [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]] (released on [[April 29]] [[2005]]), codenamed ''Tiger''. The next version, [[Mac OS X v10.5]], codenamed "Leopard", is scheduled to be released at the end of 2006, around the same time that [[Microsoft]] plans to release [[Windows Vista]].

=====A/UX=====

[[A/UX]], the third official operating system for the Macintosh, was a [[System V]] based UNIX variant offered from [[1988]] to [[1996]]. It ran on non-PowerPC Macintoshes, and featured a System 7-style interface as well as a command line. It was not very successful, and was phased out in favor of a [[AIX]] variant. When Mac OS X was released, there was no longer a need for a separate UNIX OS. [[Mac OS X Server]], which is very closely tied to Mac OS X, is now Apple's main server OS.

==== Software history ====

Since its introduction the Macintosh has been criticized for the lack of software available for its operating system. In 1984, it was apparent that the [[IBM PC]] had a wider range of software available, because it used the most popular operating system of the time, [[MS-DOS]]. Apple struggled to encourage software developers to port software titles to the Macintosh, however [[Bill Gates]] at [[Microsoft]] realized that the [[GUI]] would become an industry-standard, and that his software would sell in large quantity if it was available for the Macintosh. In 1984 [[Microsoft Word]] and [[Microsoft MultiPlan]] were available, and were a large selling point for the Mac. However, it lacked games and business software. In [[1985]], [[Lotus]] introduced [[Lotus Jazz]] after the success of [[Lotus 1-2-3]] for the IBM PC, however despite the hopes it was a large flop.

In [[1987]] Apple spun off their software business as [[Claris]]. They were given the code and rights to several programs that had been written within Apple, notably [[MacWrite]], [[MacPaint]] and [[MacProject]]. In the late 1980s Claris released a number of revamped software titles, the result was the "Pro" series including MacPaint Pro, MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro and FileMaker Pro. In order to provide a complete office suite they also purchased the rights to the [[Informix WingZ]] [[spreadsheet]] on the Mac, re-branding it as [[Claris Resolve]], and added the new presentation program [[Claris Impact]]. By the early 1990s Claris programs were shipping with the majority of consumer level Macintoshes, and were extremely popular. In [[1991]] Claris released [[ClarisWorks]], which soon became their second best-selling program.

==== iLife ====

A major part of Apple's 'digital hub' concept is a suite of consumer level applications called 'iLife.' The first iLife application was [[iMovie]], which was released in [[1999]] for use on the [[iMac DV]]. Next in line came [[iTunes]], a digital jukebox designed to work with Apple's [[iPod]] digital music player, and on [[January 7th]], [[2002]], Apple released [[iPhoto]], an easy-to-use, consumer grade digital photo organizer. Finally, in [[2004]] marketed the aformentioned applications, as well as [[iDVD]], and [[GarageBand]] into a $49 ([[United States|American]] [[dollar|dollars]]) suite called iLife. Today, every Macintosh computer comes preinstalled with the iLife suite. The suite is intended to make the Mac extremely versatile out of the box by providing several consumer media applications. The most popular tool in the suite is iTunes, which now has a Windows version available as well, and has spawned the most popular online music store, [[iTunes Music Store]].

<!--==== Games ====-->

== Market share ==

Since the introduction of the [[Macintosh 128K]] in [[1984]], Apple have struggled to gain significant personal computer market share. The original Mac lacked software, resulting in disappointing sales in [[1985]] when consumers realized the [[IBM PC]] had more software available. In [[1985]] Microsoft introduced the [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] GUI environment for the [[IBM PC]] to compete with the Macintosh. This ultimately ended with a lawsuit between [[Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp|Apple and Microsoft]], in which Apple claimed rights to the graphical user inteface; it resulted in a lost case for Apple, and Microsoft was given permission to continue selling their own graphical operating system. By [[1985]] only 500,000 Macintoshes had been sold. Steve Jobs, prior to its introduction, predicted that it would sell two million units by 1985. Originally Jobs predicted it could sell five million within two years; sales eventually crossed the two million mark in [[1988]], and three years later the install base reached 5 million.

In the early-[[1990s]] Apple tried to persuade users to buy a Macintosh instead of an alternative running a Microsoft operating system. During this period, several brochures and advertisements were made stating the advantages of a Macintosh over a PC, such as built-in networking and ease-of-use.

By [[1997]] the Macintosh had over 20 million users. By 2002, the Macintosh installed base was predicted to be 50 million units. As of Q4 2003 Apple had 2.06% of the desktop share in the [[United States]], which had increased to 2.88% by Q4 2004. Based on website statistics, overall Mac [[installed base]] is around 4.7%.

== Advertising ==

[[Image:MacIntroBrochurePage1.jpg|thumb|right|Page 1 of the 1984 "Macintosh Introduction" brochure published in Newsweek magazine.]]Ever since the introduction of the Macintosh in [[1984]] with the [[1984 (television commercial)|1984 commercial]] Apple has been recognized for its efforts towards effective advertising and marketing for the Macintosh. In addition to the 1984 commercial, Apple also placed a 39-page ad in [[Newsweek]] magazine, published in the magazine from November 1984 until December. A separate "Macintosh Introduction" 20-page ad was also featured in Newsweek at the beginning of 1984, often remembered because [[Bill Gates]] was featured on page 15.

Apple spent more than US $2.5 million to buy all 40 pages of advertising in a special November 1984 Newsweek magazine to launch the "Test Drive a Macintosh" promotion; potential buyers with a credit card could trial a Macintosh for 24-hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. It began to look like a success with 200,000 participants; ''Advertising Age'' magazine also named it in the 10-best promotions of 1984. However, dealers disliked the promotion and supply of computers was insufficient for demand. In [[1985]], in an attempt to recreate the 1984 commercial for the [[Macintosh Office]], the "Lemmings" commercial aired at the [[Superbowl]] in 1985; Apple went as far as to create a newspaper advertisement stating "If you go to the bathroom during the fourth quarter, you'll be sorry". It was a large failure and did not capture the attention that the 1984 commercial did.

In [[1986]] several brochures were created for the [[Macintosh Plus]]. In the early to mid [[1990s]] many brochures and television commercials were created to promote the [[Macintosh Performa]], to make the Mac more popular amongst families and demonstrate the ease-of-use compared to a typical computer running [[MS-DOS]] or [[Microsoft Windows]].

Also in the 1990s, Apple started the "What's on your Powerbook?" campaign, featuring ordinary people in print ads and television commercials describing how the PowerBook helps them in their businesses and every-day lives. Some of the people featured in the campaign included [[Frances Lear]], [[Tama Janowitz]], [[Greg Ketchum]], [[Michael O'Brien]], [[Todd Rundgren]], [[Art Monk]], [[Martina Navratilova]], [[Barry Ashley]] and [[Brian Durkin]].

In [[1995]] Apple responded to the introduction of [[Windows 95]] with both several print ads and a television commercial demonstrating it's disadvantages. One print ad read "Introducing Windows 95. It has a trash can you can open and take things back out of again. Imagine that." - a feature which the [[Mac OS]] had had since its introduction 11 years earlier. In a television commercial, a presentation speaker struggles with his new computer running on Windows 95, resulting in the audience trying to assist him, shouting out MS-DOS commands. Eventually he is told to buy a Macintosh.

Towards the late 1990s, Apple published fewer paper advertisements and brochures and focused more on TV commercials. In [[1997]] the [[Think Different]] campaign was launched, and became Apple's company slogan. Directly addressing [[Microsoft Windows]] users, Apple started the [[Apple Switch ad campaign|Switch campaign]] in 2002. In [[2003]] Apple aired a television commercial for the [[PowerMac G5]], and in [[2004]] a special ad for the [[iMac]] [[G5]] was aired, but Apple has not aired a Macintosh commercial since. It has however aired many [[iPod]] commercials instead.

[[Image:Apple Special Event Photobooth.jpg|thumb|right|Steve Jobs unveiling the new Photobooth software for the iMac at an Apple 'special event.']]

Today, Apple focuses much of it's advertising efforts around heavily hyped 'special events', and [[Stevenote|keynotes]] at conferences like the [[Apple Expo]], and the [[MacWorld Expo]]. The events typically draw a large gathering of media representatives and press. In the past, special events have been used to unveil the [[iPod|iPod Video]], the redesigned [[iMac]], and many other Macintosh products.

== Effects on the industry ==

Apple has introduced a number of innovations in direct relation to the [[Macintosh 128k]] that were later adopted by the rest of industry as a standard for the design of computers. Possibly Apple's number one effect on the industry was the first large-scale use of a graphical user interface in operating system software. Today, almost every mainstream operating system relies on a graphical user interface, and many operating systems still echo the design of the original Macintosh graphical user inteface, such as the use of the "double click" and the "drag and drop behaviours"; as well as introducing a graphical user interface, the [[Macintosh 128k]] also popularized the use of a mouse as a pointing device in computers, and marked the first mainstream computer to use the mouse. The Macintosh 128k also introduced software which allowed [[WYSIWYG]] (what you see is what you get) text and graphics editing, which today is the prevailing standard in text edtiors, and photo manipulation applications. As well as introducing many innovations in the field of the graphical user interface, the Macintosh 128k also introduced significant technical improvements such as: long file names permitting [[whitespace]] and not requiring a file extension, [[floppy disk|3.5" floppy disk drives]] as a standard component, 8-bit mono [[audio]] including built-in speakers, and an output jack as a standard feature, the "All-in-One" design (see: [[iMac G5]] for an example of the design applied), and built-in networking features.

The Macintosh platform has introduced many innovations and ideas that had significant effects on the computer industry, especially in the area of communications standards. One of the first was the [[Macintosh Plus]], which succesfully introduced the [[SCSI]] interface in 1986. The [[Macintosh IIsi]] and the [[Macintosh LC]] introduced standard audio in and out ports in 1990 &mdash; today these ports are standard on the large majority of computers. Beginning with the [[iMac]] in 1998, Apple made the [[Universal Serial Bus]] port a standard and introduced the [[FireWire]] port, a high speed data transfer bus that is now included in many media-editing oriented computers. Apple also innovated in the area of networking, beginning with heavy marketing of the existing standard [[IEEE 802.11b]] ([[WiFi]], or [[AirPort]]) and its early implementation in the Macintosh portable lines in [[1999]]. Additionally, the Macintosh platform has set the tone for many of the storage devices that are standard in today's computers. In [[1992]], the [[Macintosh IIvx]] featured the [[CD-ROM]] drive as a standard feature, a first for the industry. The [[iMac]], debuting in [[1998]], was one of the first computers to phase out the floppy disk drive; today, almost no new computers come with one. Finally, the [[Power Macintosh G4]] with its '''SuperDrive''' introduced the first easily affordable [[DVD-R]] drive in [[2001]].

Apple has also contributed heavily to the field of mobile computing, and many of the features they have added throughout the years to their mobile lines have become standard in today's industries. The [[PowerBook]] 100, 140, and 170 set the ergonomic standard for the placement of keyboard in [[1991]] by moving the keyboard behind a palm rest, rather then right at the bottom of the laptop. Additionally, in 1991 the [[Powerbook]] 100 series featured the first built-in pointing device on a laptop: a [[trackball]]. The [[PowerBook Duo]] also introduced the idea of a dock/port replicator in [[1992]]. One of the most important features ever added to the Macintosh PowerBook lineup was the first true [[touchpad]] as a pointing device on a notebook on the [[PowerBook 500]] in [[1994]]; today, an overwhelming majority of laptops rely on the trackpad as their primary pointing device. The PowerBook 500 also became the first laptop with built-in [[Ethernet]] support, and the first laptop to sport [[compact disc|CD]]-quality [[Stereophonic sound|stereo]] sound in both its input and output ports. More recently the [[PowerBook G4]] became the first full-size laptop computer to feature a widescreen display, and in [[2003]] it became the first laptop computer with a 17-inch display. In [[2004]], the [[PowerBook G4]] was the first computer to provide dual-link [[DVI]].

<!--

Stuff that is still left on the list:

Innovations introduced or popularized in the field of personal computing by later Macintosh products:

* A single desktop environment that can span multiple monitors

* Flat-panel displays as a standard feature on a desktop (Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, [[1997]])

* The first notable coloration of computer hardware, in contrast to the ubiquitous beige, gray or black shades that computers had used (including previous Macs), (original iMac, 1998)

* First notebook computer to have a keyboard with automatically-adjusted [[optical fiber|fiber-optic]] backlight (PowerBook G4, 2003)

* First operating system to use hardware acceleration ([[OpenGL]]) for the graphical user interface (Quartz Extreme) (Mac OS 10.3 (Panther), 2003)

-->

==Models==

''(See also [[List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU]])''

{{MacModels}}

==See also==

{{commons|Apple Macintosh}}

* [[Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.]]

* [[List of Macintosh software]]

* [[Mac rumors community]]

* [[Macworld Conference & Expo]]

* [[Macintosh User Groups in the UK]]

* [[WYSIWYG]]

* [[.Mac]]

==Further reading==

* Hertzfeld, Andy (2004), ''Revolution in the Valley'', [[O'Reilly|O'Reilly Books]] ISBN 0596007191

* Kahney , Leander (2004), ''The Cult of Mac'', No Starch Press ISBN 1886411832

* Linzmayer, Owen (2004), ''Apple Confidential 2.0'', No Starch Press ISBN 1593270100

* Kelby, Scott (2002), ''Macintosh... The Naked Truth'', New Riders Press ISBN 0735712840

* [[Guy Kawasaki|Kawasaki, Guy]] (1989), ''The Macintosh Way'', Scott Foresman Trade ISBN 0673461750

== Notes ==

*{{note|lisa}} [http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?story=Five_Different_Macs.txt folklore.org: Five different Macintoshes], retrieved [[November 9]], [[2005]]

*{{note|snowwhite}} [http://www.landsnail.com/apple/local/design/design2.html History of computer design: Snow White], retrieved [[November 9]], [[2005]]

*{{note|mactel}} [http://news.com.com/2061-10793_3-5746741.html news.com: Apple seeks to trademark its socks], retrieved [[November 9]], [[2005]]

*{{note|q4results}} [http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/oct/11results.html: Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results], retrieved [[November 9]], [[2005]]

==References==

* [http://www.mactracker.ca/ MacTracker Macintosh model database], retrieved [[November 4]], [[2005]]

* [http://folklore.org/index.py folklore.org: Macintosh stories], retrieved [[November 9]], [[2005]]

* Guterl, Fred (December 1984): "Design case history: Apple's Macintosh". ''[[IEEE Spectrum]]''. [http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~klinger/mac.html]

* Glen Sanford (2005): [http://www.apple-history.com/ Apple History].

* Amit Singh (2005): [http://www.kernelthread.com/mac/oshistory/ A History of Apple's Operating Systems].

* Dan Knight (2005): [http://lowendmac.com/history/1984dk.shtml Macintosh History: 1984].

* Linzmayer, Owen (2004): Apple Confidential 2.0, No Starch Press ISBN 1593270100

* Jim Dalrymple, [[Macworld]] ([[March 20]], 2005): [http://www.macworld.com/news/2005/03/20/marketshare/index.php ''Apple desktop market share on the rise; will the Mac mini, iPod help?'']

* Daring Fireball ([[24 July]] 2003): [http://daringfireball.net/2003/07/market_share Market share]

* [[Slashdot]] (June 2005): [http://apple.slashdot.org/apple/05/06/05/0548225.shtml?tid=3 ''Mac Install-Base Shown to Be 16%'']

==External links==

*[http://www.apple.com Apple Computer's Website]

*[http://lowendmac.com Low End Mac - Apple history and Macintosh profiles]

*[http://static.hugi.is/misc/movies/1984macintro.mov The 1984 introducion of the Macintosh] (QuickTime Movie)

*[http://mxmora.best.vwh.net/JefRaskin.html Articles by Jef Raskin about the history of the Macintosh]

*[http://www.folklore.org/ Anecdotes about the history of the Macintosh (folklore.org)]

*[http://www.lowendmac.com/clones/index.shtml The Macintosh Clones]

*[http://www.apple-history.com/ Apple-History.com, All Mac models, with specs and photos]

*[http://library.stanford.edu/mac/index.html Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley]

[[Category:Personal computers]]

[[Category:Macintosh computers]]

[[Category:Timelines]]

[[ar:ماكنتوش]]

[[Category:History of France]]

[[bs:Apple Macintosh]]

[[Category:History of Paris]]

[[ca:Apple Macintosh]]

[[Category:Riots|Paris suburb riots, 2005]]

[[cs:Apple Macintosh]]

[[Category:Seine-Saint-Denis]]

[[da:Apple Macintosh]]

[[de:Apple Macintosh]]

[[es:Apple Macintosh]]

[[fr:Macintosh]]

[[ko:매킨토시]]

[[id:Macintosh]]

[[it:Apple Macintosh]]

[[he:מקינטוש]]

[[ku:Macintosh]]

[[nl:Macintosh]]

[[ja:Macintosh]]

[[no:Apple Macintosh]]

[[pl:Macintosh]]

[[pt:Macintosh]]

[[ro:Macintosh]]

[[ru:Macintosh]]

[[simple:Macintosh]]

[[sk:Apple Macintosh]]

[[sl:Apple Macintosh]]

[[fi:Macintosh]]

[[sv:Macintosh]]

[[tr:Apple Macintosh]]

[[zh:麦金塔电脑]]