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'''Nutley''' is a [[Walsh Act (New Jersey)|Walsh Act]] [[Town (New Jersey)|town]] located in [[Essex County, New Jersey]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the town had a total population of 27,362.
{{totallyDisputed}}
== Geography ==
[[Image:Kashmir map.jpg|thumb|right|'''''[[Kashmir]]''''' : Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. The dark-brown region represents Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir while the Aksai Chin is under Chinese occupation.]]
Nutley is located at 40°49'11" North, 74°9'32" West (40.819600, -74.158770){{GR|1}}.
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 8.9 [[square kilometer|km²]] (3.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). 8.7 km² (3.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.75% water.
'''Terrorism in Kashmir''' has existed in various forms, mainly in [[Jammu and Kashmir]], the Indian-controlled side of the disputed territory of [[Kashmir]], which has been the target of a campaign of [[terrorism]] and [[militants|militancy]] by all sides of the conflict. Thousands of lives have been lost since [[1989]] due both, to the intensified insurgency and the Indian military. Those dead include civilians, [[Indian army|Indian security forces]], Kashmiri and non Kashmiri separatist [[militants]].
== Demographics ==
==Background of Jammu and Kashmir==
[[Image:NutleySeal.JPG|150px|left]]
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of [[2000]], there are 27,362 people, 10,884 households, and 7,368 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] is 3,134.9/km² (8,123.0/mi²). There are 11,118 housing units at an average density of 1,273.8/km² (3,300.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 87.95% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.87% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.05% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 7.10% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.04% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.75% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.24% from two or more races. 6.69% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.
There are 10,884 households out of which 29.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% are non-families. 27.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.51 and the average family size is 3.11.
Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state with a Muslim majority ruled by a Hindu Maharaja (king) Hari Singh until 1947.
In the town the population is spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.0 males.
{{seealso|History of Jammu and Kashmir}}
The median income for a household in the town is $59,634, and the median income for a family is $73,264. Males have a median income of $51,121 versus $37,100 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town is $28,039. 4.8% of the population and 3.4% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 4.4% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
===1947===
[[Image:J&K10low.jpg|thumb|right|<small>[[ceasefire|Cease-fire]] line betweem India and Pakistan after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947 conflict]]</small>]]
[[Image:mountbatten.jpg|thumb|<small>The [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] was accepted by [[Lord Mountbatten]] of [[Britain]]</small>]]Jammu and Kashmir, was a principality lying between the two new independent nations: [[India|Republic of India]] and [[ Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] which were formed due to the partition of the former [[British India|British India colony]] in August [[1947]]. A total of 565 princely states formed 40% of India's land area and held more than 100 million people. Each prince had to decide which of the two new nations to join: [[Hindu]]-majority [[India]] or [[Muslim]]-majority [[Pakistan]] (which then also included [[East Pakistan]], now [[Bangladesh]]). The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]], could not decide which country to join. He was Hindu, while his subjects were predominantly [[Muslim]]. To avoid the decision, he signed a "standstill" agreement with [[Pakistan]], which ensured continuity of trade, travel, communication, and similar services between the two. [[India]] did not sign a similar agreement.{{inote|Schofield|Schofield}}
== Government ==
In October 1947, [[Pashtun]]s from Pakistan's [[North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan|North-West Frontier Province]] invaded Kashmir. The invasion caused widespread looting in the state. Troubled by the increasing deterioration in [[Law and order|law and order situation]], and by earlier raids, culminating in the invasion of the tribesmen, Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], requested armed assistance from India. The incumbent Governor-General, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] favoured Kashmir's temporary accession to the Republic of [[India]], to which the Maharaja agreed. The ''[[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]]'' was signed by the [[Hari Singh]] on [[October 26]], [[1947]] extending India's jurisdiction over external affairs, defence and communications.{{inote|Schofield|Schofield}}
=== Federal, state and county representation ===
Nutley is part of New Jersey's 36th Legislative District and is in the Eighth Congressional District.
{{NJ Congress 08}} {{NJ Senate}}
The next day, Indian troops were airlifted into [[Srinagar]]. A furious Pakistani government immediately contested the accession, suggesting that it was fraudulent, that the Maharaja acted under duress, and that he had no right to sign an agreement with India when the standstill agreement with Pakistan was still in force.{{inote|Schofield|Schofield}}
{{NJ Legislative 36}}
: ''See also'': [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], [[Princely_States#Accession|The Accession of the Princely States]]
{{NJ Essex County Freeholders}}
===Post-1947===
== Famous residents of Nutley ==
In [[1949]], the Indian government obliged Hari Singh to leave Jammu and Kashmir, and yield the government to [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the leader of the popular political party, the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference Party]].{{inote|Schofield|Schofield}} Since then, a bitter enemity has been developed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] and three wars have taken place between them over Kashmir. The growing dispute over Kashmir also lead to the rise of terrorism in the state. The year [[1989]] saw the intensification of conflict in Jammu and Kashmir as [[Mujahadeen]]s from Afghanistan slowly infiltrated the region following the end of the [[Soviet-Afghan War]] the same year. {{ref|BBC}}However, what started as essentially an indigenous popular uprising in Indian-administered Kashmir, has undergone drastic changes in the last decade.
Nutley's rich history includes being the home to such notables as historical gunslinger [[Annie Oakley]], domestic guru [[Martha Stewart]], United States Senator [[Frank Lautenberg]], and actor [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]].
==Militancy and military==
== Religion in Nutley ==
[[Image:Kashmir2.jpg|thumb|left|<small> Kashmir is regarded as one of the most militarized zones in the world. Shown here is an [[Indian Air Force]] helicopter taking off to patrol [[Jammu and Kashmir|Indian-administered Kashmir]].]]Since it began in the late [[1980s]], violence has increased significantly in strength. Many separatists have carried out attacks on Indian military installations in response to Indian military occupation.{{ref|fact}}
84.7% Catholic
5.4% Protestant
1.7% Eastern Religions
1.3% Jewish
0.1% Muslim
1.7% New Age Religions
== Italians ==
India claims most of the separatist militant groups, who it calls "terrorists", are based in [[Pakistan]] and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, also known as [[Azad Kashmir]] ("Azad" meaning free). Some like the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]], demand an independent Kashmir. Other groups such as [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] favour a Pakistani-Kashmir. Both the organisations no longer operate under these names after they were banned by the Indian and Pakistani government, and by other countries including the [[USA]] and [[UK]], when it was found that a few of these organisations may have close ties to [[Al Qaeda]]. Of the larger militant groups, the [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], a terrorist organisation based in [[India]] unlike other groups, has only kept its name.{{ref|al}}. Despite casualties, the militants are still believed to number thousands rather than hundreds. Several new separatist organizations have also emerged.
Italian immigrants took over the Nutley population from 1920's-1960's
78% Nutley is Italian
== External links ==
*[http://www.nutleynj.org/ Town of Nutley]
India claims it is the presence of these numerous anti-India insurgent groups that has compelled [[New Delhi]] to deploy more than 600,000 security personnel in ''Jammu and Kashmir''. Pakistan claims that this number of military personel is not needed for such a small group of separatists and that India simply wants control over the entire Kashmir region. In response Pakistan has increased its military personel in it territory. The region remains as one of the most heavily militarised zones in the world.
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|40.8196|-74.15877}}
====Militant groups====
[[India]] says that over the last two years, a militant group, [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] has split into two factions: ''Al Mansurin'' and ''Al Nasirin''. Another new militant group reported to have emerged is the [[Save Kashmir Movement]]. [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] (formerly known as [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen|Harkat-ul-Ansar]]) and [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] are believed to be operating from [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Muridke]], [[Pakistan]] respectively.{{ref|figure}} Other less well known groups are the [[Freedom Force]] and [[Farzandan-e-Milat]]. A smaller militant group, [[Al Badr]], has been active in Kashmir for many years and is still believed to be functioning.{{ref|name}} [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]], an organisation that uses moderate means to press for the rights of the Kashmiris, is often considered as the ''mediator'' between [[New Delhi]] and these "terrorist" groups.
Not much is known about collaboration between the various militant groups, but most say they are members of an alliance known as the [[United Jihad Council]] (UJC).{{ref|UJC}} The two groups which [[India]] says were behind the [[Parliament of India|December 2001 attack]] on the Indian parliament in [[New Delhi]] — known then as [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] are believed to be members of the ''UJC''. India says that it was [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] that attacked the [[Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly]] in [[Srinagar]] in [[October]] [[2001]].{{ref|parliament}} It is also known that the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] was responsible for the hijacking of [[IC 814|Indian Airlines Flight IC-814]] to [[Kandahar]], which forced the [[Government of India]] to release Maulana Masood Azhar, the chief of the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] terrorist group.{{ref|814}}
===Who is responsible?===
According to Indian authorities, Kashmiri militants are sponsored by [[Pakistan]]; an allegation which Islamabad strongly denies. India claims that there are also several other [[Afghanistan|Afghan]], [[Egypt|Egyptian]], [[Yemen]]i and [[Bangladesh]]i militants active in Jammu and Kashmir.
Not all Kashmiri separatists and militant organizations share the same ideology. Some fight in the name of religion, some are pro-[[Pakistan]] and some favour an independent Kashmir. But one common feature is that they are all anti-[[India]].
Pakistan calls some of these separatist militants as "freedom fighters" and says that it supports their effort for the cause of the Kashmiris only morally. India, however, claims that [[Islamabad]] supports these groups financially. India has been trying to convince the international community that Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Service Intelligence, is the main supplier of funds and arms to these groups; a claim that [[Islamabad]] has dismissed as rubbish.{{ref|ISI}}.
Pakistan has also alleged India of a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Kashmiri [[Muslim]]s using state terrorism. It points to human rights figures which show that under the presence of the Indian military starting from the 80's, 70,000 to 120,000 Kashmiris have been killed many that have documented involvement of the military in mass killings. India, however, blames these deaths on the militants.
[[Image:Terrorist.JPG|thumb|right|250px|<small> Shown here is a display of various arms and amunations which the [[Indian Army]] says it obtained from captured militants.</small>]]
====Ethnic Cleansing====
There have been allegations that the Indian security forces are following a policy of [[ethnic cleansing]] against the Kashmiris. Many Kasmiri [[Muslims]] and Pandits have been killed in Kashmir over the years. Human rights organisations put the figure of the number killed since the late 80's at 70,000 which includes those killed by Indian security forces. {{ref|incidents}} According to official Indian government estimates, 8370 [[Hindus]] have also been killed. [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s displaced due to the ongoing violence is debated; estimates of the number of Kashmiri Pandits displaced varies from 170,000 to 700,000{{ref|kps}}. Local politicians have suffered the brunt of aggression. More than 120 local politicians have lost their lives, 15 of whom were members of Kashmir [[Vidhan Sabha|State Assembly]].
India alleges that Kashmiri militants are also carrying out ethnic cleansing. [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] emerged as one of the most prominent groups involved in militant activities in Kashmir. It is alleged to have gained more support because of its role in the [[1999]] [[Kargil]] conflict with India and later on by sending its members on missions to attack military cantonments in different parts of Indian-administered Kashmir.{{ref|kargil}} Lashkar's professed ideology went beyond merely challenging Indian rule in Jammu and Kashmir. In a pamphlet entitled "Why Are We Waging Jihad?" the group defined its agenda as the restoration of [[Islam]]ic rule over all parts of [[India]]. According to the pamphlet, the restoration of [[secularism]] in India after the collapse of the Islamic rule of the [[Mughal Emperor]] of [[Aurangzeb]] was a historic wrong they seek to set right. {{ref|jihad}} The violence in in Kashmir, has now become more of a conflict between the [[Hindus]] and the [[Muslims]], than a campaign for the cause of the Kashmiris.
In [[June]] [[2005]], the Indian Army claimed it had foiled atleast 72 infiltration attempts along the [[Line of Control]] in Kashmir].{{ref|HT}} [[India]] alleges that despite the commitments made by [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[Islamabad]] has done little to stop the separatist training camps on its soil. According to an [[India]]n estimate in [[2005]] there were about 2,000 insurgents in the Kashmir valley alone; 1,200 of them allegedly belong to the [[Hizbul Mujahideen]].
==Violent acts==
===Terrorist acts in Jammu and Kashmir===
* '''Attack on Jammu & Kashmir State Assembly''' - A car bomb exploded near the Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly on [[October 1]] [[2001]], killing 27 people on an attack that was blamed on Kashmiri separatists. It was one of the most prominent attacks against [[India]] apart from on the [[Indian Parliament]] in December 2001. The attack was largely seen as one against the democracy in Kashmir. No Kashmiri government official was killed or injured during the incident.{{ref|J&K}}
[[Image:WandhamaMassacre3Jan1998.jpg|thumb|right|<small>The Hindu temple in Wandhama after it was desecrated and destroyed by the terrorists.</small>]]
* '''[[Wandhama Massacre]]''' - In [[January]] [[1998]], 24 [[Kashmiri Pandits]] living in the Indian city [[Wandhama Massacre|Wandhama]] were killed by Kashmiri Militants. According to the testimony of one of the survivors, the militants dressed themselves as officers of the [[Indian Army]], entered their houses and then started firing blindly. The incident was significant because it coincided with former US president [[Bill Clinton]]'s visit to [[India]] and [[New Delhi]] used the massacre to present a case against the alleged Pakistan-supported terrorism in Kashmir.{{ref|Wandhama}}
* '''Sangrampora Killings''' - On [[March 22]] [[1997]], 7 Kashmiri Pandits were killed in [[Sangrampora]] village in the [[Bulgam]] district.{{ref|Sangrampora}}
* '''Parankot Killings''' - 26 [[Kashmiri Pandits]] were massacred in [[Parankot]] in the [[Udhampur]] district on [[April 21]] [[1998]].{{ref|target}}
* '''Nadimarg Killings''' - On [[March 23]] 2003, 24 [[Kashmiri Pandits]] were killed in [[Nadimarg]] village in the [[Pulwaa]] district.{{ref|Nadimarg}}
* '''Qasim Nagar Attack''' - On [[July 13]] 2003, armed militants believed to be a part of the [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] threw hand grenades at the Qasim Nagar market in [[Srinagar]] and then fired on civilians standing nearby killing twenty-seven and injuring many more.{{ref|hrw}}
* '''Assasination of Abdul Ghani Lone''' - Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent All Party Hurriyat Conference leader, was assasinated by unidentified gunmen during a memorial rally in [[Srinagar]]. The assasination resulted in wide-scale demonstrations against the Indian forces for failing to provide enough security cover for Mr. Lone.{{ref|hrw}}
* '''[[July 20]] [[2005]] [[Srinagar]] Bombing''' - A car bomb exploded near an armoured [[Indian Army]] vehicle in the famous Church Lane area in [[Srinagar]] killing 4 [[Indian Army]] personnel, one civilian and the suicide bomber. Militant group [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], claimed responsibility for the attack.{{ref|church}}
* '''[[Srinagar (city)|Budshah Chowk attack]]''' - A militant attack on [[July 29]], [[2005]] at [[Srinagar (city)|Srinigar]]'s city centre, Budshah Chowk, killed 2 and left more than 17 people injured. Most of those injured were media journalists.{{ref|Bud}}
* '''Murder of Ghulam Nabi Lone''' - On October 18, 2005 suspected Kashmiri militants killed Jammu and Kashmir's then education minister Ghulam Nabi Lone. Militant group Al Mansurin claimed responsibility for the attack. {{ref|Nabi}}
====Terrorist activities elsewhere====
The attack on the [[Indian Parliament]] was by far the most prominent attack carried out by Kashmiri militants outside Kashmir. India blamed Pakistan for carrying out the attacks, an allegation which Pakistan strongly denied and one that brought both nations to the brink of a [[nuclear]] confrontation in 2001-02. However, international peace efforts ensured the cooling of tensions between the two nuclear-powered nations.
Apart from this, the most notable was the [[hijacking]] of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|Indian Airlines Flight IC 814]] en route New Delhi from [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]. The plane was hijacked approximately 1 hour after take off and was taken to [[Amritsar]] airport and then to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. After refueling the plane took off for [[Dubai]] and then finally landed in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]. Under intense media pressure, New Delhi complied to the hijackers' demand and freed [[Maulana Masood Azhar]] from its captivity in return for the freedom of the Indian passengers on the flight. The decision, however, costed New Delhi dearly. Maulana, who is believed to be hiding in [[Karachi]], later became the leader of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], an organisation which has carried out several terrorist acts against Indian Security Forces in Kashmir.{{ref|814}}
On [[December 22]] [[2000]], a group of terrorists belonging to the [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] stormed the famous [[Red Fort]] in [[New Delhi]]. The [[Red Fort|Fort]] houses a [[Indian Army|Indian military]] unit and a high-security interrogation cell used both by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and the [[Indian Army]]. The terrorists successfully breached the security cover around the [[Red Fort]] and opened fire at the [[Indian Military|Indian military personnels]] on duty killing two of them on spot. The attack was significant because it was carried out just two days after the declaration of the cease-fire between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].{{ref|red}}
Two Kashmiri terrorists belonging to [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], raided the [[Akshardham|Swami Narayan temple complex]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]] killing 30 people, including 18 women and 5 children. The attack was carried out on [[September 25]] [[2002]], just few days after state elections were held in ''Jammu and Kashmir''. Two identical letters found on both the terrorists claimed that the attack was done in retaliation for the deaths of thousands of muslims during the [[2002 Gujarat violence|Gujarat riots]].{{ref|attack}}
Two car bombs explode in south [[Mumbai]] on [[August 25]] [[2003]]; one near the [[Gateway of India]] and the other at the famous Zaveri Bazaar, killing at least 48 and injuring 150 people. Though no terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attacks, [[Military of India|Mumbai Police]] and [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] suspected [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]]'s hand in the twin blasts.{{ref|Mumbai}}
In an unsuccessful attempt, six terrorists belonging to [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]], stormed the [[Ayodhya]] [[Babri Masjid|Ram Janmbhomi complex]] on [[July 5]] [[2005]]. Before the terrorists could reach the main [[Babri Masjid|disputed site]], they were shot down by [[Military of India|Indian security forces]]. One devotee and two [[police|policemen]] were injured during the incident.{{ref|ram}}
===Human rights violations===
Kashmiri organizations, Pakistan and human rights groups have blamed Indian Security Forces for many occurrences of [[Human rights violation|human rights abuses]] in the state. India says that the allegations are wrong and argues that, except a few incidents, many of the crimes and attrocities against Kashmiris are done by the insurgents. A report by the Human Rights Watch, stated two main reasons for the improving human rights condition in the region: First, sincere efforts were made by the new ''Jammu and Kashmir'' provincial government headed by [[Mufti Muhammad Sayeed]] to investigate cases of [[Human rights violation|human rights abuses]] in the state and to punish those guilty including [[Indian Army|Indian soldiers]]. More than 15 Indian army soldiers were convicted by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] in [[2004]] for carrying out human rights abuses in the state. Second, the decrease in cross-border infiltration into [[India]] by armed insurgents.{{ref|HRW}}
The districts of [[Baramulla]] and [[Anantnag]] in the Kashmir Valley, are the worst affected. The increasing violence in the region has compelled [[India]] to deploy more than 250,000 troops in the valley.<!--Source?--> According to an Indian [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], every day more than 50 people are abducted by the insurgents in the valley; half of whom are killed.<!--Source?--> Incidents of rape, kidnapping, looting, rioting, and [[hawala]] (the informal money transfer system often associated with [[money laundering]]) have increased since insurgency intensified in the [[1980]]'s. The ''Jammu and Kashmir'' provincial government stated in [[2003]], that a total of 3,744 people had 'disappeared' since [[1989]]. However, human rights activists put the total figure at more than 8,000. Those who are targeted mainly include women, children and local politicians.{{ref|Amnesty}}
==Statistics==
{{update}}
The following statistics were published by India's [[Research and Analysis Wing]] in 2002:{{ref|fact}}
*Number of terrorist camps in [[Pakistan Occupied Kashmir]]: 49
*Total number of terrorist camps in [[Pakistan]]: 37
*Number of Kashmiri terrorist camps in [[Afghanistan]]: 22
*Number of terrorists operating in Jammu and Kashmir: 3200 (estimate)
*Number of Kashmiri terrorists in Indian jails: 125
*Number of Indian civilians killed by Kashmiri terrorists since 1988: over 29,000
*Number of explosions carried out by the terrorists in India: 4,730
*Total number of Kashmiri Pandits displaced from the state: over 300,000
*Amount of explosives recovered from Kashmiri terrorists in India: 60 tons or 30,000 kg (estimate)
*Major terrorist training camps{{ref|HT}}:
{| align="center" border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
| bgcolor="#ff2222 align="center" colspan="2" | '''Location of major terrorist camps'''
|-
| [[Muridke]] (near [[Lahore]])
| [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
|-
| Kotli
| [[Pakistan Occupied Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]
|-
| [[Muzaffarabad]]
| [[Pakistan Occupied Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]
|-
| [[Poonch (Rawalakot)|Poonch]]
| [[Pakistan Occupied Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]
|-
| Skardu
| [[Northern Areas, Pakistan]]
|-
| Gultari
| [[Northern Areas, Pakistan]]
|-
| Tarkuti
| [[Northern Areas, Pakistan]]
|-
| Shinkiari
| [[North West Frontier Province]], [[Pakistan]]
|-
| Batrasi
| [[North West Frontier Province]], [[Pakistan]]
|-
| Sufaida
| [[North West Frontier Province]], [[Pakistan]]
|-
| Changa Manga
| [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
|-
|Tanda Allabyar
| [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
|}
==Recent Developments==
[[Image:Peacetime.gif|thumb|right|200px|<small>The [[Srinagar]]-[[Muzaffarabad]] bus service has helped ease tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Shown here is [[India]]'s [[Chief of Army Staff]] General J.J. Singh reviewing the construction of a bridge linking [[Srinagar]] and [[Muzaffarabad]]</small>.]] Terrorist activites in the region declined in [[2004]]. There are two main reasons for this: warming of relations between [[New Delhi]] and [[Pakistan]] which consequently lead to a [[ceasefire]] between the 2 countries in 2003 and the fencing of the [[LOC]] being carried out by the [[Indian Army]]. Moreover, coming under intense international pressure, [[Islamabad]] was compelled to take actions against the militant's training camps on its territory. In 2004, the two countries also agreed upon decreasing the number of troops present in the region.
Under pressure, Kashmiri militant organisations have made an offer for talks and negotiations with [[New Delhi]], something which [[India]] has rightfully welcomed with both hands.
India's [[Border Security Force]] blamed the [[Pakistan]]i military for providing cover-fire for the militants whenever they infiltrated into [[India]]n territory from [[Pakistan]]. However, ever since [[ceasefire]] has come into action, the militants get no back-up from [[Pakistani Military]] which has contributed significantly to the decline in ''cross-border terrorism'' in the state.
In a recent development, [[Pakistan]]'s interior minister, Sheikh Rashid, was alleged to have run a militant training camp in N.W. Frontier, Pakistan. [[Islamabad]] dismissed the charges against its minister as an attempt to hamper the ongoing peace process between the two neighbours.
The increase in operations of the [[Indian Army]], in recent months, has also helped crack down on several of the insurgency groups. In a recent Indian report, Indian Security Forces had foiled 1243 terrorist attempts for the year 2003-04 in the [[Kashmir valley]] alone.
Both India and Pakistan have launched several mutual confidence-building measures (CBMs) to ease tensions between the two. These include, more high-level talks, easing [[visa]] restrictions, restarting of [[cricket]] matches between the two. The new [[bus]] service between [[Srinagar]] and [[Muzaffarabad]] has also helped bring the two sides closer. [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] have also decided to co-operate on economic fronts.
A major clash between [[Indian Army|Indian Security Forces]] and militants occurred when a group of insurgents tried to infiltrate into the [[Jammu and Kashmir|Indian-administered Kashmir]] from Pakistan in [[July]] [[2005]]. The same month, also saw Kashmiri terrorist attack on [[Ayodhya]] and [[Srinagar]]. However, these developments had little impact on the peace process. The mood on both sides of the border finally seems to be moving beyond a half-century of confrontation.
==Possible Solutions==
Many consider that the best way to end present violence in Kashmir is negotiations between various Kashmiri-separatists groups, Pakistan and India. Here are a few possible solutions to the Kashmir [[dispute]]{{ref|Schofield1}} -
{| align="center" border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| '''The status quo'''
| Currently a boundary - the Line of Control ([[LOC]])- divides the region in two, with one part administered by [[India]] and one by [[Pakistan]]. India would like to formalise this status quo and make it the accepted international boundary. ''Factors Opposing - [[Pakistan]] rejects the plan partially as this will mean the end to its hopes of controlling a greater part of Kashmir.'' <br /><br />
|-
| '''Kashmir becomes a part of [[India]]'''
| Though [[New Delhi]] and much of the Hindu population of Kashmir would have no objections to such a plan, ''Factors Opposing - Muslims in [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] are mostly opposed to being part of [[India]].'' <br /><br />
|-
| '''Entire Kashmir<br /> under [[Pakistan]]i control'''
| Giving [[Pakistan]] full control over Jammu and Kashmir. ''Factors Opposing — Though some of the [[Muslims]] in Kashmir might agree to such a proposal, most of [[Jammu]] and [[Ladakh]] would object the outcome. <br /><br />
|-
| '''[[Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> becomes independent'''
| Many [[Kashmir]]is will support the outcome and region will also be economically viable with tourism being the biggest source of income. ''Factors Opposing - The outcome is unlikely because it requires both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] to give up territories.'' <br /><br />
|}
==Re-evaluation==
The insurgents who initially started their movement as a pro-Kashmiri [[independence]] movement, have gone through a lot of change in their ideology. Most of the insurgents potray their struggle as a religious one. In this entire process, the main core issue of establishing the will and the welfare of the Kashmiris seems to be lost.
[[India]]n analysts allege that by supporting these insurgents, [[Pakistan]] is trying to wage a [[proxy war]] against [[New Delhi]] while [[Islamabad]] claims that it regards most of these [[insurgent]] groups as "freedom fighters" rather than militants.
Internationally known to be the most deadly theatre of conflict, nearly 50 million, [[Muslims]], [[Hindus]], and [[Buddhists]] have been fighting a daily battle for survival. The ''cross-border firing'' between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], and the terrorist attacks combined have taken its toll on the Kashmiris, who have suffered by losing their economic growth and human rights in the process over the years. Kashmir was once known as the ''Paradise on Earth''. Today, its called ''The Burning Paradise''.
==Films and Books==
'''Films'''
* ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' — by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]; focuses on the mental state of a Kashmiri terrorist.
* ''[[Roja]]'' — is a movie about a civilian taken hostage by insurgents in Kashmir.
* ''[http://movies.indiainfo.com/preview/the_hero.html The Hero]'' — [[Sunny Deol]] plays the role of an Indian spy whose aim is to stop a Kashmiri insurgent group from obtaining nuclear bombs.
* ''[[Dil Se]]'' — The clash between love and ideology is portrayed in this love story between a radio executive and a beautiful [[Suicide bombing|suicide bomber]]; starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Manisha Koirala]].
* ''[http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/review/7083.html Sheen]'' — Based on the plight of ''Kashmiri Pandits'' or [[Hindus]], made homeless refugees in their own state by the insurgents.
* ''[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030119/spectrum/tv.htm Kashmeer]'' — by Suhail Tatari; revolves around the relationship between a Muslim girl and a Hindu boy residing in the troubled Kashmir region.
* ''[[Zameen (movie)|Zameen]]'' — by Rohit Shetty; based on the [[hijacking]] of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] by Kashmiri [[terrorists]].
* ''[http://www.apunkachoice.com/movies/mov553/ Yahaan]'' — A love story of an idealistic Indian army soldier and a local Kashmiri girl.
'''Books'''
* ''[http://print.google.com/print?id=ZEJYzvSLQxUC&dq=terrorism+in+kashmir&oi=print&pg=55&sig=-B_lboy9m6EB9ExtJzo8P1xb5Sw&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fsourceid%3Dgmail%26q%3Dbooks%2520on%2520terrorism%2520in%2520kashmir The Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect]'' — by Sumit Ganguly
* ''[http://print.google.com/print?id=lc5hh3SV6RcC&dq=terrorism+in+kashmir&oi=print&pg=84&sig=UokCqc_99m4703w3pfhwBSGsCCk&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fsourceid%3Dgmail%26q%3Dbooks%2520on%2520terrorism%2520in%2520kashmir South Asia in the World: Problem solving perspectives on security, sustainable development, and good governance]'' — by Oddny Wiggen and Ramesh Chandra Thakur
* ''[http://print.google.com/print?id=uAcDr01o8LoC&dq=terrorism+in+kashmir&oi=print&pg=150&sig=sy28ARUH2X2NiAphr0QKj9jeFag&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fsourceid%3Dgmail%26q%3Dbooks%2520on%2520terrorism%2520in%2520kashmir The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and arms of mass destruction]'' — by Walter Laqueur
==References==
#{{note|BBC}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm BBC Timeline on Kashmir conflict.]
#{{note|fact}} [http://www.stephen-knapp.com/facts_on_the_pakistani_terrorism_against_kashmir.htm Facts on Kashmiri Terrorism]
#{{note|church}} [http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Ceasefire&slug=Car+bomb+attack+in+Srinagar%2C+6+killed&id=17351&callid=0&amp;category=National 20 July 2005 Srinagar attack]
#{{note|al}} [http://www.armyinkashmir.org/v2/articles/art_strategy.shtml Information regarding militants international links]
#{{note|name}} [http://www.solcomhouse.com/terrorists.htm List of terrorist organisations]
#{{note|jihad}} [http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=66 Lashkar-e-toiba's profile]
#{{note|UJC}} [http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/mjc.htm Info regarding UJC and its members]
#{{note|parliament}} [http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-08/31/content_259902.htm Article on Indian Parliament Attack]
#{{note|814}} [http://meaindia.nic.in/speech/2000/01/060100spc01.htm IC 814 Hijacking]
#{{note|ISI}} [http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11war4.htm Information regarding links between ISI and militants]
#{{note|Amnesty}} [http://news.webindia123.com/news/showdetails.asp?id=83727&cat=India Amnesty report on Kashmir]
#{{note|Wandhama}} [http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/terrorism/tr_1998_01_002_s.html Wandhama Massacre report]
#{{note|Sangrampora}} [http://www.kashmiri-pandit.org/atrocities/sangrampura.html Sangrampora killings]
#{{note|kps}} Alexander Evans, A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990–2001, Contemporary South Asia (Volume 11, Number 1, 1 March 2002, pp. 19-37)
#{{note|target}} [http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/26ariban.htm List of terrorist attacks in Kashmir]
#{{note|Nadimarg}} [http://www.countercurrents.org/kashmir-raman7403.htm Article on Nadimarg killings]
#{{note|Amarnath}} [http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/aug/06jk.htm Amarnath killings report]
#{{note|Ethnic}} [http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2001/Kashmiri_Pandits.htm Plight of Kashmiri Pundits]
#{{note|Schofield}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1762146.stm Schofield, Victoria. 'Kashmir: The origins of the dispute', ''BBC News UK Edition'' ([[January 16]] [[2002]])] Retrieved [[May 20]] [[2005]]
#{{note|Schofield1}}[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/default.stm BBC News: The future of Kashmir?]
#{{note|hrw}} [http://www.hrw.org/wr2k3/asia6.html Human Rights Watch World Report 2003: India]
#{{note|ram}} [http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Ayodhya&slug=+Ayodhya+attack%3A+6+terrorists+killed&id=17250&callid=0&category=National Ayodhya terrorist attack]
#{{note|red}} [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001227/main1.htm Red Fort terrorist attack]
#{{note|attack}} [http://www.rediff.com/news/akshar.htm Terrorist attack on Swami Narayan temple]
#{{note|Kashinfo}} [http://www.kashmir-information.com/Pakistan/machine.html Information on the terroist camps in Pakistan]
#{{note|incidents}} [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2001/03/08/stories/040855ks.htm The surrogate war in Kashmir]
#{{note|HT}} [http://www.hindustantimes.com July 22, 2005 edition of the Hindustan Times newspaper - report by journalist Nilova Roy Chaudhury]
#{{note|pandits}} [http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1438551,001300430001.htm HT story - Kashmiri militants warn against return of Pandits]
#{{note|J&K}} [http://www.hvk.org/articles/1101/102.html J&K state assembly attack]
#{{note|Mumbai}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm August 25 Mumbai blasts]
#{{note|Bud}} [http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1445705,000900010002.htm July 29 attack in Srinagar]
#{{note|Nabi}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4351950.stm Nabi Lone's assasination]
==See also==
;Related articles
* [[Kashmir]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[Terrorism in Pakistan]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]]
* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
* [[Ethnic conflict in India]]
;Militant groups
* [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]]
* [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]
* [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]
* [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]
* [[Al-Qaeda]]
== External links ==
[[de:Nutley]]
* [http://ikashmir.org/...ashmirStory/chapter6.html The Kashmir Story]
* [http://www.defenceindia.com/def_common/proxy_war_kashmir1.html Indian report on ''Proxy-War'' being carried out by Islamabad]
* [http://www.un.int/pakistan/kashmirfreedomstruggle.html A Pakistani site on Kashmir freedom struggle]
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/normalcy/welcome.html Jammu and Kashmir Govt. official website]
* [http://www.didyouknow.cd/story/kashmir.htm The Kashmir Dispute]
* [http://www.hrw.org/wr2k3/asia6.html Human Rights Watch World Report 2003: India]
* [http://www.armyinkashmir.org/ The Indian Army's Website on instilling Serenity back in Kashmir]
[[Category:Terrorism|KashmirEssex County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Rebellion|KashmirTowns in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Revolutions|KashmirWalsh Act]]
[[Category:Indian adversities]]
[[Category:Terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Politics of India|Kashmir dispute]]
[[Category:Guerrilla wars]]
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