German invasion of Greece and Spanish–American War: Difference between pages
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!colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffccaa|'''Spanish-American War'''
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|Categories|||<center>[[Military history of the United States]]<BR>[[Military history of Spain]]</center>
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|Date||[[April 25]] – [[August 12]], [[1898]]
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|Place||[[Caribbean]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]
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|Result||[[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]]: Cuba gains its independence and Spain cedes the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States for the sum of $20 million.
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!colspan=2|[[Battles of the Spanish-American War]]
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{| border=1 width=300 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
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!colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffccaa|Combatants
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| width=50%|<center>[[United States]] <br> <br> [[Image:Us flag large 45 stars.png|100px]]</center>
| width=50%|<center>[[Spain]] <br> <br> [[Image:Spain flag large.png|85px]]</center>
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!colspan=2|Strength
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|306,760
|200,000
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!colspan=2|Casualties
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|2,446
|5,500
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'''The Spanish-American War''' took place in [[1898]], and resulted in the [[United States|United States of America]] gaining control over the former colonies of [[Spain]] in the [[Caribbean]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]].
== Background ==
For several centuries [[Spain]]'s position as a [[world power]] had been slipping away. By the late [[nineteenth century]] the nation was left with only a few scattered possessions in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], [[Africa]], and the [[West Indies]]. Much of the [[empire]] had gained its independence and a number of the areas still under Spanish control were clamoring to do so. [[Guerrilla]] forces were operating in the [[Philippines]], and had been present in [[Cuba]] for decades. The Spanish government did not have the financial resources or the manpower to deal with these revolts and thus turned to expedients of building [[Concentration Camp#Cuba|concentration camps]] (in Cuba) to separate the rebels from their rural base of support. The Spaniards also carried out many executions of suspected rebels and harshly treated villages and individuals thought to be supporting them. The war was a [[total war]] with both Cuban rebel and Spanish troops burning and destroying infrastructure, crops, tools, livestock, and anything else that might aid the enemy. Nevertheless, by 1897 the rebels had mostly defeated the Spanish. They were firmly in control of the countryside and the Spanish were holed up in urban centers.
These events in Cuba coincided in the [[1890s]] with a battle for readership between the American newspaper chains of [[William Randolph Hearst|Hearst]] and [[Joseph Pulitzer|Pulitzer]]. Hearst's style of "[[yellow journalism]]" would outdo Pulitzer's, and he infamously used the power of his press to influence American opinion in favor of war. Certainly, real and documented atrocities were committed in Cuba, and a real rebellion was being fought against Spanish rule. But in addition, Hearst's newspapers often fabricated stories or embellished factual descriptions with highly inflammatory language. Hearst published sensationalized tales of atrocities which the "cruel Spanish" (see [[Black Legend]]) were inflicting on the "hapless Cubans". Outraged by the "inhumanity" of the Spanish, Americans were stirred up to pushing for an "intervention", which even the most jaded hawks, like a young [[Theodore Roosevelt]], would treat as a mostly dress-up affair. Hearst is famously quoted in his response to a request by his [[illustrator]] [[Frederic Remington]] to return home from an uneventful and docile stay in Havana, writing: "Please remain. ''You'' furnish the pictures and ''I'll'' furnish the war."
There were, however, very real pressures pushing towards war within Cuba. Faced with defeat, and a lack of money and resources to continue fighting Spanish occupation, Cuban revolutionary and future president [[Tomás Estrada Palma]] secured $150 million dollars from a US banker to purchase Cuba's independence, but Spain refused. He then deftly negotiated and propagandized his cause in the U.S. Congress, eventually securing the bill for US intervention.
From an early date, many in the United States had felt that Cuba was "rightly" theirs. The island just off the coast of [[Florida]] seemed an attractive candidate for American [[expansionism|"expansion"]]. Much of the island's economy was already in American hands, and most of its trade, much of which was [[black market]], was with the U.S. Some business leaders pushed for conflict as well.
There was also strong colonialist sentiment within the U.S.A. The ''theory of [[manifest destiny]]'' was extended very early from the mainland to [[Cuba]], and from there it was taken across the Pacific. History books from the time, such as the 1899 ''History and Conquest of the Philippines'', make clear the motivations of material gain for U.S. government and financial interests.
[[Image:HCPOIP_Title_Page.png|left|thumb|Title page of a book published in 1899]]
Also, the end of western expansion and of large-scale conflict with [[Native Americans (U.S.)|Native Americans]] had left the [[United States Army|Army]] with little to do, and army leadership hoped that some new task would come. In the words of [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[John M. Thurston]] of [[Nebraska]]: "War with Spain would increase the business and earnings of every American railroad, it would increase the output of every American factory, it would stimulate every branch of industry and domestic commerce."
The [[United States Navy]] had recently grown considerably, but it was still untested, and many old war dogs were eager to test and use their new tools. The Navy had drawn up plans for attacking the Spanish in the Philippines over a year before hostilities broke out.
And in Spain, the government was not entirely averse to war. The U.S. was an unproven power, while the Spanish navy, however decrepit, had a glorious history, and it was thought it could be a match for the U.S. There was also a widely held notion among Spain's aristocratic leaders that the United States' ethnically mixed army and navy could never survive under severe pressure.
== Declaration of war ==
[[Image:USSMaine.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Wreckage of [[USS Maine (ACR-1)|USS ''Maine'']], 1898]]
On [[February 15]] [[1898]], the American [[battleship]] [[USS Maine (ACR-1)|USS ''Maine'']] in [[Havana]] harbor suffered an explosion and quickly sank with a loss of 266 men. Evidence as to the cause of the explosion was inconclusive and contradictory, but the American press, led by the two [[New York City|New York]] papers, proclaimed that this was certainly a despicable act of [[sabotage]] by the Spaniards. The press aroused the public to demand war, with the slogan ''"Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!"''. This chauvinistic belligerent feeling is known as [[jingoism]].
With the benefit of modern forensic science, the explosion is now widely believed to have been an accident caused by the spontaneous combustion of gunpowder magazines situated too close to heat sources. Modern analytical tools, especially computer simulations, have all but confirmed this. A few still think a Spanish [[naval mine|mine]], a standard Spanish tactic at that time, could have been the cause. While some people still think that the cause could have been some other form of sabotage, they point the finger at Cuban revolutionaries who hoped to draw the U.S. into the war or U.S. operatives on orders to trigger an inevitable war to oust Spain from the Caribbean. Almost all agree, the Spaniards would have had no rational interest in provoking a war.
[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[William McKinley]] was not inclined towards war, and had long held out against intervention, but the ''Maine'' explosion so forcefully shaped public opinion that he had to agree. Spanish minister [[Práxedes Mateo Sagasta]] did much to try to prevent this, including withdrawing the officials in Cuba against whom complaints had been made, and offering the Cubans autonomy. This was well short of full independence for Cuba, however, and would have done little to change the status quo.
Thus, on [[April 11]], McKinley went before [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] to ask for authority to send American troops to Cuba for the purpose of ending the [[civil war]] there. On [[April 19]], Congress passed joint resolutions proclaiming [[Cuba]] "free and independent" and disclaiming any intentions on Cuba, demanded Spanish withdrawal, and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuban patriots gain freedom from Spain. (This was adopted by Congress from Senator [[Henry Teller]] of Colorado as the [[Teller Amendment]], which passed unanimously.) In response, Spain broke off diplomatic relations with the United States. On [[April 25]], Congress declared that a state of war between the United States and Spain had existed since April 21st (Congress later passed a resolution backdating the declaration of war to April 20th).
== Theaters of operation ==
=== Guam ===
:''For engagements in [[Guam]], please see [[Battle of Guam (1898)]] and [[USS Charleston (C-2)]].''
=== The Philippines ===
The first battle was in the [[Philippines]] where on [[May 1]], Commodore [[George Dewey]] commanding the United States Pacific fleet, in a matter of hours defeated the Spanish squadron, under Admiral [[Patricio Montojo y Pasarón]], at the [[Battle of Manila Bay]]. Meanwhile Philippine nationalists led by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] attacked the Spanish on land. The last significant action on the [[Philippines]] ended with the [[Battle of Manila (1898)|Battle of Manila]] where the Spanish surrendered Manila to the U.S. army.
=== Cuba ===
[[Image:Spanishuniforms.jpeg|thumb|300px|left|Spanish infantry uniforms]]
The first action in [[Cuba]] was the establishing of a base at [[Guantanamo Bay]] on 10th June by [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] (see [[1898 invasion of Guantanamo Bay]]).
Spanish Admiral Cervera, who had arrived from Spain, held up his naval forces in Santiago harbor where they would be protected from sea attack. Assistant Naval Constructor [[Richmond Pearson Hobson]] was soon ordered by Admiral Sampson to sink the [[collier]] ''Merrimac'' in the harbor to bottle up the fleet. Hobson modified a broken down collier and gathered a small crew of eight volunteers, and rigged the vessel with explosives. The plan was to sink ''Merrimac'' in the narrow entry of Santiago Harbor, trapping the Spanish fleet within the harbor. The mission was a failure. Hobson and his crew were captured. They were exchanged on [[July 6]], and Hobson became a national hero.
The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago in order to destroy Cervera's fleet. On [[June 22]] and [[June 24]], the U.S V Corp under William Shafter landed at Daiquiri and Siboney East of Santiago and established the American base of operations unopposed by the Spaniards who retreated. The Americans caught up with the Spanish rearguard in the [[Battle of Las Guasimas]] where they were checked although the Spanish continued the retreat. On [[July 1]] the Americans assaulted Spanish fortifications in the [[Battle of El Caney]] and the [[Battle of San Juan Hill]], the latter being the bloodiest battle in the war with 1,200 American and 593 Spanish casualties. It was then that Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later.
[[Theodore Roosevelt |Theodore ("Teddy") Roosevelt]] became a war hero when he led a charge up the Kettle Hill at the Battle of [[San Juan Hill]] outside of [[Santiago de Cuba|Santiago]] as lieutenant colonel of the [[Rough Riders]] Regiment on [[July 1]]. The Americans were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General [[Calixto García]]. Unbiased reports depict a much less glorified version of events, where demoralized Spanish troops often more quickly surrendered than fought. The U.S. troops had far more problems dealing with heat and disease than with the Spanish forces, but within a month the island was in U.S. hands.
The Americans defeated Cervera in the Naval [[Battle of Santiago de Cuba]] and gained control of the waterways around Cuba. This prevented re-supply of the Spanish forces and also allowed the U.S. to land its considerable forces safely on the island.
=== Puerto Rico ===
[[Image:San Jose Church damage.jpg|thumb|San Jose Church after the bombardment of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] during May 1898]]
[[Image:KentuckPortoRico.jpg|frame|left|U.S. 1st Kentucky Volunteers in "Porto [sic] Rico", 1898]]
During [[May]] [[1898]], Lt. [[Henry H. Whitney]] of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission, sponsored by the Army's Bureau of Military Intelligence. He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government prior to the invasion. On [[May 10]], [[1898]], [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] ships were sighted off the coast of [[Puerto Rico]]. Spanish gunners stationed at [[Fort San Cristóbal]] fired the first shot (a 15-cm breech loaded Ordóñez rifle round), missing the [[USS Yale (1898)|USS ''Yale'']], an auxiliary ship under the command of Capt. [[William Clinton Wise]]. Two days later on [[May 12]], a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. [[William T. Sampson]] bombarded [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. During the bombardment, many buildings were shelled, terrifying the population of San Juan. On [[June 25]], the [[USS Yosemite (1898)|''Yosemite'']] blocked San Juan harbor.
On [[July 18]], General [[Nelson A. Miles]], commander of the invading forces, received orders to sail for Puerto Rico to land his troops. On [[July 21]], a convoy of 3,300 soldiers and nine transports escorted by the [[USS Massachusetts (BB-2)|USS ''Massachusetts'']] sailed for Puerto Rico from [[Guantánamo]], Cuba. On [[July 25]], U.S. troops landed at [[Guanica, Puerto Rico]] and took over the island with little resistance.
== Peace treaty ==
With both fleets incapacitated, Spain realized her forces in the Pacific and Caribbean could not be supplied or reinforced, so Spain sued for peace.
Hostilities were halted on [[August 12]]. The formal [[peace treaty]], the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], was signed in [[Paris]] on [[December 10]], [[1898]] and was ratified by the [[United States Senate]] on [[February 6]], [[1899]].
The United States gained almost all of Spain's colonies, including the [[Philippines]], [[Guam]], and [[Puerto Rico]]. [[Cuba]] was granted independence, but the United States imposed various restrictions on the new government, including prohibiting alliances with other countries.
On [[August 14]], 1898, 11,000 ground troops were sent to occupy the Philippines. When U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country, warfare broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos. The resulting [[Philippine-American War]] was long, bloody, and ultimately unsuccessful in quashing the Filipino nationalists' drive for independence, incurring thousands of military and civilian casualties during its fourteen-year span.
[[Image:10kMiles.JPG|thumb|350px|right|1898 [[political cartoon]]: "Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip" meaning the extension of U.S. domination (symbolized by a [[bald eagle]]) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts this with a map of the smaller United States 100 years earlier in 1798.]]
== Aftermath ==
A war that was in part fueled by the American public's desire to end the alleged abuse of Cuban natives would in the end result in three territorial conquests for the U.S., tens of thousands of Spaniards and Cubans killed, and the deaths of a quarter of a million [[Filipino people|Filipinos]].
The Spanish-American War is significant in American history, as it saw the largely [[pacifism|pacifist]] nation emerge as an [[imperial]] power, equal to most in [[Europe]]. The war would mark the beginning of a new American [[expansionism]]: over the course of the next century, the United States would have a large hand in various conflicts around the world.
Congress had passed a resolution in favor of Cuban independence before the war started. When the war ended, Congress debated reneging on this promise, but eventually agreed to Cuban independence. However, the Senate passed the [[Platt Amendment]] as a rider to an Army appropriations bill, forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which severely curtailed its freedom of action in foreign affairs and allowed the United States considerable freedom to intervene in Cuban affairs. It also provided for the establishment of a permanent American naval base in Cuba, which would lead to the establishment of the base still in use today at [[Guantanamo Bay]]. The Cuban peace treaty of 1903 would govern Cuban-American relations until [[1934]].
The United States annexed the former Spanish colonies of [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines |the Philippines]], and [[Guam]]. The idea of the United States as an imperial power with foreign colonies was hotly debated domestically, with [[William McKinley|President McKinley]] and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition. The American public largely supported the possession of colonies, but there were many outspoken critics such as [[Mark Twain]], who wrote ''[[The War Prayer]]'' in protest.
[[William Randolph Hearst]] emerged as a national institution: the first [[media proprietor|media tycoon]] in American history. The Hearst papers became so extremely successful at agitating public sentiment in favor of war, that he eventually became an archetypal figure in his own right. He had become more influential than even many politicians, and at various levels would be sought after for that influence. Decades later, a young [[filmmaker]] named [[Orson Welles]] would immortalize the Hearst archetype with ''[[Citizen Kane]]'', a portrayal which William Hearst, in later life, would find quite displeasing, though he reportedly never saw the film himself.
Another interesting but little-noted effect of this short war was that it served to further cement relations between the American North and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the [[American Civil War]] in [[1865]], and many friendships would have been formed between soldiers of both Northern and Southern states during their tour of duty. The [[1890s]] were a period of reconciliation between the former [[Yankee]]s and [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]], marked by "Blue-Gray" Reunions and increased political harmony between Northern and Southern politicians. The "Lost Cause" myth took hold in the popular imagination and many former Confederate leaders were held in general high esteem nationally. The 1890s also saw resurgent [[racism]] in the North and the passage of [[Jim Crow law]]s that increased segregation of blacks from whites, culminating in the ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' decision by the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] in [[1896]] that codified the "[[separate but equal]]" doctrine into law. The Spanish-American War provoked widespread feelings of [[jingoism|jingoistic]] American [[nationalism]] that fused often-divergent Northern and Southern public opinion.
Union and Confederate Veterans had organizations such as the Grand Army of the Republic and the United Confederate Veterans. In 1899 the United Spanish War Veterans was created for the veterans of the Spanish American War. Today that organization is defunct, but it left an heir in the form of the Sons of Spanish American War Veterans, created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans.
According to data from the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]], the [[Last Surviving Veteran|last surviving U.S. veteran]] of the conflict, [[Nathan E. Cook]], died on [[September 10]], [[1992]] at the age of 106.
=== Effects of the Puerto Rican annexation ===
Over 100 years have passed since the Guanica landing, yet the annexation of [[Puerto Rico]] continues to be an intensely debated issue today.
"The voice of [[Puerto Rico]] has not been heard. Not even by way of formality were its inhabitants consulted as to whether they wanted to ask for, object to, or suggest any conditions bearing on their present or future political status...The island and all its people were simply transferred from one sovereign power to another, just as a farm with all its equipment, houses, and animals is passed from one landlord to another." This statement was part of a pamphlet titled, "The Case of Puerto Rico", written by Dr. Julio J. Henna and Roberto H. Todd, leaders of the delegation that had previously advised President [[William McKinley]] on the prospective invasion of [[Puerto Rico]], as part of the War against [[Spain]].
The Spanish-American War was an unexpected twist in the Antillean revolution, a legacy which had seen prominent figures such as [[José Martí]] and [[Ramon Emeterio Betances]] not only inspire legions to revolt against Spanish rule in the [[Caribbean]], but to form a federation of the [[Major Antilles]], independent of [[Spain]] and the [[United States]].
"I do not want us to be a colony, neither a colony of [[Spain]] nor a colony of the [[United States]]," wrote Betances.
The people of Puerto Rico have thrice voted to remain a commonwealth of the United States, rejecting measures both for independence and for full statehood within the union. As residents of a United States commonwealth, Puerto Ricans are entitled to many of the benefits of statehood but are exempt from Federal income tax and other provisions of Federal regulation.
==Propaganda in the War==
One of most important aspects of the Spanish-American War is the [[propaganda]]. In the 1890s, while competing over readership of their newspapers, [[William Randolph Hearst]] and [[Joseph Pulitzer]]’s [[yellow journalism]] swayed [[public opinion]] and contributed significantly to America’s decision to join the Spanish-American War. Yellow journalism, the use of sensationalized reporting to form public opinion, was utilized by Pulitzer’s [[New York World]] and Hearst’s [[New York Journal American]]. By reporting graphic stories of embellished, or sometimes falsified, atrocities committed by the Spanish soldiers against the Cuban citizens, Hearst and Pulitzer created public outrage that not only greatly bolstered the sales of their newspapers, but eventually led America into the Spanish-American War. Ultimately, Hearst would defeat Pulitzer in newspaper sales, before going on to pursue political ambitions.
Yellow Journalism is a form of propaganda, according to the topoi outlined by Ronald F. Reid. By appealing to the [[territoriality]] and [[ethnocentrism]] of readers, Hearst and Pulitzer had great influence over American opinion of the Spanish. The Spanish soldiers, portrayed as cruel and bloodthirsty, were accused of countless illegal and immoral acts. Allegations were made that innocent women were strip searched by callous troops, or taken prisoner and thrown into Cuban jails full of violent criminals. These images and stories invoked the public outcry that led to war.
[[Image:Propaganda_Search.jpg|frame|]]
One of the most effective ways to rouse emotion was to portray the victimization of women, the most prominent being Evangelina Betancourt Cisneros. The articles do not only mention Evangelina but also describe her as an affluent, innocent, and young woman. She was intentionally described this way to invoke a sympathetic response. The response the authors wanted was support for the Cubans. Evangelina Cisneros was, in fact, the daughter of a rebel leader who had been imprisoned. In order to get her father moved to a better prison, Evangelina offered to stay in prison with him. After an incident with a Spanish Colonel, the nature of which is unclear, Evangelina was moved to a much harsher prison. The [[United States of America]] had no business getting between the Spanish and Cubans however, the United States could foresee benefits if they did enter the war. For this reason Hearst and Pulitzer along with their writers “reported” what was happening in [[Cuba]]. The writers knew what kind of details were needed in the stories to get the audience talking and enraged. These articles were used as propaganda to persuade American’s to react to these atrocious acts that the Spanish were committing.
The Spanish American War also saw the very first use of film in propaganda. A short ninety second film, called Tearing Down the Spanish Flag, produced in 1898, was a simple moving image designed to inspire patriotism and hatred for the Spanish in America. This film, as the title suggests, depicts the removal of the Spanish national flag and its replacement by the Stars and Stripes of America. This film was very effective in rousing its audience.
==Military decorations==
The Spanish-American War was regarded by both Spain and the United States as the first major conflict of modern warfare, leading into the technology of warfare that would be witnessed by the 20th century. As such, to recognize military participation in the conflict, a wide range of awards and decorations were created by all the powers involved to be bestowed upon those who had served in the Spanish-American War.
In the United States, the Spanish-American War was the first military conflict to be recognized by a wide range of service medals. The [[Medal of Honor]] also saw its first resurgence since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and the conflict saw the first wide scale recognition of individual acts of bravery by soldiers, marines, and sailors alike.
The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish-American War were as follows:
* [[Medal of Honor]] (Extreme Acts of Heroism or Bravery)
* [[Specially Meritorious Service Medal]] (Navy and Marine Corps Meritorious Actions)
* [[Spanish Campaign Medal]] (General Service)
* [[West Indies Campaign Medal]] (West Indies Naval Service)
* [[Sampson Medal]] (West Indies service under Admiral Sampson)
* [[Dewey Medal]] (Battle of Manila Bay Service)
* [[Spanish War Service Medal]] (U.S. Army Homeland Service)
* [[Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal]] (Post-War Occupation Duty)
* [[Army of Cuban Occupation Medal]] (Post-War Occupation Duty)
The Spanish Campaign Medal was upgradeable to include the [[Citation Star|Silver Citation Star]] to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism. The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish, Cuban, and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict.
[[Image:tampa.jpg|frame|center|William Glackens: ''A Street scene at Tampa City'' ([[:Image:tampa.jpg|longer description]])]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.zpub.com/cpp/saw.html Centennial of the Spanish-American War 1898–1998] by Lincoln Cushing
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/index.html The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War - Library of Congress Hispanic Division]
*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm121.html William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress]
*[http://www.spanamwar.com Spanish-American War Centennial]
*[http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/s-a_war.cfm Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence, 1898] from the State Archives of Florida
* Individual state's contributions to the Spanish-American War: [http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/spanam.html Illinois], [http://www.paspanishamericanwar.com Pennsylvania]
* [http://www.geocities.com/sonsofspanamwar/HistSSAWV.html Sons of Spanish American War Veterans]
* Filmsite.org [http://www.filmsite.org/warfilms.html Warfilms]
* ''World Policy Journal'' [http://worldpolicy.org/journal/grantham.html America The Menace: France's Feud with Hollywood]
[[Category:History of Cuba]]
[[Category:United States wars]]
[[Category:Spanish colonial period in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Spanish-American War|*]]
[[Category:Spanish wars]]
[[de:Spanisch-Amerikanischer Krieg]]
[[es:Guerra Hispano-estadounidense]]
[[fr:Guerre hispano-américaine]]
[[ko:미국-에스파냐 전쟁]]
[[he:מלחמת ארצות הברית-ספרד]]
[[nl:Spaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog]]
[[ja:米西戦争]]
[[pl:Wojna amerykańsko-hiszpańska]]
[[pt:Guerra Hispano-Americana]]
[[sv:Spansk-amerikanska kriget]]
[[zh:美西战争]]
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