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'''Geordie''' refers to a person originating from [[Tyneside]] ([[England]]) and the adjacent former coal mining areas of northern [[County Durham]] or the [[dialect]] spoken by such people. There are a number of rival theories to explain how the term came about, though all accept that it derives from a familiar diminutive form of the name "George".
'''Turkic peoples''' are Northern and Central Eurasian peoples who speak languages belonging to the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] family of languages and which share in varying degrees, ethnic, cultural and historical traits. Even though many consider this term to be distinct from the term [[Turkish]], growing use of term [[Turkish]] opposed to [[Turkic]] has been noted in the Turkish/Turkic world. Turkic languages belong to the [[Altaic_languages|Altaic language group]] and is one of the most geographically widespread in the world, spoken in a geography spanning from Europe to Siberia.
In recent times Geordie has also been used to refer to a supporter of [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] [[football (soccer)|football]] club no matter their origin, including people from outside the traditional area.
[[Image:turklfa.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Turkic Languages]]
== Derivation of the term ==
==Background==
One explanation is that it was established during the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellion]] of 1745. The Jacobites declared that the natives of [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] were staunch supporters of the Hanoverian Kings, in particular of [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] during the [[1745]] rebellion. This contrasted with rural [[Northumbria]], which largely supported the Jacobite cause. If true, the term may have derived from a popular anti-Hanoverian song, which calls the first Hanoverian king "Geordie Whelps", meaning "George the [[House of Guelph|Guelph]]".
The Turkic peoples have many different branches and their total population is around 150 million. Roughly half of them belong to [[Turkey|Turks of Turkey]] dwelling predominantly in Turkey, previously Ottoman-dominated areas of Eastern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, and in Western Europe, Australia and the Americas as immigrants. The other half is spread in Central Asia, Russia, Southern Caucasus and Northern and Central Iran.
At present, there are six independent Turkic countries: [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Turkey]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. There are also several autonomous Turkic republics and Turkic-governed regions in the Russian federation: [[Altai_Republic|Altai]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Chuvashia]], [[Dagestan]], [[Khakassia|Hakasia]], [[Karachay-Cherkessia|Karachay-Malkar]], [[Tatarstan]], [[Tuva]] and [[Sakha|Yakutia]]. Each autonomous Turkic republic within the Russian federation has its own flag, parliament, laws and official state language.
There are also two other major autonomous Turkic region: The [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] (also known as East Turkestan) in western China, and the autonomous state of [[Gagauzia]], located in eastern Moldova, bordering Ukraine to the north. In addition, there are several stateless Turkic regions in Iran, and parts of Iraq, Georgia, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and western Mongolia. The Azerbaijanis of Iran (largely concentrated in Southern Azerbaijan and major urban centers) are the largest stateless Turkic people in the world. The Turks of Turkey numbers about seventy-five million including expatriates and minorities in Europe, while the second largest Turkic nation is the Azerbaijanis, who number more than thirty-five million worldwide, with most of them living in northwestern Iran, a region refered to by some as Southern Azerbaijan.
[[de:Türkische Völker]]
==Turkic Roots==
The term "Turk" was first officially used in the 6th century as a political name. Turkic nationalists claim that the expansion of proto-Turkic peoples across Eurasia involved the Scythians, Ishkuz, Xiongnu, Hun, Sarmat, Khazar, Pecheneg, Alan, Cimmerian, Massagetae and various other designations. In fact while some of these peoples may have represented, to some extent, a proto-Turkic or Turkic tribe or confederation, the majority of these people are known to be largely non-Turkic. Certainly in later times the Khazars and the Pechnegs were Turkic, but the Turks replaced Indo-European speakers, such as the Cimmericans, Massagetae, and Scythians, on the steppe.
An alternative explanation for the name is that local miners used "Geordie" safety lamps designed by [[George Stephenson]], rather than the "Davy Lamps" designed by [[Humphry Davy]] which were used in other mining communities.
Although they have been settled and urbanized, the long tradition of nomadism has created a cultural norm which, at its best, is represented by a combative spirit, a sense of leadership, the habit of mobility, craftsmanship, gallantry, elegant equestrian skill and an unusual dexterity as archers on horseback. Turkic peoples created the Runnic alphabet. The traditional, national and cultural symbols of the Turkic peoples include the star and crescent - which was used as a symbol of Turks since pre-Islamic times when they aspired Shamanism - wolves - which are part of Turkic mythology and tradition - as well as the color blue, iron and fire. In the age of nationalism, Turks were among the first Islamic peoples to take up Western ideas of liberalism and secular ideologies. The first two fully democratic and secular countries in the Islamic world were established in 1918 (the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan) and in 1923 (the Republic of Turkey).
== Nomenclature ==
In modern Turkey a distinction is made between Turks and the Turkic peoples: the term ''Türk'' corresponds to Turkish people and culture, while the term ''Türki'' refers to modern Turkic peoples and cultures.
Some claim that this distinction is an artificial one, and one not made by the speakers of Turkic languages themselves. It is sometimes claimed further that much of the separation is the result of [[Stalinism]], and that prior to the founding of the [[Soviet Union]], the term "Turkish" had been used to describe all Turkic peoples as part of a greater family. Others counter that this argument is without basis, and only used to support the racial theories of [[Pan-Turkism]] -- pointing out that the differences among the separate governmental administrations, as well as cultural, religious, historical, and even racial differences, are too great to speak of any political unity.
The first mention of the term "''Turk''" applied to a known Turkic group, was in reference to the [[Gokturks]] in the [[6th century]]. A letter by the [[Chinese Emperor]] written to a Göktürk Khan named [[Isbara]] in [[585]] described him as "the Great Turk Khan". The [[Orkhon inscriptions|Orhun inscriptions]] (735 AD) use the term "''Turuk''".
Previous use of similar terms are of unknown significance, although some strongly feel that they are evidence of the historical continuity of the term and the people, as a linguistic unit since early times. These include: a tablet from [[21st century BC|2000 BC]] found in the ancient city of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]] situated at Tell Hariri in [[Syria]], mentioning that a people named "''Turukku''" are coming to the lands of Tiguranim and Hirbazanim; and a Chinese record of [[1320s BC|1328 BC]] referring to a neighbouring people as "''Tu-Kiu''".
In the ancient Zoroastrian text, the [[Zend-Avesta]], one of the grandsons of [[Yima]] (comparable to [[Noah]] as the sole survivor of a catastrophe that depopulated the Earth) is named "Tur" or "Tura" -- the supposed ancestor of so-called "[[Turan]]ian" peoples, including Turks. Furthermore, this traditional Persian geneaology has been confused by some with the late 16th century Mughal (Indian) work ''Akbarnama'' by [[Abul-Fazel]], where he recounts certain Islamic traditions making "Turk" the oldest son of [[Japheth]] and grandson of Noah; also, in the 19th century, it was common in Christian circles to equate the ancestor of the Turks with [[Togarmah]], grandson of Japheth in [[Genesis]] 10.
According to Mahmud of Kashgar, an 11th century Turkic scholar and various other traditional Islamic scholars and historians, the name "Turk" stems from "Tur" who can be identified with the Biblical "Tiras" one of the sons of Japhet, who also comes from the same lineage of Gomer (Cimmerians) and Ashkenaz (Scythians, Ishkuz) who were some of the earliest Turks. Japhet was the son of the Biblical Noah, whos descendants settled in the land corresponding to Central Asia and Euroasia, the region between the Ural and Altai mountains, a land described as Turkistan or Turan. In the Zend Avesta (Yasna 46.12) the "Tur" people are mentioned.
In the earliest Turkic dictionary extant, the eponymous hero of the Turks, Alp Er Tunga, is identified with the character Afrasiyab in Persian literature. Alp Er Tunga dates from the time of the Scythians (Ishkuz) and is a symbolic figure in Turkic tradition; the Gokturks of the sixth century carried on the tradition of Alp Er Tunga and they too believed to be descendants of a wolf, just as Alp Er Tunga had. He appears with the name "Frangasyan" in the Zend Avesta, and according to the "Book of Kings" written by the Farsi author Ferdowsi, Afrasiyab was hunted down and killed in Azerbaijan. The name "Turk" was initially pronounced "Turuk, Tur-uk" is a plural of "Tur." Thus one meaning of the word Turk is "The Turs." The second meaning of Turk is "strong" or "powerful." Some have stated that the name Turk is a name of a helmet-shaped hill in present-day Xinjiang yet the lineage of Turks to Japhet and the early Tur people and the designation of strong/powerful are the definition and root of the word.
== History ==
It is generally believed that the first Turkic people were native to Central Asia. Some historians claim that the Turks originated in Western Asia, and migrated to Central Asia in prehistoric times; while others believe that migration to Western Asia occurred via Central Asia before the advent of the [[Huns]]. Some scholars consider the Huns, whose origins may go back to [[1200s BC|1200 BC]], as one of the earlier Turkic-Mongol tribes.
The precise date of the initial expansion from the early homeland remains unknown. The first state known as "Turk", giving its name to the many states and peoples afterwards, was that of the [[Gokturks]] (''gog'' = "blue" or "celestial") in the [[6th century]] AD. The head of the Asena clan led his people from Li-jien (modern ZhelaiZhai) to the Juan Juan seeking inclusion in their confederacy and protectioon from China. His tribe were famed metal smiths and were granted land near a mountain quarry which looked like a helmet from which they got their name 突厥. A century later their power had increased such that they conquered the Juan Juan ad set about establishing their Gok Empire.
Later Turkic peoples include the [[Karluks]] (mainly 8th century), [[Uyghur]]s, [[Kirghiz]], [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] (or Ğuz) Turks, and [[Turkmen people|Turkmens]]. As these peoples were founding states in the area between [[Mongolia]] and [[Transoxiana]], they came into contact with Muslims, and most gradually adopted [[Islam]]. However, there were also (and still are) Turkic people belonging to other religions, including [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Jew]]s (see [[Khazars]]), [[Buddhists]], and [[Zoroastrian]]s.
Turkic soldiers in the army of the [[Abbasids|Abbasid]] [[Caliphate|caliphs]] emerged as the ''de facto'' rulers of most of the Muslim Middle East (apart from [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]]), particularly after the 10th century. The Oghuz and other tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership of the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk dynasty]], and eventually captured the territories of the Abbasid dynasty and the [[Byzantine Empire]].
Meanwhile, the Kirghiz and Uyghurs were struggling with one another and with the Chinese Empire. The Kirghiz people ultimately settled in the region now referred to as [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The [[Tatar peoples|Tatar]] peoples conquered the [[Volga Bulgars]] in what is today [[Tatarstan]], following the westward sweep of the Mongols under [[Genghis Khan]] in the 13th century. The Bulgars were thus mistakenly called ''Tatars'' by the Russians. Native Tatars live only in Asia; European "Tatars" are in fact Bulgars. Other Bulgars settled in Europe in the 7-8th centuries, exchanging their original Turkic tongue for what eventually became the Slavic [[Bulgarian language]]. Everywhere, Turkic groups mixed with the local populations to varying degrees.
In Central Asia, a Turkic warrior caste, whose lifestyle was influenced by the Mongols, became the aristocrats of the polyglot [[Turco-Persian]] culture. These [[Turco-Mongol]]s conquered on horseback, while [[Arabic language|Arabic]]-schooled [[Persians]] called "[[Tajiks]]" served as their administrators over the territories they absorbed. [[Timur]] conquered much of Central Asia, while his descendant [[Babur]] moved into India, founding the [[Mughal]] ("Mongol") dynasty.
As the Seljuk Empire declined following the Mongol invasion, the [[Ottoman Empire]] emerged as the new important Turkic state, that came to dominate not only the Middle East, but even southeastern Europe, parts of southwestern Russia, and northern Africa.
The Ottoman Empire gradually grew weaker in the face of maladministration, repeated wars with Russia and Austria, and the emergence of nationalist movements in the Balkans, and it finally gave way after [[World War I]] to the present-day republic of [[Turkey]].
==Language==
''Main article: [[Turkic_languages|Turkic languages]]''
The Turkic language branch belong to Altaic language groups. The various Turkic languages are usually considered in geographical groupings, since high mobility and intermixing of Turkic peoples in history makes an exact classification extremely difficult: [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] (or Southwestern) languages, [[Kipchaks|Kypchak]] (or Northwestern) languages, Eastern languages (like [[Uyghur language|Uygur]]) and Northern languages (like [[Altay language|Altay]] and [[Yakut_language|Yakut]]) and divergent languages like [[Chuvash_language|Chuvash]].
==Religion==
Various pre-Islamic civilizations prior to the 6th century were Shamanist and Tengriist. The Shamanist religion is based on spiritual and natural elements of earth. Tenghriism in turn involved belief in the god Tenghri as the god who ruled over the skies.They were also bearers of the Zoroastrian religion, especially in Azerbaijan, Buddhism, Judaism and above all Islam.
Today, most Turks are Sunni Muslims. They include the majority of Balkan Turks, Bashkorts, Crimean Tatars, Karachay, Kazaks, Kumuk, Kyrgyz, Malkar, Nogay, Tatars (Kazan Tatars) Turkmens, Turks of Turkey, Uygurs, Yellow (Sari) Uygurs and Uzbeks. The Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan and South Azerbaijan (northwestern Iran) are the only major Turkic people that adhere to the Shia sect of Islam, while there have been many conversions to Sunni Islam as of late. The Qashqay nomads and Khorasani Turks as well as various Turkic tribes spread across Iran are also Shia Muslims. The [[Alevi]]s of Turkey are the largest religious minority in the country. Even though it´s claimed that they believe in a doctrine of Islam that is closely related to that of the Shia school of thought, Alevis themselves do not link with Shia sect. A small number of Turks follow other minor Islamic sects such as Sufism.
The major Christian-Turkic peoples are the Chuvash of Chuvashia and the Gauguz (Gokoguz) of Moldova. The Karaim Turks of eastern Europe are Jewish, and there are many Turks of Jewish backgrounds who live in major cities such as Istanbul, Ankara and Baku. In the Siberian region, the Altai, Tivan and Hakas are Shamanists, having kept the original relgion of Turkic peoples. The Yakuts of Yakutia in northeastern Siberia are tradtionally Shamanists, yet many have been converted to Christianity. The Sari Uygurs (Yellow Uygurs) of western China are the only remaining Buddhist Turkic group. In addition, there are small scattered populations of Turks belonging to other religions such as Baha'ism and Zoroastianism.
Even though many Turkic peoples became [[Islam|Muslims]] under the influence of [[Sufi]]s, often of Shi'a persuasion, most Turkic people today are [[Sunni]] Muslims -- although a significant number in Turkey are [[Alevi]]s. Alevi Turks, who were once primarily dwelling in eastern Anatolia, are today concentrated in major urban centers in western Turkey with the increased urbanism.
The [[Chuvash]] of Russia, in their traditional religion, manifest a unique amalgam, that derives in part from ancient Turkic concepts, and in part from other aspects that may be compared to [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Khazar]] Judaism, and Islam. The Chuvash religious calendar cycle was based on an agrarian cult, closely combining the cults of earth, water and vegetation, with that of ancestor worship. The conversion of the Chuvash to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, mostly effected in later 19th century, had a noticeable effect on their festivals and rites, that were adapted to coincide with Orthodox feasts -- with [[Christian]] rites substituted for their traditional counterparts. Though contemporary Chuvash are counted among Orthodox believers, a minority continue to profess their traditional faith [http://russiatoday.strana.ru/en/profile/people/nat/1482.html].
The [[Gagauz]] people of [[Moldova]] are largely Christians.
Some Turkic peoples (particularly in the Russian autonomous regions and republics of [[Altai]], [[Khakassia]], and [[Tuva]]) are largely [[shamanism|shamanist]]s. Shamanism was the predominant religion of the different Turkic branches prior to the [[8th century]], when the majority accepted Islam.
There are also a few Buddhist (eg. [[Kalmuks]]), Jewish, Zoroastrian, and Baha'i Turkic peoples today.
Remark: Tenghri has long changed to "Tanri" in current Turkish (of Republic of Turkey [R.O.T] at least), which literally means "God" in English. However, traditionally, god is referred to as "Allah" in most daily usage, where "Allah" is one of many names of "God" as mentioned in Quoran. Therefore the word thengri=tanrı is still in use by citizens of R.O.T., where islam is the dominant religion at the moment.
== Geographical distribution and ethnic division ==
The distribution of peoples of Turkic cultural background ranges from [[Siberia]] where the [[Yakut]] reside, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. Presently, the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia -- [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Azerbaijan]], in addition to [[Turkey]]. Additionally, Turkic peoples are found within [[Crimea]], the [[Xinjiang]] region of western [[China]], northern [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Israel]], [[Russia]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Cyprus]], the [[Balkans]] [[Moldova]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and former [[Yugoslavia]]. A small number of Turkic people also live in [[Vilnius]], the capital of [[Lithuania]].
An exact line between the different Turkic peoples cannot easily be drawn. The following is a non-comprehensive list of the major groups:
*[[Azeri]] Turks
*[[Balkar]] Turks
*[[Bashkir]] Turks (note that there is only a dialect difference between Bashkir and Tatar Turkish)
*[[Chulym]] Turks
*[[Chuvashia|Chuvashs]] Turks
*[[Crimean Tatars]]/[[Crimean Turks]]
*[[Gagauz]] Turks
*[[Karachay]] Turks
*[[Karakalpak]] Turks
*[[Karapapak]] Turks
*[[Kazakh]] Turks
*[[Khakas]] Turks
*[[Kirghiz]] Turks
*[[Kumyk]] Turks
*[[Noghai]] Turks
*[[Tatar]] Turks
*[[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]s
*[[Turkey/People|Turks of Turkey]]
*[[Turkish Cypriots]]
*[[Tuvan]] Turks
*[[Urum]] Turks
*[[Uyghur]] Turks
*[[Uzbek]] Turks
*[[Yakut]] Turks
Some divide the above into six branches: the [[Oghuz]], [[Kipchak]], [[Karluk (peoples)|Karluk]], [[Siberian]], [[Chuvash]], and Sakha/[[Yakut]] branches. The Oghuz have been termed Western Turks, while the remaining five, in such a classificatory scheme, are called Eastern Turks.
One of the major difficulties perceived by many who try to classify the various Turkic languages and dialects, is the impact [[Soviet Union|Soviet]], and particularly [[Stalin]]ist nationality policies -- the creation of new national demarcations, suppression of languages and writing scripts, and mass deportations -- had on the ethnic mix in previously multicultural regions like [[Khiva]]/[[Khwarezmia]], the [[Fergana valley]] and [[Caucasia]]. Many of the above-mentioned classifications are therefore by no means universally accepted, either in detail or in general. Another aspect often debated is the influence of [[Pan-Turkism]], and the emerging [[nationalism]] in the newly independent Central Asian republics, on the perception of ethnic divisions.
== Physical appearance ==
Some historians consider "Turkic" as a linguistic categorization rather than a strict ethnic characterization. This is unsurprising since Turkic peoples often differ greatly from one another in physical appearance, reflecting the abundant migrations, conquests and settlements across Eurasia. Therefore the already considerable problems involved in any racial classification are made much more difficult in the case of the Turks.
The majority of Turkic peoples, from former Ottoman lands to western China and from the Siberian plains to central Iran, seem to possess physical features ranging from [[European|caucasoid]] to Eastern Asian/mongoloid, in varying degrees. Some have very light features, including blue eyes and blondish or reddish hair, others are distinctly asiatic.
In western Turkic lands, such as Turkey and Azerbaijan a great many people look "Mediterranean", having caucasoid features, dark hair and eyes, and olive skin. This is mostly attributable to the residual legacy of the Greco-Romans in Asia Minor, and also the Circassians, Jews, Assyrians, Arabs, Kurds etc. whom the Ottomans subjugated and were happy to intermarry. It may seem odd from a western perspective, to think of the Turks as a mongoloid or part-mongoloid people, however the artistic record does depict the early Ottomans being of asiatic countenance, with dark hair, light skin and mongoloid features. The type remains a prominent minority in modern Turkey.
Parallel but different patterns of diversity occur in central Asia, in the lands once host to the Silk Road; for many centuries the main route of trade between the West and China. The inhabitants of these regions can exhibit extremes of racial phenotype from caucasoid to mongoloid, with probable admixtures of Persian, Jewish, Arab, Indian and Chinese, yet remaining culturally homogenous. Light skin, hair and eyes, along with a mongoloid facial structure, is prevalent among some Northern Central Asian Turkic groups, such as [[Kazakhs]] and [[Kirghiz|Kyrgyzs]], although dark hair and light to light brown skin tends to be the norm.
In areas of significant Russian influence, a Slavic admixture is also common.
There has been much debate about the [[race|racial]] nature of the original Turkic speaking ancestors, with some presuming a "Ural-Altaic race" that shares predominantly caucasoid features at one end of the spectrum, and predominantly mongoloid features at the other. It is however widely accepted that Turkic roots are Altaic, i.e. originating in the Altay mountain region which spans present day Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan and it may be that they have less relation to the Uralic (eg. Magyar) peoples than previously thought.
In recent times linguists have tended to separate the old Ural-Altaic language group in two. Turkic langages now sit alongside Korean and Mongolian, but distinct from Finnish and Hungarian. The tribes inhabiting the Altay region today, with least incursion from Russians and Chinese are of predominantly asiatic/mongoloid appearance and of light, though not white skin tone and this is perhaps the best clue available as to the appearance of the original Turkic ancestors. In stature they are stocky and do not tend to be as tall as Europeans.
Currently, large-scale detailed DNA research to establish genetic genealogies of Turkic peoples are scant. Evidently today a great number of Turks do not share this genetic phenotype. Genetic studies performed in four towns across modern Turkey have demonstrated the dilution of the Turkic strain. Only around 30% of those studied possessed a gene marker relating them to a central Asian (i.e. Turkic) ancestor, yet all those studied were Turkish citizens.
Turkic identity, therefore, exists on two levels. On one it is a race of (mainly mongoloid) people from central Asia. On another it is like an ocean current, spreading and mingling with far-flung waters and giving rise to a shared history, language and cultural values transcending genes and racial categorisation.
== Turkish world and Pan-Turkism ==
Some refer to the Turkic countries, regions and peoples as part of the Turkish World. Others are worried that this is a result and example of Pan-Turkism, claimed to encourage hegemonial or even imperialistic aims of modern day Turkey. However, this is merely not the case as Pan-Turkism is supported widely outside Turkey. Also, official Turkey has not supported Pan-Turkism.
Proponents of the concept point out that in similar fashion, many Arabs also feel to be part of a greater "Arab World". It is also held that encouragement of this cultural and linguistic affinity can be used as a vehicle to increased regional development and security.
Opponents point to the nationalism, the role of pan-Turkic movements in the revolutionary wars in Russia, and the cultural, religious, and political diversity among the many Turkic peoples and ethnic groups, and feel that a movement to greater pan-Turkic unity might be a negative influence on the region.
== Translations for "Turk" ==
Afrikaans ''Turk''.
Albanian ''turk''.
Arabic التركي.
Bulgarian турчин.
Chinese 土耳其人.
Czech ''turek''.
Danish ''tyrk''.
Dutch ''Turk''.
Esperanto ''turko''.
Farsi, ترك
Finnish ''turkkilainen''.
French ''Turc'', ''Turque''.
German ''Türke'', ''Türkin''.
Greek ''Τούρκος'' (Turkish), ''τούρκοσ''.
Hungarian ''török''.
Icelandic ''Tyrki''.
Indonesian ''negeri turki''.
Italian ''turco'', ''turca''.
Korean 터키 사람.
Manx ''Turkagh''.
Papiamen ''turko''.
Pig Latin ''urktay''.
Polish ''Turek''.
Portuguese ''turco'', ''turca''.
Romanian ''turc''.
The term Geordie is often incorrectly used to cover all the peoples of the [[North East England|North East of England]], though this usage is generally confined to people from other parts of the [[United Kingdom]], and is considered an insult by North-Easterners who do not come from Tyneside, due to intense local rivalries. To North-Easterners the term exclusively refers to persons from Tyneside; since about [[1991]] people from [[Sunderland|Wearside]] have been termed [[Mackem|Mackems]]; people from [[Hartlepool]] are known as [[monkey hanger]]s, whilst natives of the [[Teesside]] conurbation are generally referred to as [[Smoggies]]. People from the countryside in between these urban areas are generally referred to as 'farm yackers' or 'pit yackers' (particularly in Northumberland around the Ashington area).
Russian турок, тюрк.
== The Geordie dialect ==
Serbo-Croatian ''turčin''.
'''Geordie''' derives much less influence from French and Latin than does Standard English, being substantially [[Angle tribe|Angle]] and [[Viking]] in origin. The accent and pronunciation, as in [[Scots language|Lowland Scots]], reflect old Anglo-Saxon pronunciations, accents and usages.
Spanish ''turco'', ''turca''.
Personal pronouns differ markedly from Standard English: Geordies use "youse" for plural "you", "me" for "my", "us" for "me", "wor" for "our". The word "wor" is sometimes placed before the given name of the person being the subject of conversation to denote that they are a family member, for example "wor Allan" or "wor da" (father). It is also quite common for Geordies to use the word "man" for both men and women, as in "howay man" (c'mon you).
Swedish ''turk''.
Vowel sounds are also quite unusual. "er" on the end of words becomes "a" ("father" is pronounced "fatha", both "a" sounds as in "hat"). Many "a" sounds become more like "e": "hev" for "have" and "thet" for "that". Double vowels are often pronounced separately as dipthongs: "boat" becomes "boh-ut". Some words acquire extra vowels ("growel" for "growl", "cannet" for "can't"). This property of the dialect has lead Geordie to be known for ''putting as many vowels as possible into a word''. The "or" sound in words like "talk" becomes "aa", while "er" sounds in words like "work" becomes "or". The "ow" in words like "down" or, most famously, "town" becomes "oo", hence "the Toon" meaning [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]. In Wearside, the "oo" in words like "cook", "book" or "look" becomes "uu", although this accent has come to be known as [[Mackem]], not Geordie.
Turkish, Anatolian ''türk''.
Geordie also has a large amount of vocabulary not seen in other English dialects. Words still in common use today include "canny" for "pleasant" (it should be noted that the Scottish use of canny is often somewhat less flattering), "hyem" for "home", "divn't" for "don't", "bairn" and "grandbairn" for "child" and "grandchild", "hacky" for "dirty", and "gan" for "go". "Howay" is broadly comparable to the invocation "Come on!". Examples of common use include "Howay man!", meaning something like "come on" or "hurry up", "Howay the lads!" as an encouragement for a football team, or "Ho''way''!?" expressing incredulity or disbelief. The word "hyem" for "home" is inherited from the [[Old Norse language]]. The word "tab" for "cigarette" is thought to derive from Ogden's Tabs, a once-popular brand of cigarettes.
Turkish, Azeri ''türk''.
Geordie commonly uses the word 'Aye' meaning 'Yes', which is also found in most Scottish dialects. As a contrast, a geordie might say the word 'Na' for 'No' however this occurs less frequently.
Turkish, Tatar ''törek''.
Much of the vocabulary is a preserved form of [[Old English language|Old English]], the north having not been so affected by the [[Norman conquest]]. Pronouncing Old English with a geordie-like accent, rather than the more commonly recommended German, results in a form more comprehendible to those with knowledge of the meaning of Geordie vocabulary. When a Geordie uses the word "larn" for teach, it is not a misuse of the English word "learn"; the word is derived from the [[Anglo Saxon]] word "laeran", meaning to teach.
Turkish, Turkmen ''türk''.
Geordie is also sometimes used to describe the distinctive dialect of the people of [[Northumbria]]. However strictly speaking, South East Northumberland (the [[mining]] area bordering Tyneside) has its own similar, but distinctive dialect known as [[Pitmatic]].
Ukrainian турок.
In recent times, the Geordie accent has featured prominently in the national media, arguably more so than ever before. TV Presenters such as [[Ant and Dec]], and [[Marcus Bentley]], are happy to use their natural accents on air. The commentator on the UK edition of [[Big Brother (UK TV series)|Big Brother]] is often perceived by southerners to have a Geordie accent (North-East accents do sound very alike to the untuned ear), however, he grew up in [[Stockton on Tees]]). Brendan Foster and Sid Waddell have both worked as television sports commentators. However, in general, the Geordie accent still tends to be employed for comedy effect as opposed to serious usage.
Vietnamese ''người Thổ nhĩ kỳ gười hung ác''.
The accent was also popularised by the [[comic]] [[magazine]] [[Viz (comic)|Viz]], where the accent itself is often conveyed phonetically by unusual spellings within the comic strips. Viz magazine itself was founded on Tyneside by a couple of Geordie lads, [[Chris Donald]] and his brother [[Simon Donald|Simon]].
Welsh ''Twrc''.
It is said that the Roma influenced much of the Geordies' words eg. "charva" is an old word meaning child in Roma and used by Geordies to describe troublesome people. The word "gadgie" for man is derived from the similar-sounding Roma word for a non-Roma. There is a high percentage of Roma origins in the North East and Newcastle hosts a large Gypsy travelling-fair, the "Hoppins", which has been held annually on the Town Moor every year for over a century.
==See also==
==Famous Geordies==
*[[Pan-Turkism]]
*[[Paul Gascoigne|Paul Gascoigne (Gazza)]], footballer
==External links==
*[[Ant and Dec]], television presenters
* [http://www.geocities.com/valentyn_ua/Turkic.html To the Question of the Origins of the Turkic Peoples]
*[[Peter Beardsley]], footballer
* [http://www.folkscene.hu/magzines/jt/ Journal of Turkology]
*[[Michael Bridges]], footballer
* [http://eng.iku.edu.tr/iku_eng_department.asp?department=turklang Istanbul Kültür University]
*[[Catherine Cookson]], author
* [http://www.adji.ru Murad Adji's site] on Russian
*[[Steve Cram]], athlete
* [http://pc12.soc.metu.edu.tr/epart/epart007.htm A Comparison Between the Turkey and Turkmenistan Turkishes]
*[[Bryan Ferry]], [[Roxy Music]], musician
* [http://www.turkishitems.com Examples of traditional Turkish and Ottoman Clothing]
*[[Robson Green]], actor
* [http://pc12.soc.metu.edu.tr/epart/epart013.htm A General Look at the History of the Uyghur Turkish]
* Tim Healey, actor
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/newspot/2002/mar_apr/n5.htm International Turcology and Turkish History Research Symposium]
*[[Brian Johnson]], [[AC/DC]] singer
* [http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/links.html Türkçekent Orientaal's links for Turkish Language Learning]
*[[Mark Knopfler]] of [[Dire Straits]]
* [http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/turkcestan.html Türkçestan Orientaal's links to Turkic languages]
*[[Jayne Middlemiss]], television presenter
* [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/UAETY.html Ural-Altaic-Sumerian Etymological Dictionary]
*[[Jimmy Nail]], actor and singer
* [http://www.tatar.net Crimean Tatar Internet Resources]
* Sir [[Bobby Robson]], former footballer, club and England national team manager
* [http://www.vatankirim.net Crimean Tatar Web Site]
*[[Ridley Scott]] and [[Tony Scott]], film directors
* [http://www.kirimtatar.net Kemal's Crimean Tatar Web Site with Crimean Tatar Language Resources]
*[[Sting (musician)|Sting]], actor and musician
*[[Alan Shearer]], footballer
*[[Paul Smith]], [[Maximo Park]] singer
*[[Andy Taylor]], [[Duran Duran]], musician
*[[Peter Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth]], late [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales]]
*[[Neil Tennant]], [[Pet Shop Boys]], musician
*[[Chris Waddle]], footballer
* Kevin Whateley, actor
*[[Harry Woolf, Baron Woolf]], former [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales]]
*[[Ross Noble]], comedian extraordinaire
[[Category:TurkicTyne peoples|*and Wear]]
[[Category:British English]]
[[bgnn:ГоктюркиGeordie]]
[[de:Turkvölker]]
[[fr:Peuples turcs]]
[[nl:Turken]]
[[no:tyrkere]]
[[ja:テュルク]]
[[pl:Ludy tureckie]]
[[ro:Popor turcic]]
[[tt:Törki xalıqlar]]
[[tr:Türk halkları]]
[[zh:突厥]]
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