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'''Nutley''' is a [[Walsh Act (New Jersey)|Walsh Act]] [[Town (New Jersey)|town]] located in [[Essex County, New Jersey]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the town had a total population of 27,362.
[[Image:TIME feb 2003.jpg|right|thumb|Shuttle debris falling over Texas, on ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' cover]]
The '''Space Shuttle Columbia disaster''' was the disintegration of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] over [[Texas]] on [[February 1]], [[2003]], during [[reentry]] into the [[Earth's atmosphere]] on its 28th mission, [[STS-107]]. The entire seven-member crew was lost. This was the second total loss of a [[Space Shuttle]], the first being [[Space Shuttle Challenger|''Challenger'']] (see [[STS-51-L]] for details on that disaster).
==Crew Geography ==
Nutley is located at 40°49'11" North, 74°9'32" West (40.819600, -74.158770){{GR|1}}.
[[Image:Sts107crewsmall.jpg|right|thumb|The crew of [[STS-107]] on launch day.]]
[[Image:STS-107 launch.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''Columbia'' lifting off on its final mission]]
*Commander: [[Rick D. Husband]], a [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] [[colonel]] and [[mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]], who piloted a previous shuttle during the first docking with the [[International Space Station]].
*Pilot: [[William C. McCool]], a [[United States Navy|US Navy]] [[commander]]
Rory was here.
*Payload Commander: [[Michael P. Anderson]], a [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] [[colonel|lieutenant colonel]] and [[physicist]] who was in charge of the science mission.
*Payload Specialist: [[Ilan Ramon]], a colonel in the [[Israeli Air Force]] and the first [[Israel]]i astronaut.
*Mission Specialist: [[Kalpana Chawla]], an [[India]]n-born [[aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]] on her second space mission.
*Mission Specialist: [[David M. Brown]], a [[United States Navy|US Navy]] [[captain]] trained as an aviator and flight [[surgery|surgeon]]. Brown worked on a number of scientific experiments.
*Mission Specialist: [[Laurel Clark]], a [[United States Navy|US Navy]] commander and flight [[surgery|surgeon]]. Clark worked on a number of biological experiments.
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 8.9 [[square kilometer|km²]] (3.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). 8.7 km² (3.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.75% water.
==Debris strike during launch==
[[STS-107]] had been delayed 13 times over the course of two years (despite its designation as the 107th mission, it was actually the 113th mission launched) from its original launch date of [[11 January]] [[2001]] to its actual launch date of [[16 January]], [[2003]]. A well-publicized launch delay due to cracks in the shuttle's propellant system occurred one month before a [[19 July]], [[2002]] launch date, but the [[Columbia Accident Investigation Board|CAIB]] determined that this delay had nothing to do with the catastrophic failure six months later.
== Demographics ==
Video taken during lift-off was routinely reviewed two hours after the launch and revealed nothing unusual. The following day, higher-resolution film that had been processed overnight revealed that a piece of [[insulation]] foam fell from the external fuel tank 81.9 seconds after launch and appeared to strike the shuttle's left wing near [[Reinforced carbon-carbon|RCC]] panels 5 through 9, damaging the tiles on the Space Shuttle. Soon after, there were three separate requests for in-orbit imaging to more precisely determine damage. According to the CAIB report, the Mission Management Team declared the debris strike a "turnaround" issue and so denied a request from concerned engineers for imagery [http://anon.nasa-global.speedera.net/anon.nasa-global/CAIB/CAIB_lowres_full.pdf].
[[Image:NutleySeal.JPG|150px|left]]
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of [[2000]], there are 27,362 people, 10,884 households, and 7,368 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] is 3,134.9/km² (8,123.0/mi²). There are 11,118 housing units at an average density of 1,273.8/km² (3,300.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 87.95% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.87% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.05% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 7.10% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.04% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.75% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.24% from two or more races. 6.69% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.
There are 10,884 households out of which 29.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% are non-families. 27.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.51 and the average family size is 3.11.
==Destruction during re-entry==
In the town the population is spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.0 males.
At 2:30 a.m. EST on February 1, 2003, the Entry Flight Control Team began duty in the Mission Control Center. The Flight Control Team was not working on any issues or problems related to the planned de-orbit and re-entry of Columbia. In particular, the team indicated no concerns about the debris impact to the left wing during ascent, and treated the re-entry like any other. The team worked through the de-orbit preparation checklist and re-entry checklist procedures. Weather forecasters, with the help of pilots in the Shuttle Training Aircraft, evaluated landing-site weather conditions at the [[Kennedy Space Center]]. At the time of the de-orbit decision, about 20 minutes before the initiation of the de-orbit burn, all weather observations and forecasts were within guidelines set by the flight rules, and all systems were normal.
The median income for a household in the town is $59,634, and the median income for a family is $73,264. Males have a median income of $51,121 versus $37,100 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town is $28,039. 4.8% of the population and 3.4% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 4.4% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Shortly after 8:00 a.m., the Mission Control Center Entry Flight Director polled the Mission Control room for a GO/NO-GO decision for the de-orbit burn, and at 8:10 a.m., the Capsule Communicator notified the crew they were GO for de-orbit burn.
[[Image:Challenger-Columbia-Disasters-Plaque-Astronaut-Memorial-KSC.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque of the Challenger and Columbia crews at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]]]
As the Orbiter flew upside down and tail-first over the Indian Ocean at an altitude of 175 [[mile|statute miles]] (282 km), Commander Husband and Pilot McCool executed the de-orbit burn at 8:15:30 a.m. using Columbia’s two Orbital Maneuvering System engines. The de-orbit maneuver was performed on the 255th orbit, and the 2-minute, 38-second burn slowed the Orbiter from 17,500 mph (7.8 km/s) to begin its re-entry into the atmosphere. During the de-orbit burn, the crew felt about 10 percent of the effects of [[gravity]]. There were no problems during the burn, after which Husband maneuvered Columbia into a right-side-up, forward-facing position, with the Orbiter’s nose pitched up.
== Government ==
Entry Interface, arbitrarily defined as the point at which the Orbiter enters the discernible atmosphere at 400,000 feet (120 km), occurred at 8:44:09 a.m. (Entry Interface plus 000 seconds, written EI+000) over the [[Pacific Ocean]]. As Columbia descended from space into the atmosphere, the heat produced by air molecules colliding with the Orbiter typically caused wing leading-edge temperatures to rise steadily, reaching an estimated 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit (1400 °C) during the next six minutes. As superheated air molecules discharged light, astronauts on the flight deck saw bright flashes envelop the Orbiter, a normal phenomenon.
=== Federal, state and county representation ===
Nutley is part of New Jersey's 36th Legislative District and is in the Eighth Congressional District.
{{NJ Congress 08}} {{NJ Senate}}
At 8:48:39 a.m. (EI+270), a sensor on the left wing leading edge spar showed strains higher than those seen on previous Columbia re-entries. This was recorded only on the Modular Auxiliary Data System, and was not telemetered to ground controllers or displayed to the crew.
{{NJ Legislative 36}}
At 8:49:32 a.m. (EI+323), traveling at approximately [[Mach number|Mach]] 24.5, Columbia executed a roll to the right, beginning a pre-planned banking turn to manage lift, and therefore limit the Orbiter’s rate of descent and heating.
{{NJ Essex County Freeholders}}
[[Image:Columbia debris detected by radar.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Columbia debris (in red, orange, and yellow) detected by [[National Weather Service]] radar over [[Texas]] and [[Louisiana]].]]
At 8:50:53 a.m. (EI+404), traveling at Mach 24.1 and at approximately 243,000 feet (74 km), Columbia entered a 10-minute period of peak heating, during which the thermal stresses were at their maximum. By 8:52:00 a.m. (EI+471), nearly eight minutes after entering the atmosphere and some 300 miles (500 km) west of the California coastline, the wing leading-edge temperatures usually reached 2,650 degrees Fahrenheit (1450 °C). Columbia crossed the California coast west of Sacramento at 8:53:26 a.m. (EI+557). Traveling at Mach 23 and 231,600 feet (70.6 km), the Orbiter’s wing leading edge typically reached more than an estimated 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit (1540 °C).
== Famous residents of Nutley ==
Now crossing California, the Orbiter appeared to observers on the ground as a bright spot of light moving rapidly across the sky. Signs of debris being shed were sighted at 8:53:46 a.m. (EI+577), when the superheated air surrounding the Orbiter suddenly brightened, causing a noticeable streak in the Orbiter’s luminescent trail. Observers witnessed another four similar events during the following 23 seconds, and a bright flash just seconds after Columbia crossed from California into Nevada airspace at 8:54:25 a.m. (EI+614), when the Orbiter was traveling at Mach 22.5 and 227,400 feet (69.3 km). Witnesses observed another 18 similar events in the next four minutes as Columbia streaked over Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
Nutley's rich history includes being the home to such notables as historical gunslinger [[Annie Oakley]], domestic guru [[Martha Stewart]], United States Senator [[Frank Lautenberg]], and actor [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]].
In Mission Control, re-entry appeared normal until 8:54:24 a.m. (EI+613), when the Maintenance, Mechanical, and Crew Systems (MMACS) officer informed the Flight Director that four hydraulic sensors in the left wing were indicating “off-scale low,” a reading that falls below the minimum capability of the sensor. As the seconds passed, the Entry Team continued to discuss the four failed indicators.
== Religion in Nutley ==
At 8:55:00 a.m. (EI+651), nearly 11 minutes after Columbia had re-entered the atmosphere, wing leading-edge temperatures normally reached nearly 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1650 °C). At 8:55:32 a.m. (EI+683), Columbia crossed from Nevada into Utah while traveling at Mach 21.8 and 223,400 ft (68 km). Twenty seconds later, the Orbiter crossed from Utah into Arizona.
84.7% Catholic
5.4% Protestant
1.7% Eastern Religions
1.3% Jewish
0.1% Muslim
1.7% New Age Religions
== Italians ==
At 8:56:30 a.m. (EI+741), Columbia initiated a roll reversal, turning from right to left over Arizona. Traveling at Mach 20.9 and 219,000 feet, Columbia crossed the Arizona-New Mexico state line at 8:56:45 (EI+756), and passed just north of Albuquerque at 8:57:24 (EI+795).
Italian immigrants took over the Nutley population from 1920's-1960's
78% Nutley is Italian
== External links ==
*[http://www.nutleynj.org/ Town of Nutley]
Around 8:58:00 a.m. (EI+831), wing leading-edge temperatures typically decreased to 2,880 degrees Fahrenheit (1580 °C). At 8:58:20 a.m. (EI+851), traveling at 209,800 feet (64 km) and Mach 19.5, Columbia crossed from New Mexico into Texas, and about this time shed a Thermal Protection System tile, which was the most westerly piece of debris that has been recovered. Searchers found the tile in a field in Littlefield, Texas, just northwest of Lubbock. At 8:59:15 a.m. (EI+906), MMACS informed the Flight Director that pressure readings had been lost on both left main landing-gear tires. The Flight Director then told the Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) to let the crew know that Mission Control saw the messages and was evaluating the indications, and added that the Flight Control Team did not understand the crew’s last transmission.
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|40.8196|-74.15877}}
[[de:Nutley]]
At 8:59:32 a.m. (EI+923), a broken response from the mission commander was recorded: “Roger, uh, bu - [cut off in mid-word] …” It was the last communication from the crew and the last telemetry signal received in Mission Control. Videos made by observers on the ground at 9:00:18 a.m. (EI+969) revealed that the Orbiter was disintegrating.
[[Category:Essex County, New Jersey]]
At about 9:05 (14:05 UTC), residents of north central Texas reported a loud boom, a small concussion wave and smoke trails and debris in the clear skies above the counties southeast of Dallas. More than 2,000 debris fields, as well as human remains, were found in sparsely populated areas southeast of Dallas from [[Nacogdoches, Texas|Nacogdoches]] in [[East Texas]], where a lot of debris fell, to western [[Louisiana]] and the southwestern counties of [[Arkansas]]. This debris included live ''[[C. elegans]]'' worms from a science package that survived the re-entry. NASA issued warnings to the public that any debris could contain hazardous chemicals, that it should be left untouched, its ___location reported to local [[emergency services]], or government authorities and that anyone in unauthorized possession of debris would be prosecuted.
[[Category:Towns in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Walsh Act]]
[[Image:Columbia makeshift memorial.jpg|thumb|300px|A makeshift memorial at the main entrance to Johnson Space Center]]
Shortly after being told of reports of pieces of the shuttle being seen to break away, the NASA flight director declared a contingency (events leading to loss of the vehicle) and alerted search and rescue teams in the area, telling all controllers to "lock the doors" or preserve all the mission data for later investigation.
==Response from the President==
At 14:04 EST (19:04 UTC), a somber [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] addressed the United States: "This day has brought terrible news and great sadness to our country... The ''Columbia'' is lost; there are no survivors." Despite the major setback, the President reassured Americans that the space program would continue: "The cause in which they died will continue. Our journey into space will go on."
==Initial investigation and fears==
NASA Space Shuttle Program Manager [[Ron Dittemore]] reported that "The first indication was loss of temperature sensors and hydraulic systems on the left wing. They were followed seconds and minutes later by several other problems, including loss of tire pressure indications on the left main gear and then indications of excessive structural heating."
Analysis of 31 seconds of telemetry data which had initially been filtered out because of data corruption within it showed the shuttle fighting to maintain its orientation, eventually using maximum thrust from its reaction control system jets.
The focus of the investigation centered on the foam strike from the very beginning. Incidents of debris strikes causing damage during take-off were already well known and had actually damaged space shuttles, specifically during [[STS-45]] and [[STS-27]][http://csel.eng.ohio-state.edu/woods/space/Create%20foresight%20Col-draft.pdf]. The composition of the foam insulation was changed in 1997 to exclude the use of [[freon]], a chemical that causes [[ozone depletion]]. The [[Environmental Protection Agency]] called for a reduction in freon use in 1997, and although NASA was exempted from the law, the foam's composition was changed. The new foam has tended to cause a larger number of impacts with shuttle tiles. Other sources of tile damage have been traced to ablative insulating material from the solid rocket motors (see [[STS-27]]).
Despite some initial and perhaps understandable fears that the addition of the first [[Israel]]i [[astronaut]] to the crew had made the Columbia a more likely target for terrorists, there is no evidence to support any theory that terrorism was involved. In any case, security surrounding the launch and landing of the space shuttle had been increased to ward off any potential [[terrorism|terrorist]] attack[http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/02/01/shuttle.israel.reax/]. The [[Cape Canaveral]] launch facility, like all sensitive government areas, had increased security measures put in place in the wake of the [[September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack|September 11 attack]]. The extremely high altitude of the shuttle when the incident occurred would have indicated a level of sophistication exceeding any terrorist incident to date. Gordon Johndroe, spokesman for the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]], stated: "There is no information at this time that this was a terrorist incident."
==The Columbia Accident Investigation Board==
[[Image:Columbia debris grid.jpg|thumb|300px|Grid on the floor of the Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Hangar where workers in the field bring in pieces of Columbia's debris. The Columbia Reconstruction Project Team attempted to reconstruct the bottom of the orbiter as part of the investigation into the accident.]]
Following protocols established after the loss of ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'', an independent investigating board was created immediately following the accident. The [[Columbia Accident Investigation Board]], or CAIB, consisted of expert military and civilian analysts who investigated the accident in great detail.
''Columbia's'' data recorder was found near [[Hemphill, Texas]] on [[March 20]], [[2003]]. Because ''Columbia'' was more of a test vehicle than the other orbiters, the data recorder contained very extensive logs of structural and other data which allowed the CAIB to reconstruct many of the events during the process leading to breakup, often using the loss of signals from sensors on the wing to track how the damage progressed. This was correlated with analysis of debris and tests to obtain a final conclusion about the probable events.
NASA officials released experimental findings on [[May 30]] proving that the insulation known to have hit the leading edge of ''Columbia's'' left wing could have created a gap between protective [[Reinforced carbon-carbon|RCC]] panels. The findings showed that a joint, known as a T-seal, shifted after being hit with foam insulation traveling at the same speed the actual foam was traveling when it hit the left wing. The gap was small, 0.6 cm × 55 cm, but some researchers not on the investigation team have stated that a gap of that size was sufficiently large to act as a catalyst for further widening during re-entry. On [[June 24]], the investigators more confidently declared the flyaway foam to be "the most probable cause" of the wing damage.
On [[August 26]], the CAIB issued its report on the accident. The board report confirmed the immediate cause of the accident as a breach in the leading edge of the left wing, caused by insulating foam shed during launch. The report also delved deeply into the underlying organizational and cultural issues that led to the accident. The report was highly critical of NASA's decision-making and risk-assessment processes, to the point of concluding that whoever was in the key decision-making positions, the systems and roles were arranged so that safety compromise could be expected. This included the position of Shuttle Program Manager, a role in which one individual was responsible for achieving safety, timely launches and acceptable costs, each a goal conflicting with the others. It found that NASA had institutionally accepted deviations from design criteria as normal when they happened on several flights and did not lead to fatal consequences. One of those was the conflict between a design specification saying that the heat shielding system did not need to withstand impact damage and the common occurrence of impact damage to it during flight. The board made recommendations for significant changes in processes and culture.
In late July 2003, an [[Associated Press]] poll revealed that Americans' support for the space program remained strong, despite the tragedy. Two-thirds believed the space shuttle should continue to fly and nearly three-quarters said that the space program was a good investment. On the question of sending humans to [[Mars (planet)|Mars]], 49 percent thought it was a good idea, while 42 percent opposed it. Support slipped for sending civilians like teachers into space with 56 percent supporting the idea and 38 percent opposed.
==Memorials==
[[Image:MERA-NAVcam-Patch-01-05-04-br.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Columbia Memorial on Mars]]
On [[February 4]], [[2003]], President [[George W. Bush]] and his wife [[Laura Bush|Laura]] led a memorial service for the astronauts' families at the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]. Two days later, Vice President [[Richard Cheney]] and his wife [[Lynne Cheney|Lynne]] led official Washington in paying tribute at a similar service at [[Washington National Cathedral]]. During that service, singer [[Patti LaBelle]] sang "Way up There." [http://media.cathedral.org/ColumbiaDSL.wmv]
On [[March 26]] the [[United States House of Representatives]]' Science Committee approved funds for the construction of a memorial at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] for the STS-107 crew. A similar memorial was built at the cemetery for the last crew of [[Space Shuttle Challenger]].
On [[August 6]], [[2003]], NASA announced [http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/aug/HQ_03259_astroids_dedicated.html] that the IAU had approved naming seven [[asteroid]]s discovered in July 2001 at the [[Mount Palomar observatory]] in honor of the seven astronauts: [[51823 Rickhusband]], [[51824 Mikeanderson]], [[51825 Davidbrown]], [[51826 Kalpanachawla]], [[51827 Laurelclark]], [[51828 Ilanramon]], [[51829 Williemccool]].
A mountain peak near [[Kit Carson Peak]] and [[Challenger Point]] in the [[Sangre de Cristo Range]] was renamed [[Columbia Point]]. A dedication plaque was placed on the point in August, [[2003]].
On [[October 28]], [[2003]], the names of the astronauts were added to the [[Astronaut Memorial]] at the [[Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex]].
Also during 2003, the city of [[Amarillo, Texas]] renamed its airport [[Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport]], after its native son and commander of STS-107.
On [[January 6]], [[2004]], NASA announced that the landing site of the recently landed [[Mars Exploration Rover Mission|Mars rover]] ''[[MER-A|Spirit]]'' would henceforth be known as Columbia Memorial Station. On [[February 2]], it was also announced that NASA was naming a complex of hills east of the landers 'The [[Columbia Hills]]', after the crew of ''Columbia''. ''Spirit'' left a memorial disc at the landing site.
==Political aftermath for the space program==
Following the loss of ''Columbia'', the [[space shuttle program]] was suspended. The expansion of [[International Space Station]] was also delayed, as the space shuttles were the delivery vehicle for station modules. The station was supplied and crews exchanged using [[Russia]]n manned [[Soyuz spacecraft|''Soyuz'' spacecraft]] and unmanned ''[[Progress spacecraft|Progress]]'' ships.
Less than a year later, Bush announced the [[Vision for Space Exploration]], calling for the retirement of the space shuttle fleet following the completion of the [[International Space Station]] and the development of the [[Crew Exploration Vehicle]]. NASA planned to return the space shuttle to service around September [[2004]]. That date was pushed back to July [[2005]]. On [[July 26]], 2005, at 10:39am EST, Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' cleared the tower, marking NASA's return to space. After preliminary reports, however, it seemed that the same foam-detachment problem has affected [[STS-114]], although the debris did not strike the Orbiter. Due to this, NASA has once again grounded the shuttles until the problem can once again be solved. After delaying their re-entry by two days, mainly due to adverse weather conditions, the shuttle safely returned to Earth on [[9 August]] [[2005]].
Later that same month, the [[external tank]] construction site, [[Michoud Assembly Facility]] located in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] was damaged by [[Hurricane Katrina]], with all work shifts cancelled up to September 26, 2005. This could potentially set back further Shuttle flights by at least two months and possibly more.
==See also==
* [[List of space disasters]]
* [[Columbia Accident Investigation Board]]
* [[Image:Space_shuttle_columbia_final_approach_20030201.ogg|Recording of Columbia's Final Radio Transmission]]
==External links==
* [http://www.nasa.gov/columbia/home/index.html NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia & Her Crew]
* [http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/archives/sts-107/memorial/index.html NASA STS-107 Crew Memorial web page]
*[http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2003/columbia-tribute.cfm JPL at Caltech: Tribute to the Crew of Columbia] (the seven citations)
*[http://www.caib.us/ Columbia Accident Investigation Board]
*[http://www.chrisvalentines.com/sts107/ Video reconstruction of Columbia's final reentry]
*[http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html Shuttle Orbiter Columbia (OV-102)]
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030201-2.html President Bush's address to America] - February 1, 2003
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030204-1.html President Bush's remarks at memorial service] - February 4, 2003
*[http://www.io.com/~o_m/clfaq/clfaq.htm Columbia Loss FAQ] - a discussion of the Columbia disaster
* [http://www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0000Rs&topic_id=1&topic=Ask%20E%2eT%2e How poor presentation skills by engineers may have contributed to the disaster, according to Edward Tufte]
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[[Category:2003]]
[[Category:Engineering failures]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle program]]
[[Category:Space Program Deaths]]
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